During the existence of Rodinia, around 850-635 million years ago, the whole planet has come global ice age under the general name Snowball (the hypothesis "Earth-snowball", common in modern science), which ended only when Rodinia split during a violent cataclysm. Geochronological period, called cryogeny, presumably characterized by the fact that most of Rodinia was located around the south pole, and the surrounding ocean was covered with ice 2 kilometers thick. Only part of Rodinia - the future Gondwana - was near the equator.

In Ediacaria , 600 million years ago, when the fragments of Rodinia moved northward, multicellular simple life began to develop on them, and Mirovia turned into oceans Panthalassa and Panafrican.

After Rodinia, the disintegrated continents managed to once again unite into a supercontinent Pangea[first in Pannotia] and disintegrate again.

Rodinia continental civilization

200 million years after the collapse of Megagea, the fourth overton began, which led 1000 million years ago (at the beginning of the Late Riphean) to the emergence of the supercontinent Rodinia (Mesogea). Rodinia formed in the southern hemisphere. It included a new Central Asian continent, which included the territories of the modern mountains Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Pamir (with the Archean core), the Iranian highlands, Tien Shan, as well as Kokshetau, Betpakdalu, Ulytau, Mangyshlak and Ustyurt. The continent was at that time a high plateau with numerous volcanoes.
During its 300-million-year history, Rodinia experienced many turbulent tectonic events, among which the most ambitious was the movement of East Gondwana (East Antarctica, Western Australia and India), which broke away from North America 750 million years ago, and its accession 150 million years later to Rodinia from Africa.
750 million years ago, the disintegration of Rodinia, which lasted for 150-200 million years, began with the formation of the oceans of the Paleoasian, Paleoapetus, Paleotethis and Paleopacific.
In Central Kazakhstan, traces of a rift have been preserved in the form of molasses (clastic material from the sides of the rift or from the mountains) of Kokshetau, the Northern Tien Shan and the Kazakh Uplands that broke away from Rodinia. The latter, in the Vendian, as a result of the development of rifts, was a complex archipelago with internal shallow seas on the continental crust and deep-sea seas on the oceanic crust that emerged in place of rifts.
While Rodinia continued to disintegrate in the Vendian, in the southwest the opposite process of consolidation (collision) of the South American and African continental plates began to take place with the formation of a new continent - Western Gondwana. Later, the island of Madagascar (which has an Archean core) and East Gondwana joined Western Gondwana. United Gondwana was formed in the middle of the fifth overton, that is, by the beginning of the Cambrian, the first period of the Paleozoic era 540 million years ago.
In the Late Riphean (1050-630 million years ago) and in the early Vendian (630-580 million years ago), there were two largest ice ages that covered the entire planet with ice, united by one name - Snowball. Both glacial epochs are distinguished by the sediments of tillites, which are overlain by limestones and dolomites, which indicates a sharp warming of the climate. The reason for such severe glaciations remains unclear (perhaps the Sun's orbit crossed a giant dust cloud that absorbed part of the solar heat), but a convincing hypothesis is put forward about what caused the warming. This is an increase in volcanic activity. Volcanoes emitted into the atmosphere, among other gases, carbon dioxide, which trapped heat reflected from the earth's surface and released by the planet itself.

The author of the chronological forecast is Travin A.A.
2.5-2.4 billion years ago. The first supercontinent is Monogea.
2.2 billion ago. The disintegration of Monogea.
1.8 billion ago. A new supercontinent is formed - Megagea.
1.4 billion ago. The collapse of Megagea.

1 billion ago. Supercontinent Mesogea, which gradually arose as a result of the convergence of blocks of the previously disintegrated Megagea
800-750 million ago. The collapse of Mesogea into Laurasia and Gondwana.
650 million ago. The collapse of Laurasia and Gondwana.
200 million ago. Again the supercontinent (in the past - the last) - Pangea.
60 million ago. Pangea breakup

50 million in the future. Forecast. The Atlantic and Indian oceans will become significantly wider. Accordingly, the area of ​​the Pacific Ocean will be reduced. North and South America will move to the west, Africa - to the northeast, Europe, Asia, including India - to the east, Australia - to the north (will reach the equator), and only Antarctica will hardly change its position in relation to the South Pole ...

