Everyone, at least indirectly, is familiar with such a concept as "calorie". What is it and what is it for? What exactly does it mean? Such questions arise, especially if you need to increase it to kilocalories, megacalories or gigacalories, or convert it to other values, for example, Gcal to kW.

What is a calorie

Calorie is not included in the international system measurements of metric quantities, however, this concept is widely used to refer to the amount of energy released. It indicates how much energy must be expended to heat 1 g of water so that this volume increases the temperature by 1 ° C under standard conditions.

There are 3 generally accepted designations, each of which is used depending on the area:

• The international value of a calorie, which is 4.1868 J (Joule), and is referred to as "calories" in Russian Federation and cal - in the world;
• In thermochemistry, a relative value approximately equal to 4.1840 J with the Russian designation cal th and the world designation cal th;
• 15-degree calorie index, equal to approximately 4.1855 J, which in Russia is known as "cal 15", and in the world - cal 15.

Originally, calories were used to find the amount of heat released when generating energy from a fuel. Subsequently, this value began to be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by an athlete when performing any physical activity, since the same physical laws apply for these actions.

Since fuel is needed to generate heat, then, by analogy with heat power in simple life, the body also needs a "refueling" - food that people eat on a regular basis to generate energy.

A person receives a certain amount of calories, depending on which product he consumed.

The more calories a person receives in the form of food, the more energy he receives for sports. However, people do not always consume the amount of calories that is necessary to maintain normal body processes and perform physical activity. As a result, some lose weight (with a calorie deficit), while others gain weight.

Calorie content is the amount of energy received by a person as a result of the absorption of a particular product.

On the basis of this theory, many dietary principles and rules are built. healthy eating... The optimal amount of energy and macronutrients that a person needs per day can be calculated in accordance with the formulas of renowned nutritionists (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-Saint Geor) using standard parameters:

• Age;
• Height;
• An example of daily activity;
• Lifestyle.

These data can be used by changing them for yourself - for painless weight loss, it is enough to create a deficit of 15-20% of the daily calorie intake, and for healthy recruitment masses - a similar surplus.

What is a Gigacalorie, and how many calories are in it

The concept of Gigacalorie is most often found in documents in the field of thermal power engineering. This value can be found in receipts, notices, payments for heating and hot water.

It means the same as a calorie, but in a larger volume, as evidenced by the prefix "Giga". Gcal determines that the original value was multiplied by 10 9. Speaking simple language: 1 Gigacalorie has 1 billion calories.

Like a calorie, a Gigacalorie does not belong to the metric system of physical quantities.

For example, the table below shows a comparison of values:

The need to use Gcal is due to the fact that when heating the volume of water required for heating and household needs of the population, even one residential building releases a colossal amount of energy. It is too long and inconvenient to write the numbers that represent it in the documents in the format of calories.

Such a value as a gigacalorie can be found in payment documents for heating

You can imagine how much energy is expended during the heating season in industrial scale: when heating 1 block, district, city, country.

Gcal and Gcal / h: what is the difference

If it is necessary to calculate the payment by the consumer for the services of the state heat power industry (heating a house, hot water), such a value as Gcal / h is used. It denotes a reference to time - how many Gigacalories are consumed during heating for a given period of time. Sometimes it is also replaced by Gcal / m 3 (how much energy is needed to transfer heat to a cubic meter of water).

Q = V * (T1 - T2) / 1000, where

• V is the volume of liquid consumption in cubic meters / tons;
• T1 is the temperature of the incoming hot liquid, which is measured in degrees Celsius;
• T2 is the temperature of the supplied cold liquid by analogy with the previous indicator;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient that simplifies calculations, eliminating the numbers in the tenth place (automatically converts kcal to Gcal).

This formula is often used to build the principle of operation of heat meters in private apartments, houses or businesses. This measure is necessary with a sharp increase in the cost of this utility service, especially when the calculations are generalized based on the area / volume of the room that is heated.

If the system is installed in the room closed type(hot liquid is poured into it once without additional water intake), the formula is modified:

Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T2)) - (V2 * (T2 - T))) / 1000, where

• Q is the amount of heat energy;
• V1 is the volume of the consumed thermal substance (water / gas) in the pipeline through which it enters the system;
• V2 is the volume of the thermal substance in the pipeline through which it returns back;
• T1 is the temperature in degrees Celsius in the pipeline at the inlet;
• T2 - temperature in degrees Aim in the pipeline at the outlet;
• T is the cold water temperature;
• 1000 is an auxiliary coefficient.

This formula is based on the difference between the inlet and outlet values ​​of the heating medium in the room.

Depending on the use of one or another energy source, as well as the type of thermal substance (water, gas), alternative calculation formulas are also used:

1. Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T2 - T)) / 1000
2. Q = ((V2 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T1 - T)) / 1000

In addition, the formula changes if the system includes electrical devices(eg underfloor heating).

How Gcal are calculated for hot water and heating

Heating is calculated using formulas similar to the formulas for finding the value of Gcal / h.

