In the design of premises and buildings, stairs play huge role both visually and functionally, therefore to such structures, especially those intended for buildings general purpose, rather serious requirements are imposed in the development of the project. Due to the fact that in such places on ladder structure there is a colossal load (trade pavilions, exhibition halls, residential buildings, buildings of higher educational institutions, hospitals, restaurants, etc.), staircase and landing requirements must be calculated taking into account the anticipated maximum loads. Their design, the materials used for their environment (outside or inside public buildings), various other parameters for each type of building and stairs must be able to distinguish.

Standard Requirements for the Construction of Stairs in Public Buildings

Stairs in buildings are always a risk zone due to the structure itself, therefore, when developing and designing it, absolutely all factors, even minor ones, should be taken into account, for example, if children will use the stairs. Here you should think over both stairways and the degree of illumination from natural and artificial sources. The task of the designer is to identify the shape, slope, size of the steps as close as possible to the comfort and idea of ​​the customer, taking into account the material from which it is planned to make the stairs, and, calculating the project of the stairs in accordance with its purpose, adhere to SNiP and GOSTs for the selected type.

If in the construction of buildings according to personal projects for private houses small deviations from the standards are allowed due to the relatively low load, then for the design and construction of stairs in public buildings compliance with standards, GOST and SNiP is required, otherwise such a structure is simply unacceptable for use.

Classification of flights of stairs and their tasks

Let's first consider the classification of stairs by purpose and tasks that different stairs perform.

The primary task is to organize convenient access to the premises by equipping the floors of multi-storey buildings with staircases. They usually have elevators, but a staircase is needed in case the elevator is busy or out of order. The staircase must provide the main movement between floors, and its width and height must be erected in accordance with the parameters that allow movement a large number people, bulky furniture and other cargo. The main staircase should solve this problem in the building.

The existing other types of stairs solve many equally important tasks, so we will consider them more closely.

Secondary stairs for general use

An auxiliary ladder is a structure designed for technical, auxiliary premises... These include storage rooms, attics, basements, etc.

A service staircase is a structure intended only for employees (in hospitals, maternity hospitals, sales halls, cultural buildings and city services, buildings for industrial work, workshops at a factory, sports stadiums, etc.). Such a ladder for personnel has small size and allows a small number of people to move around.

Emergency ladder (spare, evacuation) is structural element, which can be located both inside the building and outside. In the event of a natural disaster or fire, such a staircase must ensure the evacuation of people if the main staircase is inaccessible for some reason.

A fire escape is a structure that leads to the roof of a building, it is intended for use by firefighters, sometimes it is an accessory. If an inclined staircase is constructively interfering, you can make a vertical staircase out of it, observing all the rules for access and ensuring safety, that is, preserving its direct purpose.

Requirements for the arrangement of stairs in public buildings

Designers who develop the appearance, taking into account the practicality of structural elements inside the building, as well as builders of two-level apartments, multi-level floors in offices, must take into account the placement of stairs, their type and type, before starting work, in order to calculate all the loads correctly and complete the project taking into account all the details. ... Here you need to calculate in advance how to attach stairs to walls or other supporting structures, make the correct dimensions of the openings and determine their location in the ceilings between floors.
This also includes the basic requirements for regulatory documents concerning the slope, parameters of the width of flights, connecting sites, the number of steps in one flight.

All kinds of requirements for stairs and landings include standards for calculating loads that allow the operation of a staircase, and means that increase the safety and comfort of using the stairs: handrails, handrails for children, enough high fences and smooth railings, narrow spacing between the filler strips in the staircase railing.

How it's done

Determining the type of staircase you are planning is easy. For what the future building is intended, and where the staircase should be located, a sketch will tell you. When it is still in the design stage, you should pay attention to the following details: what intensity of movement of the mass of people will pass on the stairs, what is the planned difference in levels between which it will be installed; what size, shape it is supposed to have space for its placement, by what technology it will be built, whether and where the supports will be located; what are the expected maximum loads during operation, and, of course, its external presentability. The last nuance depends in general on the purpose of the designed staircase, but also the most simple options can be tastefully constructed so that the ensemble of the building and all its elements as a whole are in harmony and meet the aesthetic requirements.
When the type of stairs is selected, you need to deal with its parameters. It is necessary to calculate the number of marches, their length and width dimensions, the dimensions of the interfloor areas, their shape, and the number.