Continent(from Latin continens, genitive continentis) - a large massif of the earth's crust, a significant part of which is located above sea level (land), and the rest of the peripheral part is below sea level. The continent also includes islands located on the underwater periphery. In addition to the concept of continent, the term continent is also used.

Terminology

Mainland- a vast expanse of land, washed by seas and oceans (or Land, land - as opposed to water or islands). In Russian, the words continent and continent have the same meaning.

From a tectonic point of view, continents are areas of the lithosphere with a continental structure of the earth's crust.

There are several continental models in the world (see below). On the territory of the post-Soviet space, the model of six continents with a divided America is adopted as the main one.

There is also a similar concept of a part of the world. The division into continents is carried out on the basis of separation by water space, and parts of the world are more of a historical and cultural concept. Thus, the continent of Eurasia consists of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. And part of the world America is located on two continents - South America and North America. In other cases, parts of the world coincide with the above continents.

The border between Europe and Asia runs along the Ural Mountains, then the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, the Kuma and Manych rivers to the mouth of the Don River and further along the shores of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The Europe-Asia border described above is not indisputable. This is just one of several options accepted in the world.

In geology, the continent is also often referred to as the underwater margin of the continent, including the islands located on it.

In English and some other languages, continent refers to both continents and parts of the world.

Continental models

In the world, different countries estimate the number of continents differently. Number of continents in different traditions

• 4 continents: Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica, Australia
• 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Antarctica, Australia
• 6 continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, America, Antarctica, Australia
• 6 continents: Africa, Eurasia, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia
• 7 continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia

The seven continents model is popular in China, India, partly in western Europe and in English-speaking countries.

The model of six continents with a united America (we call it “Parts of the World”) is popular in Spanish-speaking countries and parts of eastern Europe, including Greece with its five-continent model (five inhabited continents).

Comparison of area and population

Continent	Length (km from east to west, and from south to north, along the periphery)	Share of sushi	Population	Population share
Afroeurasia
Oceania

- the largest and only continent on Earth, washed by four oceans: in the south - the Indian, in the north - the Arctic, in the west - the Atlantic, in the east - the Pacific. The continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere between approximately 9 ° W. d. and 169 ° W while part of the islands of Eurasia are located in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of continental Eurasia lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, although the extreme western and eastern ends of the continent are in the Western Hemisphere. Eurasia stretches from west to east for 10.5 thousand km, from north to south - for 5.3 thousand km, with an area of ​​53.6 million km2. This is more than a third of the entire land area of ​​the planet. The area of ​​the islands of Eurasia is approaching 2.75 million km2.

Contains two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The border line between Europe and Asia is most often drawn along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Emba River, the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Kuma River, the Kumo-Manych depression, the Manych River, the eastern coast of the Black Sea, the southern coast of the Black Sea, the strait The Bosphorus, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, the Strait of Gibraltar. This division has developed historically. Naturally, there is no sharp border between Europe and Asia. The continent is united by the continuity of land, currently formed by tectonic consolidation and the unity of numerous climatic processes.

(English North America, French Amérique du Nord, Spanish América del Norte, Norteamérica, Ast. Ixachitlān Mictlāmpa) is one of the continents of the planet Earth, located in the north of the Western Hemisphere of the Earth. North America is washed from the west by the Pacific Ocean with the Bering Sea, Alaska and California gulfs, from the east by the Atlantic Ocean with the Labrador, Caribbean, Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Mexican seas, from the north - by the Arctic Ocean with the Beaufort, Baffin, Greenland and Hudson seas. From the west, the continent is separated from Eurasia by the Bering Strait. In the south, the border between North and South America passes through the Isthmus of Panama.