An approximate formula for calculating payment for warm water in residential premises:

P i gv = V i gv * T x gv + (V v cr * V i gv / ∑ V i gv * T v cr)

Values ​​used:

• P i gv - the required value;
• V i gv - the volume of hot water consumption for a certain time period;
• T x gv - the established tariff payment for hot water supply;
• V v gv - the volume of energy expended by the company that is engaged in its heating and supply to residential / non-residential premises;
• ∑ V i gv - the amount of consumption warm water in all rooms of the house in which the calculation is made;
• T v gv - tariff payment for thermal energy.

This formula does not take into account the indicator of atmospheric pressure, since it does not significantly affect the final desired value.

The formula is approximate and is not suitable for self-calculation without prior consultation. Before using it, you need to contact your local utilities for clarification and adjustments - perhaps they use other parameters and formulas for calculation.

Calculation of the amount of payment for heating is very important, since often impressive amounts are not justified

The calculation result depends not only on the relative temperature values ​​- it is directly affected by the tariffs set by the government for the consumption of hot water supply and space heating.

The computational process is greatly simplified if you install a heating meter for an apartment, entrance or residential building.

It should be borne in mind that even the most accurate counters can be inaccurate in their calculations. It can also be determined by the formula:

E = 100 * ((V1 - V2) / (V1 + V2))

The presented formula uses the following indicators:

• E - error;
• V1 - the volume of consumed hot water supply upon admission;
• V2 - consumed hot water at the outlet;
• 100 is an auxiliary coefficient that converts the result to a percentage.

According to the requirements, average value the error of the calculating device is about 1%, and the maximum allowable is 2%.

Video: example of calculating heating bills

How to convert Gcal to kWh and Gcal / h to kW

On different devices thermal power spheres indicate different metric values. So, on heating boilers and heaters more often indicate kilowatts and kilowatts per hour. On calculating devices (meters), Gcal are more common. The difference in magnitude interferes correct calculation the required value by the formula.

To facilitate the calculation process, it is necessary to learn how to convert one value to another and vice versa. Since the values ​​are constant, it is not difficult - 1 Gcal / h is equal to 1162.7907 kW.

If the value is presented in megawatts, it can be converted back to Gcal / h by multiplying by a constant value of 0.85984.

Below are auxiliary tables that allow you to quickly convert values ​​from one to another:

The use of these tables will greatly simplify the process of calculating the cost of heat energy. In addition, to simplify actions, you can use one of the online converters offered on the Internet that convert physical quantities one into the other.

Self-calculation of energy consumption in Gigacalories will allow the owner of a residential / non-residential premises to control the cost utilities and also - the work of utilities. With the help of simple calculations, it becomes possible to compare the results with those in the received payment receipts and contact the relevant authorities in case of a difference in indicators.

The cost of heating housing is one of the most significant components of the bills that we pay for housing and communal services. It is not surprising, therefore, that among frequently asked questions arising from consumers of utilities, an important place is occupied by the procedure for calculating payments for the supply of heat to our homes. We decided to raise this topic again in connection with the loss of force of the Rules for the provision of public services to citizens, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, and the adoption of a new document dated June 29, 2016 No. 603 "On Amendments to Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on issues of providing utilities ”. Starting from July 1, 2016, the procedure for calculating heating bills has been changed, so on the MG pages we will analyze where the specific numbers in the “heating” column in 2017 will come from.

Today, payments for heat energy can be carried out in one of two ways:

• only during the heating season
• evenly throughout the calendar year

The specific method is chosen by the Moscow Government no more than once a year before October 1 of the current year and is implemented decision only in next year: from July 1, when switching to uniform payment throughout the year, or from the first day of the heating season when switching to payment, respectively, during the heating period.

For 2017, the city government has maintained a uniform method of paying for heating in Moscow, excluding the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky districts. However, the same settlement procedure applies to the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky administrative areas.

Residents of houses that have not yet been equipped with a common house heat meter will pay 1.5 times more in 2017 than residents of those houses where such a meter is installed.

Let's consider four typical cases, in accordance with which the payment for supplying heat to our houses is charged.

Case 1. The house is not equipped with a general house metering device (OCP), while the technical possibility of its installation is absent. This mainly concerns the old housing stock. Here the calculation is carried out according to the following formula:

Case 2... The house is not equipped with a substation control room, but at the same time it is technically possible to install it (housing stock, where, for various reasons, a general house thermal energy meter has not yet been installed). V this case the calculation is carried out as follows:

As can be seen from the above formula, residents of houses that have not yet been equipped with a common heat metering device will pay 1.5 times in 2017 more houses where such a counter is installed. In accordance with Federal Law No. 261-FZ "On Energy Supply and Increasing Energy Efficiency", common meters must be installed in all apartment buildings before July 1, 2012, then this period was extended, however, to date, even in Moscow all houses are equipped with them. A special multiplying factor should stimulate homeowners to take measures to have such meters appear in their homes. However, for example, in the settlement of Sosenskoye, pilot houses are installed in the old housing stock as part of a long-term targeted program at the expense of the local budget.