Number of steps and parameters according to SNiP

SNiP require that in residential buildings the number of rises inside one staircase should be from 3 to 18, as for the rules of SNiP for public buildings and structures, they limit the number of rises within one staircase from 3 to 16. Staircases in public buildings with elements are not allowed spiral staircases, winders, others decorative elements, if the use of this flight of stairs implies its evacuation purpose.
According to these rules, the size of the steps must also be taken into account. The standards say that the width should not exceed 0.25 m, and the height - 0.22 m. The dimensions must not be made different, otherwise the risk of injury to the stairs increases.

Calculation of the slope of the staircase according to the requirements of SNiP

If the stairs are in one-story building can be made with a slope of 1: 1.5, then in buildings above two floors (inclusive), the slope of the march should be 1: 1.75. Evacuation and fire escapes allow a larger angle, the maximum slope of such ladders is 1: 1.25.
The slope values ​​vary with the width and height of the steps on the stairs. The wider the steps, the smaller the angle of inclination, that is, the rise is flatter, and the narrower the steps, the steeper the slope of the stairs.

On average, the slope angle for auxiliary ladders (firefighters, evacuation, firefighters) is allowed up to 45 degrees, a staircase in residential premises can be inclined from 30 to 45 degrees, stairs in in public places- from 20 to 30 degrees, outdoor - from 5 to 20 degrees.

Access for people with reduced mobility

According to the regulations, many shops, trade markets, pharmacies must be equipped with ramps. The slope angle of the ramp should not exceed 5 degrees.
This moment is regulated by SNiP 35-01-2001, which means ensuring accessibility to public buildings for the elderly, for disabled people who move on wheelchair and with a cane, for people with reduced mobility. The dimensions of the ramp must ensure movement and, in particular, the evacuation of people in a safe manner, therefore, the design of the ramps must meet the following standards:

• Width - 1.35 m and wider (if the ramp is wide, more than 2.5 meters, it is necessary to install dividing handrails, if it is one-sided, a width of 1 m is permissible),
• Staircase steps are strictly the same size,
• The height of the steps is a maximum of 15 centimeters and the width of the tread is not less than 30 cm,
• Rounded edges of the steps, the presence of a side along the edge of at least 2 cm in height.

Only after the main calculations approved in the sketch, you can start choosing the style and material for the main frame. Then are selected auxiliary elements... This is the material (glass, wood, metal), and color, and accessories for decoration, etc. Then the aesthetic solution will correspond to structures that meet the requirements of convenience, safety, beauty, durability and economic feasibility.

Requirements for different types of stairs

When developing a project for an architectural object, stairs in the house should be designed simultaneously with the complete project of the building, for a complete understanding of the emergency exit zones.
By appointment different types stairs must correspond to special building codes and rules (SNiP). They are established by the organs executive power regulating urban planning activities. As a rule, the main articles of SNiP 4-14-84, SNiP 21-01-97, SNiP 31-02-2001, GOST 23120-78, GOST 25772-83 are used to regulate structural elements.

It should be noted that adherence to GOSTs is a strict requirement for the structures of public buildings, and SNiP are only recommendations that should be followed.

However, the importance of these rules is still obvious. Work on calculations in accordance with SNiP and competent design of stairs are guaranteed to create conditions in the room for the maximum possible safety of people's lives.

What are the general requirements for any kind of staircase in public buildings

The design should be as safe and comfortable as possible, since the movement of the mass of people in public places is very intense. The straight marching structure is considered the least traumatic. And it is unacceptable to use screw structures, in particular, with winders, otherwise the safety requirements will be violated.
The reliability of the structure should concern not only the ability to withstand heavy loads (to achieve strength, only especially strong materials are used: concrete, reinforced concrete), but also provide reliable fences.
Staircase elements such as fences and steps are one of the main criteria for reliability if they are made in accordance with SNiP.