Numerous islands are also included in North America: Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, Vancouver Island, the Alexander Archipelago and others. The area of ​​North America with islands is 24.25 million km2, without islands 20.36 million km2.

(Spanish América del Sur, Sudamérica, Suramérica, port América do Sul, English South America, Dutch Zuid-Amerika, French Amérique du Sud, guar Ñembyamérika, Quechua Urin Awya Yala, Urin Amerika in) - southern continent America, located mainly in the Western and Southern Hemispheres of planet Earth, however, part of the continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east - by the Atlantic Ocean, from the north it is limited to North America, the border between the Americas runs along the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea.

South America also includes various islands, most of which belong to the countries of the continent. The Caribbean territories belong to North America. The countries of South America that border the Caribbean - including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana - are known as Caribbean South America.

The most important river systems in South America are the Amazon, Orinoco and Parana, with a combined basin of 7,000,000 km2 (South America area 17,800,000 km2). Most of the lakes in South America are located in the Andes, the largest of which and the world's highest navigable lake is Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru. The largest in area is Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela, it is also one of the oldest on the planet.

In South America, there is the highest waterfall in the world - Angel. The most powerful waterfall, Iguazu, is also located on the mainland.

- the second largest continent on our planet Earth after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.

Africa is also called the part of the world, consisting of the continent of Africa and the adjacent islands, the largest of which is the island of Madagascar.

The African continent is crossed by the equator and several climatic zones; its peculiarity is that it is the only continent stretching from the northern subtropical climatic zone to the southern subtropical.

Due to the lack of constant precipitation and irrigation on the denser continent - as well as glaciers or the aquifer of mountain systems - there is practically no natural regulation of climate anywhere except on the coast.

(from Latin austrālis - "southern") - a continent located in the Eastern and Southern hemispheres of our planet Earth.

The entire territory of the mainland is the main part of the state of the Commonwealth of Australia. The mainland is part of the world Australia and Oceania.

The northern and eastern coasts of Australia are washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean: the Arafur, Coral, Tasmanovo, Timor seas; western and southern - Indian Ocean.

The large islands of New Guinea and Tasmania are located near Australia.

Along the northeastern coast of Australia for more than 2,000 km stretches the well-known, the world's largest coral reef - the Great Barrier Reef.

(Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of Arctida) is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica roughly coincides with the southern geographic pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.

Antarctica is the highest continent, its average height is 2040 meters. The mainland also contains about 85% of the planet's glaciers. There is no permanent population in Antarctica, but there are more than forty scientific stations belonging to different states and intended for research and detailed study of the characteristics of the continent.

Antarctica is almost completely covered with ice sheets, the average thickness of which exceeds 2500 meters. There are also a large number of subglacial lakes (over 140), the largest of which is Lake Vostok, discovered by Russian scientists in the 1990s.

Hypothetical continents

Kenorland

Kenorland is a hypothetical supercontinent that, according to geophysicists, existed in the Neoarchean (about 2.75 billion years ago). The name comes from the Kenoran folding phase. Paleomagnetic studies indicate that Kenorland was at low latitudes.

Nuna

Nuna (Columbia, Hudsonland) is a hypothetical supercontinent that existed between 1.8 and 1.5 billion years ago (maximum assembly ~ 1.8 billion years ago). Its existence was suggested by J. Rogers and M. Santosh in 2002. Nuna dates back to the Paleoproterozoic era, making it supposedly the oldest supercontinent. It consisted of the plateau-predecessors of the ancient platforms that were part of the earlier continents of Laurentia, Fennosarmatia, the Ukrainian Shield, the Amazon, Australia and possibly Siberia, the Sino-Korean platform and the Kalahari platform. The existence of the continent of Columbia is based on geological and paleomagnetic data.

Rodinia

Rodinia (from Russian Motherland or from Russian to give birth) is a hypothetical supercontinent, presumably existing in the Proterozoic - Precambrian eon. It originated about 1.1 billion years ago and disintegrated about 750 million years ago. At that time, the Earth consisted of one giant piece of land and one giant ocean, called Mirovia, also taken from the Russian language. Rodinia is often considered the oldest known supercontinent, but its position and shape are still the subject of controversy. After the collapse of Rodinia, the continents managed to once again unite into the supercontinent Pangea and again disintegrate.

Lavrussia

Lavrusia (Euramerica) is a Paleozoic supercontinent formed as a result of the collision of the North American (ancient continent of Laurentia) and East European (ancient continent of the Baltic Sea) platforms during the Caledonian orogeny. Also known are the names of Caledonia, "Old Red Continent", "Old Red Sandstone Continent". In the Permian period, it merged with Pangea and became its integral part. After the collapse of Pangea, it became part of Laurasia. In the Paleogene it disintegrated.

Gondwana

Gondwana in paleogeography is an ancient supercontinent that arose about 750-530 million years ago, for a long time localized around the South Pole, which included almost the entire land, now located in the southern hemisphere (Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia), as well as tectonic blocks of Hindustan and Arabia, which have now moved to the northern hemisphere and became part of the Eurasian continent. In the early Paleozoic, Gondwana gradually shifted northward and in the Carboniferous period (360 million years ago) merged with the North American-Scandinavian continent into the giant protocontinent Pangea. Then, during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago), Pangea split again into Gondwana and the northern continent of Laurasia, which were divided by the Tethys Ocean. 30 million years later, in the same Jurassic period, Gondwana gradually began to disintegrate into new (present) continents. Finally, all modern continents: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent separated from Gondwana only at the end of the Cretaceous period, that is, 70-80 million years ago.

Pangea

Pangea (ancient Greek Πανγαῖα - "all-earth") is the name given by Alfred Wegener to the proto-continent that arose in the Paleozoic era. The giant ocean that washed Pangea from the Silurian period of the Paleozoic to the Early Mesozoic, inclusive, received the name Panthalassa (from ancient Greek παν- “all-” and θάλασσα “sea”). Pangea was formed in the Permian period, and split at the end of the Triassic (about 200 - 210 million years ago) into two continents: the northern continent - Laurasia and the southern continent - Gondwana. In the process of the formation of Pangea, mountain systems arose from the more ancient continents at the places of their collision, some of them have existed to this day, for example, the Urals or the Appalachians. These early mountains are much older than the relatively young mountain systems (the Alps in Europe, the Cordillera in North America, the Andes in South America, or the Himalayas in Asia). Due to erosion lasting many millions of years, the Urals and Appalachians are low-rolling mountains.

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a Middle Paleozoic continent located between Lavrusia and the Siberian platform. It stretches from the Turgai trough and the Turan lowland to the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts.

Laurasia

Laurasia is a supercontinent that existed as the northern part of the Pangea protocontinent (southern Gondwana) fault in the Late Mesozoic. It united most of the territories that make up the existing continents of the Northern Hemisphere today - Eurasia and North America, which in turn split from each other from 135 to 200 million years ago.

Pangea Ultima

It is assumed that in the future the continents will once again gather in a supercontinent called Pangea Ultima.

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Or "give birth") - hypothetical, supposedly existed in -.

It originated about 1.1 billion years ago and disintegrated about 750 million years ago. At that time, the Earth consisted of one giant piece of land and one giant ocean, which received the name. Rodinia is often considered the oldest known supercontinent, but its position and shape are still the subject of controversy. Geophysicists suggest that other supercontinents existed before Rodinia: - maximum assembly ≈ 2.75 billion years ago, (Columbia, Hudsonland) - maximum assembly ≈1.8 billion years ago. After the breakup Rodinia to Proto-Laurasia (northern continent) and Proto-Gondwana (southern continent), the continents reunited into a supercontinent ≈600 540 million years ago. After the collapse, the continents merged into a supercontinent and disintegrated again into their present state.