Stair railings

The rails are handrails and have a maximum lateral load of at least 100 kg. The side rails must be able to withstand this weight, and the posts (balusters) must be located at a distance of 12-15 cm (and they cannot be shortened). How to fill them out is also stipulated in the GOST standards. You can make the distance between racks filled with metal, glass, plastic screen in public places (general buildings). For buildings where children are located (schools, kindergartens), only vertical elements can be used, that is, without installing a screen. The safety precaution in this case lies in the good visibility of such an option.

The staircase is equipped with handrails on both sides, the height of each handrail is 0.85 m.If we are talking about sports stands, the height of the handrail increases to 1 m.It is possible to arrange the ladder so that it adjoins the wall on one side, but in this case the handrail required, it is installed along the wall. On stairs in kindergartens, theaters, buildings primary school additional handrails are installed, with narrow handrails at a height of 0.6-0.65 m. If the flight of stairs is wide (if its width is more than 2.5 m), central handrails are installed in the center.

Steps and achievement of safety according to the cases stipulated by the rules

As for the steps, they must be made of anti-slip material, or at least partially covered with it. It can be rubberized stickers, non-slip strips, grooves in the steps from the edge of the steps, lined with polished stone, or their anti-slip coating. carpeting with a rubber base that prevents the mat from sliding along the surface of the steps. Such coatings are used not only for stone stairs, but also for metal, glass, wooden stairs, and in the latter case, they extend the life of the stairs.

If the staircase is installed in a house or general-purpose room where there are children, then it is recommended to make the steps deaf, with a riser. If the room is for a large number of children, for example, a theater or a camp with a staircase, where the average height of the steps is 15 cm, children in mobile movement and inaccurate fall can be seriously injured if a limb is caught between the steps.

Lighting is a significant factor in building staircases

Good staircase lighting should especially apply to the upper and lower steps. It is also necessary to consider easy access to the switches. If the staircase is equipped in such a way that the contrast of light and shadow is sharp enough on the steps, then the edge of the step will be clearly visible. And this means that the possibility of injury on the stairs will noticeably decrease, because the foot will slip off the edge of the step. According to statistics, most injuries occur precisely due to poor visibility or merging shadows on the stairs.
If you are serious about lighting, the system of automatic light on / off has proved to be very convenient, lasting several minutes and responding with a motion sensor to any movement along the stairs or entering the sensor's field of view.
Windows, past which the level of the staircase passes, if it is adjacent to the wall where the window is located, must be fenced to prevent falling out of the stairs into the window.

Types of flights of stairs allowed by SNiP

SNiP requires that in public institutions, multi-storey apartment buildings residents used only a two-flight staircase. This version looks like this in a classic way: between two floors, two flights of stairs are constructed, connected by an interfloor platform. Options for making the dwelling non-standard, but staying within the framework of these rules, may be as follows:

• U-shaped spans, connected by a rectangular interfloor area,
• U-shaped spans connected by a trapezoidal interfloor area (i.e. using winders to smooth and round the corner),
• L-shaped marches, connected by a square interfloor area,
• straight flights, following one after the other in series, but located in a straight line, connected small area etc.

Dimensions of stairs according to SNiP

SNiP requires the design to comply correct sizes... For example, it is recommended to make a staircase the same width as the landing. There are restrictions on the minimum size. The staircase cannot be narrower than 1.05 m. If we talk about corridor staircases, constructions of at least 1.2 m are permissible. If we are talking about a basement structure, you can limit yourself to 0.9 m or more. If we are talking about a fire escape, leave at least 0.7 m.

Emergency, fire and escape ladders and requirements for their equipment

Evacuation and fire escapes are prohibited if their design contains screw, curved structures, run-in steps, different sizes steps in one area.
These regulations strictly meet the safety requirements for evacuation. As for fire safety, such a ladder must be made of fire-resistant materials. As a rule, it is reinforced concrete structures or metal stairs... All the requirements previously stipulated in the form of steps, landings, slope and illumination parameters apply to fire escapes. Such stairs should lead people outside, to the street or to a separate room, protected by a door from fire and other emergency effects outside the emergency building.

Requirements for the equipment of emergency ladders

Geographical location and climatic zone where the building is built influences the choice of the emergency staircase type.
In regions with a cold climate, such stairs are allowed to be installed outside, but this cannot be done above the level of the second floor. An indispensable condition here is also that the building does not belong to the number of childcare facilities.
External fire escapes mounted on the outside must ensure that the steps are not covered with snow, ice and frost, so that they can not retain dirt, sand, precipitation on the steps. This is very important requirement because panicking people are in a hurry and careless during the evacuation.

Emergency ladders mounted outside buildings must be made of highly wear-resistant and anti-corrosion material such as stainless steel or metal coated with an anti-corrosion compound.

Fire escapes located inside buildings can be made of metal with a special fireproof coating or concrete. It is strictly forbidden to use materials that can emit toxic substances during combustion to install ladders. Each element of such stairs (handrails, balusters, steps) must also meet the requirements of the rules.

Finally

It should be remembered that staircases installed in public buildings should not include elements of spiral staircases, runways, decorative elements in the form of forging or other protruding parts, if this staircase is also planned to be used as an evacuation staircase.

Having fulfilled all the requirements of SNiP and GOST for ensuring safety indoors or outdoors, you can confidently begin the construction of a building with designed staircases without fear that the building will not pass commissioning or ever cause disasters.

Having the confidence that your staircase does not violate the requirements, pay attention to the design part, because this structural element serves as one of the expressive interior items inside the room and an architectural component on the outside - and at least the same will significantly improve the appearance.

What are the options for arranging a staircase at home? Let's discuss in the comments to the article, practical experience is always valuable and will be of interest to others.

Steps are one of the main components of any staircase. They are made of various materials, they can be either a separate element or part of a monolithic staircase. The relevant regulatory documents define the minimum and maximum size steps for stairs , on which the safety of the entire structure directly depends. Typical staircases and degrees have long been calculated by designers, and for rooms with non-standard dimensions and dimensions of stairways, calculations have to be done individually each time.

Varieties and features of steps

Depending on the form, the steps are divided into:

• straight, having the same dimensions and located on the flight stairs;
• run-in, wedge-shaped. They are installed on pivoting or spiral staircases.

The steps consist of a horizontal part (tread) and a vertical part (riser). The standards allow the manufacture of stairs with open risers, as well as with one tread hanging over another, which is called a trim, or overhang. The size of a step for stairs is calculated based on the slope of the march and the number of treads in it.

Depending on the location of their location, the steps are:

• frieze bottom. They are located at the very bottom of the flight of stairs at the level of the floor or platform, towering above it to the height of the riser;
• frieze upper, which are the last steps in the march. They are located at the level of the floor of the upper floor, or below it, at a distance corresponding to the size of the riser;
• privates, located between the frieze steps. There can be from 1 to 16 of them in the march.

Acceptable step sizes

The dimensions of the steps are calculated according to the requirements and recommendations of the respective normative documents that clearly state their sizes. First of all, in SNiP 2.08.01-89 * "Residential buildings" it is determined that the width of the staircase inside the apartment, and therefore the steps, must be at least 0.90 meters with its greatest slope of 1: 1.25. And the number of climbs in one march is allowed to be made from 3 to 18. These parameters are fundamental in the calculations.

To make climbing the stairs convenient and comfortable, when determining the dimensions of the steps, the step size of the average person is taken into account. It is 0.60-0.64 meters. The tread width (a) and the riser height (b) are selected depending on the following ratio:

a + 2b = 60-64 (cm), or

a + b = 43-47 (cm).

This formula was invented back in the 18th century by the French architect Blondel, but until now it has not lost its relevance.

It should be noted that the most optimal is the ratio of the step width to the step height of 300: 150 mm. Standard dimensions of steps made of different materials are somewhat different from each other. Their dimensions also depend on the main purpose of the stairs. But Common parameters you can lead.

The size of the tread should allow the entire foot to reach the surface. Its depth is recommended to be at least 235-250 mm, no more than 355 mm for straight steps. The leading steps in their narrow part should not be less than 100 mm, along the stroke line - 250 mm, and from the wide end - more than 400 mm. For auxiliary stairs (to the basement, to the attic or attic), it is allowed to reduce the tread to 200 mm. Street steps can be made up to 400 mm deep.