It is assumed that in the future the continents will once again gather in the supercontinent with the name.

Estimated location of the continents

Noticeable coincidences at the edges of the plates suggest that the two continents were connected in the Proterozoic. To the north of them were, apparently, and. North America with communicated with. At the collision of Europe, they arose, which today are one of the oldest mountain ranges and, as a result, have an incomparably lower height than after their formation.

According to one of the paleoclimatic reconstructions (the hypothesis "", widespread in modern science), during the existence of Rodinia, that is, about 850-635 million years ago, a global ice age began on the planet, which ended only when Rodinia split. The geochronological period that received the name was presumably characterized by the fact that most of Rodinia was located nearby. In, 600 million years ago, when the fragments of Rodinia parted to the poles, simple life began to develop on them, and Mirovia turned into oceans and.

In February 2013, the journal Nature Geoscience published an article in which it was reported that geologists had discovered sand containing minerals on an island in the Indian Ocean, which could indirectly be considered the remains of Rodinia.

In 2017, it was suggested that the collapse of the supercontinent Rodinia was caused by an indirect collision of the Earth and. This could have happened about 750 million years ago, as a result of passing through one of the. The estimated area of ​​impact fell on.

see also

Notes (edit)

1. Li, Z. X .; Bogdanova, S. V .; Collins, A. S .; Davidson, A .; B. De Waele, R. E. Ernst, I. C. W. Fitzsimons, R. A. Fuck, D. P. Gladkochub, J. Jacobs, K. E. Karlstrom, S. Lul, L.M. Natapov, V. Pease, S. A. Pisarevsky, K. Thrane and V. Vernikovsky (2008). Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis. Precambrian Research 160: 179—210
2. N. V. Lubnina: "The East European Craton from Neoarchean to Paleozoic according to paleomagnetic data" (unspecified) (unavailable link)... Date of treatment August 9, 2011.

It originated about 1.1 billion years ago and disintegrated about 750 million years ago. At that time, the Earth consisted of one giant piece of land and one giant ocean, called Mirovia, also taken from the Russian language. Rodinia is often considered the oldest known supercontinent, but its position and shape are still the subject of controversy. Geophysicists suggest that other supercontinents existed before Rodinia: Kenorland - maximum assembly ~ 2.75 billion years ago, Nuna (Columbia, Hudsonland) - maximum assembly ~ 1.8 billion years ago. After the collapse of Rodinia, the continents merged into the supercontinent Pannotia. After the collapse of Pannotia, the continents merged into the supercontinent Pangea and disintegrated again.

It is assumed that in the future the continents will once again gather in a supercontinent called Pangea Ultima.

Estimated location of the continents

Notable coincidences at the plate edges of South America and Antarctica suggest that the two continents were connected during the Proterozoic. To the north of them were, apparently, Australia and India. North America with Greenland communicated with Europe. With the collision of Europe and Asia, the Ural Mountains arose, which today are one of the most ancient mountain ranges and, due to erosion, have an incomparably lower height than after their formation.

According to one of the paleoclimatic reconstructions (the "Snowball Earth" hypothesis, widespread in modern science), during the existence of Rodinia, that is, about 850-635 million years ago, a global ice age began on the planet, which ended only when Rodinia split. The geochronological period, called cryogeny, was presumably characterized by the fact that most of Rodinia was located near the equator. In Ediacaria, 600 million years ago, when the fragments of Rodinia parted to the poles, multicellular simple life began to develop on them, and Mirovia turned into the oceans of Panthalassa and Panafrican.