Quite often, the construction of a staircase provides for the overhang of one step over another. It should not exceed 50 mm, and for wooden structures- 30 mm. An overhang is made in case of impossibility of arranging treads of optimal depth, and such a technique allows them to be slightly increased. But before you cut out the deprivation of millimeters, you should think about the design of the steps called "duck step". Here you can set a full, comfortable size for each leg.

When calculating the bearing capacity, the elements of the stairs are divided into statically definable beams - cantilever or single-span, and calculated according to the appropriate formulas. Since ladders are subject to dynamic loads, the stiffness load-bearing elements increased requirements are imposed: their deflection should not exceed 1/400 of the span. Loads acting on flights of stairs and landings should be collected by adding the dead weight of structures and temporary loads: residential buildings- 300 kg / m².

When lifting, a person spends about twice as much energy as when moving horizontally (Fig. 2). It has been established by practice: a ladder is comfortable and safe if the doubled height of the riser, folded with the width of the step (tread), is equal to the average step of a person. The length of a person's stride on a plane is approximately 600–640 mm. Based on this, the tread and rise are determined by the formula: 2а + b = 600 ... 640 mm.

Fig. 2. Calculation of the height and width of ordinary steps

Alternatively, you can use another, easier to remember formula: a + b = 450 ± 20 mm, where a is the height of the step (riser), b is the width of the step (tread).

The width of the tread should ensure the support of the leg with a full foot, that is, it should be no less than 200 and no more than 320 mm. The optimal riser height is considered to be 150, and the tread width is 300 mm. With a strong increase in the width of the tread, you will certainly lose your step, and with a strong decrease, it will be difficult to descend. When designing winders, it should be borne in mind that the minimum width of the steps from the narrow end should be at least 100 mm, and the overhang of the tread over the bottom step should be no more than 50 mm. Also, the overhang of the upper step over the lower one is done when it is not possible to increase the width of the tread by other methods, in this case the amount of overhang should not exceed 30 mm for wooden steps and 50 mm for reinforced concrete steps.

The most convenient staircase angles are in the range from 23 ° to 37 °. The steeper the staircase, the less space it needs for installation in the house, and, accordingly, the slope the staircase is, the more space must be provided for it. If the angle is less than 23 °, the staircase can be replaced with a ramp (flat inclined platform), if more than 45 °, then the staircase becomes attached or folding (Fig. 3). Optimal angle lifting spiral staircases - 25–35 °. Most complex process when the steepness of the flight of stairs is more than 40 °, the descent from the stairs is necessary, and at angles of more than 45 °, the descent can be carried out only with the back forward.

rice. 3. Normative dependence of the size of the steps on the steepness of the stairs

The number of steps depends on the height of the floor and the angle of inclination of the stairs. Knowing the location of the stairs in the plan and the height of the room, the number of steps can (and easier) be set graphically, and then, using the safety formulas, determine the width of the tread.

To graphically build a staircase on graph paper or paper "in a box", you need to draw a flight of stairs on a scale (Fig. 4), commensurate with the height of the floor.

rice. 4. An example of a graphical calculation of the number of steps and the height of the riser. Height table for steps in buildings with standard floor heights

The height of the floor is the difference between the elevations of the levels of the finished floor of the lower and upper floors, that is, the thickness of the clothes of the floors should be included in the size of the height of the floor. For example, the floor of the lower floor is tiled with ceramic tiles, and the floor of the upper floor is paved with parquet along the logs and plywood "subfloor". The calculation of the floor height should include all layers of these floor structures: below - the thickness of the leveling screed, tile adhesive and tiles; at the top - the thickness of the log, plywood and parquet. In Russia, since the time of the existence of the USSR, the height of the floor is a regulated value. Typically, the standard floor height is 2.8 or 3 m, less often 2.7 or 3.3 m, which allows you to design a room height (distance from floor to ceiling) of at least 2.4 m.This floor height allows you to easily enter stairs with step sizes that meet the requirements of the design safety formula (Fig. 4, Table 2). If your floor height differs from the standard and is not a multiple of 3, then the height of the steps must be calculated (rounded off) with an accuracy of one millimeter, but so that the heights of all risers are the same. It is better to distribute the calculation error resulting from the rounding of heights to the lower frieze step, and make the remaining steps of the march the same height.