In February 2013, an article was published in the journal Nature Geoscience, in which it was reported that geologists had found sand containing zircon minerals on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, which can indirectly be considered the remains of Rodinia.

see also

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• [the globe was developing. Birth and death of the first continent of Rodinia]

Continents Continents Parts of the world The ancients continents and supercontinents The ancients platform Possible future supercontinents

Excerpt from Rodinia

On the morning of October 4, Kutuzov signed the disposition. Toll read it to Yermolov, inviting him to take up further orders.
“Okay, okay, I don’t have time now,” said Yermolov and left the hut. Tol's disposition was very good. Just as in the Austerlitz disposition, it was written, although not in German:
“Die erste Colonne marschiert [The first column goes (German)] this and that, die zweite Colonne marschiert [the second column goes (German)] this and that,” etc. And all these columns are on paper came at the appointed time to their place and destroyed the enemy. Everything was, as in all dispositions, perfectly thought out, and, as with all dispositions, not a single column came in its time and in its place.
When the disposition was ready in the proper number of copies, an officer was summoned and sent to Yermolov to give him the papers for execution. A young cavalry officer, Kutuzov's orderly, pleased with the importance of the assignment given to him, went to Yermolov's apartment.
“We’re gone,” answered Yermolov’s orderly. The cavalry officer went to the general, whom Ermolov often visited.
- No, and there is no general.
The cavalry officer sat on horseback and rode to another.
- No, they left.
“How would I not be responsible for the delay! What a shame! " - thought the officer. He traveled all over the camp. Someone said that they saw how Yermolov drove with other generals somewhere, who said that he was probably at home again. The officer, without having dinner, searched until six o'clock in the evening. Ermolov was nowhere to be found and no one knew where he was. The officer had a quick bite to eat at his comrade's and went back to the vanguard to Miloradovich. Miloradovich was not at home either, but then he was told that Miloradovich was at the ball at General Kikin's, that Ermolov must be there.
- But where is it?
“And over there, in Echkin,” said the Cossack officer, pointing to a distant landlord’s house.
- But what about there, behind the chain?
- They sent two of our regiments into the chain, there is such a revelry nowadays, trouble! Two music, three choirs of songwriters.
The officer went by the chain to Echkin. From a distance, still driving up to the house, he heard the friendly, cheerful sounds of a soldier's dancing song.
"In the oluzya ah ... in the oluzi! .." - with a whistle and with a torban he heard him, occasionally drowned out by the shout of voices. The officer felt cheerful in his soul from these sounds, but at the same time it was also scary for the fact that he was guilty, for so long not having given the important order entrusted to him. It was already past nine. He dismounted from his horse and entered the porch and the hallway of a large, intact manor house, located between the Russians and the French. In the pantry and in the hall, footmen were bustling about with wines and food. There were songbooks under the windows. The officer was led through the door, and he suddenly saw all together the most important generals of the army, including the large, noticeable figure of Yermolov. All the generals were in unbuttoned coats, with red, lively faces and were laughing loudly, standing in a semicircle. In the middle of the room, a handsome, short general with a red face was smartly and deftly making a trepak.
- Ha, ha, ha! Ah yes Nikolai Ivanovich! ha, ha, ha! ..
The officer felt that, entering at that moment with an important order, he was doubly guilty, and he wanted to wait; but one of the generals saw him and, learning why he was, told Ermolov. Ermolov, with a frowning face, went out to the officer and, having listened, took the paper from him, without saying anything to him.
- Do you think he left by accident? - That evening the staff comrade said to the officer of the cavalry guard about Yermolov. - These are things, this is all on purpose. Give Konovnitsyn a ride. Look, what porridge will be tomorrow!

The next day, early in the morning, the decrepit Kutuzov got up, prayed to God, dressed, and with the unpleasant consciousness that he should lead a battle, which he did not approve of, got into a carriage and drove out of Letashevka, five miles behind Tarutin, to that place, where the advancing columns were to be assembled. Kutuzov rode, falling asleep and waking up and listening to see if there were any shots on the right, was the case starting? But it was still quiet. The dawn of a damp and cloudy autumn day was just beginning. Approaching Tarutin, Kutuzov noticed the cavalrymen leading the horses to the watering hole across the road along which the carriage was traveling. Kutuzov looked at them closely, stopped the carriage and asked which regiment? The cavalrymen were from the column that should have been already far ahead in ambush. "A mistake, maybe," thought the old commander-in-chief. But, having driven even further, Kutuzov saw infantry regiments, guns in the box, soldiers with porridge and firewood, in underpants. An officer was called. The officer reported that there was no order to march.