Steps of different heights lead to the construction of a traumatic staircase. This staircase becomes especially dangerous during the descent at night. Going down the stairs, muscle memory tells us that there should be a step. The weight of the body is transferred to the leg, but there are no steps under it ... She is lower! And only two or three tens of millimeters, and the leg was twisted ... and it's still good if they didn't roll head over heels down.

In houses with non-standard floor heights, to equalize the height of the steps, it is allowed to lower the level of the finished floor of the upper floor area slightly lower than the level of the finished floor of the rest of the floor. It is better not to make gates, but to make the floor of the floor area in the form of a ramp, that is, inclined. It only takes a few millimeters to trim the height of the steps so that the slope is unlikely to be very noticeable. Alternatively, if the staircase is fenced with walls with doors, the floors between these rooms can be made with a small threshold. This solution is well known to everyone: the level of floor areas in apartment buildings, as a rule, is lower than the level of clean floors in apartments. We don't break our legs here - we're used to it.

Table 1 in Figure 3 shows the dimensions of the steps for "compacted" stairs, suitable for country houses... Often in the layouts of these houses so little space is left under the stairs that in order to make the stairs shorter, you have to sacrifice the width of the tread. For example, in a staircase with a riser height of 200 mm, the tread width is 250 mm. An adult cannot lean on such a tread with a full foot and he has to go down the stairs sideways or backwards. Table 2 in Figure 4 shows the dimensions of the riser heights for standard floor heights. Calculating the width of the tread according to the safety formulas will not be difficult. But there is another way to determine the size of the steps - graphic.

This ergonomic method is based on the fact that a person, freely taking a step of 620 mm on a horizontal plane, can just as easily raise his leg to a height equal to only half of this value, that is, by 310 mm. Therefore, if on the horizontal axis of the graph (Fig. 5) a known number of parts equal to one step (620 mm) are plotted, and on the vertical axis - equal to the height of the leg rise 310 mm, then such a construction makes it possible to obtain the dimensions of the rise and the width of the steps for stairs with any slope. To do this, you need to plot the slope line of your staircase (its height and length are known) and draw perpendiculars at the points of intersection with the grid of the graph. That's what it is optimal height and the width of the step for a given staircase slope. Moreover, you can use this method and build a ladder specifically "by yourself". For example, setting the step equal to 600, and the rise respectively 300 mm, or setting the step length as you see fit.

rice. 5. Graphical selection method optimal sizes steps (dimensions in mm)

To ensure the maximum convenience of using the stairs and its safety, it is necessary to take into account such parameters as the dimensions of all elements, steps, their total amount... The number of steps is influenced not so much by the shape of the staircase, but by the level of its slope, the width and length of the riser, and the height of the floor. Each of these indicators must be taken into account, otherwise the design will not differ in reliability and safety.

• height and length of the structure;
• its slope in relation to the floor level;
• construction material;
• step dimensions;
• the shape of the staircase itself.

There are also reference data that are compiled for a typical staircase.

Types of steps and their features

According to SNiP, for one flight of stairs, the number of steps should be a maximum of 18, the steps themselves for the span have different purposes. Among them, it should be noted:

• frieze lower ones are located immediately from the floor. They can rise from the level of the floor itself to the height of one riser;
• privates, which are located along the length of the entire structure. They must have the same dimensions, the direction of their movement is established by the structure (for a straight staircase, they go along one straight line, for a spiral staircase - in a circle, for a rotary staircase - at an angle);
• the upper friezes go under the uppermost platform, they are intended for descent. The top step should be flush with the floor.

Width dimensions for one march are regulated by the rules, the minimum accepted values the following:

• outdoor staircase - 80 cm;
• fire escape - 80 cm;
• basement staircase - 80 cm;
• attic - 60 cm;
• internal straight and spiral - 80 cm.

These are established regulations that have been used in construction for several years. Your indicators may differ slightly, but they should not be less than the established ones.

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Minimum and maximum dimensions

To make the flight of stairs as convenient as possible, it is necessary to correctly use special formulas.

This length is accepted at 60 cm.

For design, rather simple formula: 2h + b = S, that is, 60-66 cm. This is the so-called Blondel formula, which was developed back in the 17th century. But when designing, the following formulas are also used:

• b - h = 12, or "convenience formula". It means the ratio of the riser to its height;
• b + h = 46, or "safety formula".

SNiP in in this case declare the maximum and minimum value for such indicators:

• step height - 150-200 mm;
• tread width - from 250 mm;
• tread width for basement, mansard stairs - from 200 mm;
• for winder steps - from 250 mm.

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A prerequisite for calculating steps in the march

When calculating, it is necessary to take into account a wide variety of circumstances, including the size of the riser height and the width of the step. Why is such a rule required? The fact is that the same parameters are provided by a normal, habitual walking rhythm. When you go down the stairs at night, you automatically put your foot at a certain height, and if it is higher, where will this lead? Then the rhythm gets lost, you can even fall. The uneven rhythm of the ascent or descent provokes fatigue; it will be difficult to use such a structure every day.

In addition, attention should be paid to the width of the tread, which should be comfortable. Usually it is 300-320 mm, which is quite enough for the leg to stand clearly on the surface. Optimal indicator for the riser is 150 mm. Thus, the leg can be easily raised or lowered, which means that nothing threatens your safety.

But the meanings largely depend on the type of steps, their location. For example, for winders, it is necessary to make a width of 100 mm, and the size of the overhang over the lower tread should be from 50 mm. For wooden stairs, the overhang is 30 mm, for metal - from 50 mm. Experts advise not to save money when calculating the parameters, the number of steps, not to cut out extra millimeters, since in this case the structure may be unsafe for use, and the so-called "duck step" will make operation difficult.

For the production of stairs use various materials create non-standard designs, emphasizing the individuality of the premises, satisfying the taste of the owner. However, all models, without exception, are united by the main purpose: to ensure the convenience of descent and ascent.

Do-it-yourself house construction, redevelopment is a common phenomenon. Abundance modern materials allows you to seamlessly create the most complex structures... Ladders are no exception.

The design must meet established standards according to the following criteria:

• height;
• width;
• riser height.

Before proceeding with the direct implementation of the work, you need to familiarize yourself with the most common mistakes that accompany the installation of stairs on your own.

Incorrect step height

According to the standards, the maximum step height cannot exceed 190 mm. In practice, the inconvenience of structures in violation of the recommended dimensions has been proven. Steps that are too high are especially inconvenient for the elderly and young children.

Maximum allowable indicators:

• for residential premises - 190 mm;
• for non-residential - 170 mm.

Attention! If the features of the layout do not allow observing the standard, correction with an increase of up to 200 mm is allowed.

Not the same size

Different heights can cause accidents. Normal walking rhythm and different steps - incompatible concepts, don't experiment.

Standards

Construction and Finishing work Regardless of the purpose of the building, they are carried out in accordance with certain norms and rules, which also apply to stairs. In compliance established rules users are primarily interested, since security directly depends on this.

This is a rather complex architectural structure.

It should be noted that the established requirements can be adjusted depending on specific features planning.

• One of the most significant standards is the tilt angle, which ranges from 27 to 45 degrees. Exceeding the standards will result in too steep climbs.
• The height of the steps of the stairs is regulated by the second standard.
• The width of the step should correspond to the size of the foot, optimal width 280-320 mm. Magnification can cause a difficult step. If you reduce it, it will be inconvenient to descend.
• Another standard concerns the width of the staircase, 600 - 700 mm is the best option for the unimpeded movement of one person, and this figure is considered to be the minimum. The most common size is considered to be a gap from 900 to 1000 mm, a comfortable design will satisfy people with different body weights and body features.

Climbing, a person, regardless of build, spends twice as much energy than when walking on flat surface... As a result of a series of experiments, qualified specialists came to the conclusion: in order to create an ideal design, it is necessary to double the size of the riser - to add the step width, since this calculation corresponds to the average step.

Calculations

Several calculation formulas are used. Professionals recommend not experimenting, but using the calibrated dimensions that exclude unpleasant consequences.