Civilization arose 1 billion years ago - the beginning.
Civilization stopped resisting the aggressively changed environment 750 million years ago - the end.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
200 million years after the collapse of Megagea, the fourth overton began, which led 1000 million years ago (at the beginning of the Late Riphean) to the emergence of the supercontinent Rodinia (Mesogea). Rodinia formed in the southern hemisphere. It included a new Central Asian continent, which included the territories of the modern mountains Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Pamir (with the Archean core), the Iranian highlands, Tien Shan, as well as Kokshetau, Betpakdalu, Ulytau, Mangyshlak and Ustyurt. The continent was at that time a high plateau with numerous volcanoes.

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Zand its 300-million-year history, Rodinia experienced many turbulent tectonic events, among which the most ambitious was the movement of East Gondwana (East Antarctica, Western Australia and India), which broke away from North America 750 million years ago, and its annexation 150 million years later to Rodinia from Africa.

7 50 million years ago, the disintegration of Rodinia, which lasted for 150 - 200 million years, began with the formation of the oceans of the Paleoasian, Paleoapetus, Paleotethis and Paleopacific.

VIn Central Kazakhstan, there are traces of a rift in the form of molasses (clastic material from the sides of the rift or from the mountains) of Kokshetau, the Northern Tien Shan and the Kazakh Uplands, which broke away from Rodinia. The latter, in the Vendian, as a result of the development of rifts, was a complex archipelago with internal shallow seas on the continental crust and deep-sea seas on the oceanic crust that emerged in place of rifts.

VWhile Rodinia continued to disintegrate in the Vendian, in the southwest the opposite process of consolidation (collision) of the South American and African continental plates began to take place with the formation of a new continent - Western Gondwana. Later, the island of Madagascar (which has an Archean core) and East Gondwana joined Western Gondwana. United Gondwana was formed in the middle of the fifth overton, that is, by the beginning of the Cambrian, the first period of the Paleozoic era 540 million years ago.

VLate Riphean (1050-630 million years ago) and in the early Vendian (630-580 million years ago) there were two largest ice ages that covered the entire planet with ice, united by one name - Snowball. Both glacial epochs are distinguished by the sediments of tillites, which are overlain by limestones and dolomites, which indicates a sharp warming of the climate. The reason for such severe glaciations remains unclear (perhaps the Sun's orbit crossed a giant dust cloud that absorbed part of the solar heat), but a convincing hypothesis is put forward about what caused the warming. This is an increase in volcanic activity. Volcanoes emitted into the atmosphere, among other gases, carbon dioxide, which trapped heat reflected from the earth's surface and released by the planet itself.

Asecond chronological forecast Travin A.A.

2 , 5-2.4 billion ago. The first supercontinent is Monogea.

2 , 2 billion ago. The disintegration of Monogea.

1 , 8 billion ago. A new supercontinent is formed - Megagea.

1 , 4 billion ago. The collapse of Megagea.

1 billion back. Supercontinent Mesogea, which gradually arose as a result of the convergence of blocks of the previously disintegrated Megagea

8 00-750 million ago. The collapse of Mesogea into Laurasia and Gondwana.

6 50 million ago. The collapse of Laurasia and Gondwana.

20 0 million ago. Again the supercontinent (in the past - the last) - Pangea.

6 0 million ago. Pangea breakup

5 0 million in the future. Forecast. The Atlantic and Indian oceans will become significantly wider. Accordingly, the area of ​​the Pacific Ocean will be reduced. North and South America will move to the west, Africa - to the northeast, Europe, Asia, including India - to the east, Australia - to the north (will reach the equator), and only Antarctica will hardly change its position in relation to the South Pole ...

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