It is much easier to design a project using generally accepted formulas. For a person who has decided to independently carry out the installation of the structure, it is better to choose the simplest option, which will help to avoid confusion and error. As you know, the cost of correcting errors is always significantly higher than the cost of thorough preliminary study.

So, the most common formula for calculating the width and height of ordinary steps: a + b = 450 ± 20 mm, where:

• b is the width of the step (tread),
• a - the height of the step (riser).

It is extremely simple to remember it, the end result will satisfy your requirements regarding the improvement of the premises.

The width of the tread should provide the ability to confidently rest with a full foot on the surface. The quantity is calculated exclusively on an individual basis for each room and, above all, depends on the ratio of the slope and the height of the floor.

Ideally, an initial graphic image of the proposed structure is taken with its subsequent transfer to paper. The graphical representation makes the use of formulas much easier. Traditionally, drawings are made on graph paper or a sheet of paper.

Wooden ladder

The most common option, attracting ease of installation and the ability to freely carry out work independently without special skills-wooden construction.

There are two types of wooden stairs:

• marching;
• screw.

Screws are quite rare, as a rule, they are a way out for limited space, they are also used to create original interiors... These designs limit many possibilities. For example, it is almost impossible to bring in massive furniture.

To create a wooden spiral staircase it is necessary to carry out the most complex calculations, the slightest mistake can lead to disappointing consequences. If you have chosen this particular option, it is recommended to contact a professional for project development.

Marching is a relatively simple design that allows you to take the initiative as much as possible.

The main element of any project is the steps, which need to be given special attention. They consist of a riser (vertical) and a tread (horizontal) planes. The tread is stepped on with a foot, the riser - a vertical beam located under the step, performs the function of support.

The practice of creating structures without a riser, however, these options differ in insignificant strength and reliability, are subject to deformation.

There are different types steps for stairs:

• radius;
• swivel;
• rectangular.

Number of steps and their width

First of all, you need to decide on the number of steps and the height of the riser. These indicators are the basis and are interconnected. To measure the height of the structure, it is necessary to determine the distance from the finished floor of the lower floor to the floor of the next floor.

Attention! Wooden stairs installed exclusively on the finished floor.

As an example, we will take specific values, so it is much easier to explain the calculation rules.

So, the calculation instructions:

• distance to the ceiling - 250 cm;
• interfloor overlap in combination with the floor - 35 cm = 285 cm;
• riser height - 17 cm.

We start the calculation using the riser indicator ( standard sizes from 15.2 to 19.7 cm).

The calculation of the number of steps is carried out according to the following formula:

• we divide the height of the stairs by the height of the riser;
• in our case 16.76 = 285/17, round the result to 17 pieces.

There are two options for further actions to compensate for the rounding of the result of the formula.

1. the run-in (first step) will be much smaller than the others (17 cm).
2. to carry out an accurate calculation and use the appropriate indicator, which is much more problematic.

Riser height

The height of the stair riser is determined depending on the scope of the structure:

Design formula: (2R + G) = 2 risers + tread, where:

• 2R - doubled riser height;
• G - tread depth.

The result, regardless of the category, must be within 550 mm-700 mm.

For rooms with a non-standard layout (ceilings), in order to level the steps, it is possible to slightly lower the floor level of the upper platform. It is not recommended to do lugs, ideal option a slightly sloped floor, in the form of a ramp.

Considering that the formulas donate millimeters to round off the results, the slope will not be conspicuous, it will not cause any inconvenience in movement.

For the manufacture of steps and risers, wooden boards are used:

• for risers, the most common thickness is 3 cm;
• for steps - 4 cm.

The wood is easy to process, so you can easily adjust the dimensions using special tools. To create a reliable, durable structure, steps and risers are recommended to be fastened with self-tapping screws and glue.

Even as a result of the most accurate calculations, it becomes necessary to fit individual elements, while the main thing is not to rush, since it is much more problematic to compensate for the deficiency.

Conclusion

The standard stair tread height used will save you the trouble of unpleasant consequences, maximum savings are possible with accurate calculation necessary materials.

Use formulas, take into account the recommendations of professionals, and the result will delight in functionality and flawless appearance over a long period without requiring additional intervention. In the video presented in this article, you will find additional information on this topic.