Case 3. The house has a control room, but not all rooms are equipped with individual heat metering devices (IPU). This case covers the overwhelming number of houses built after the enactment of the law "On Energy Saving", when the installation of general house meters became the responsibility of developers. In this example, the calculation is carried out using the following formula:

Once a year, the heating bills are adjusted based on actual consumption, according to the formula:

In this case Management Company throughout the year, evenly calculates payment according to the standard or the average actual consumption for the last year, and after a year, it recalculates based on the readings of the general house meter. In this case, the recalculation can be either down or up, depending on how cold and long it was heating season, as well as from the economy of heat consumption by the owners, including in public places.

Case 4. The house is equipped with a control room and all premises of the house are also equipped with a control room. This case mainly applies to new buildings with a horizontal distribution of the heating system, which allows you to install a heat meter separately for each apartment. The calculation will be carried out according to the following formula:

Adjustment of heating bills based on actual consumption (once a year):

Separately, it should be noted that for the application of the calculation scheme No. 4, all residential and non-residential premises in apartment building must be equipped with meters. In this case, all meters must be in good condition, be verified in deadlines(Once every 4 years), and must also be put into operation with the involvement of the management company. This situation makes it virtually impossible to pay for individual heat meters, since one inoperative or unverified device is enough for the calculation to be made according to scheme No. 3.

The government decided to keep the uniform payment for heat consumption in apartment buildings for 2017.

So, we examined 4 typical cases of payment for heat energy, which the owners of multi-apartment residential buildings face (stand apart apartment buildings where the common property includes its own boiler room and where the owners pay not for heat energy, but, as a rule, for gas that is used to heat water). As you can see, according to the amendments to the federal legislation, now the Moscow Government determines how Muscovites will pay for heating: evenly throughout the year or only during the heating season. So far, it has been decided to keep the payment evenly for 12 months. It can be assumed that this is due to the desire to evenly distribute the load on family budgets(primarily low-income citizens). If, say, the annual payment for heating is 12,000 rubles and this amount is distributed evenly throughout the year, then the monthly budget load will be 1,000 rubles. If payment occurs only during the heating season, which in our region is 5-6 months, then heating costs during this period increase 2 times, although they disappear completely in the rest of the year.

Regulations:

1. In accordance with clause 42.1 of the Rules for the Provision of Utilities to Owners and Users of Premises in Apartment Buildings and Residential Buildings (approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354 (as amended on 06/29/2016) "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings ").

2. Clause 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2016 N 603 "On amendments to some acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on the provision of public services."

3. Decree of the Moscow Government dated 09.29.2016 N 629-PP "On maintaining a uniform procedure for paying utility bills for heating in the city of Moscow and amending the Decree of the Moscow Government dated January 11, 1994 N 41".

4. Clause 3 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2016 N 603 "On amendments to some acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on the provision of public services."

5. Clause 2 (1), Appendix 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354 (as amended on 06/29/2016) "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings" (together with the "Rules for the provision of utilities services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings ").

6. Clause 2 (2), Appendix 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354 (as amended on 06/29/2016) "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings" (together with the "Rules for the provision of utilities services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings ").

7. Clause 3 (2), Appendix 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354 (as amended on 06/29/2016) "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings" (together with the "Rules for the provision of utilities services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings ").

8. Clause 3 (3), Appendix 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354 (as amended on 06/29/2016) "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings" (together with the "Rules for the provision of utilities services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings ").

Everyone should know how heating bills are calculated in an apartment. This information will help you understand what is included in the price. Moreover, its formation takes place on the basis of certain documents.

Important calculations

How is heating in an apartment calculated? The corresponding government decree approves the procedure for settlements and submission of documents. There is a certain procedure for the provision of utilities to the owners of apartments and residential buildings. Another decree approved the rules for the provision of similar services to all citizens of the Russian Federation.

When faced with the question of how to calculate the payment for heating, you must be guided by the rules adopted initially and later. Although should only be used latest version for 2011, however, the period associated with the transition to it continues. Local state authorities at the regional level define the list required documents to be followed.

How to calculate the payment for heating according to the rules established by the decree No. 354? The foreseen procedure determines the collection of payments not for the whole year, but only for the heating period. If the place of residence of the subject is the Moscow region, and charges for heat are made only during the period from October to May, then you can safely be guided by the information provided. If the number of months is different, it is necessary to follow the rules established by the decree No. 307.

Paying only during heating seasons makes the calculation process much easier and more convenient. This is a significant achievement and a plus for the residents. In practice, it becomes clear that the heating charges imposed at a later date for residential premises are slightly higher than the previously accepted amount. This is due to the fact that payments were split over all 12 months. In most cases, this is inconvenient.

How is the amount of payment for heat in apartments calculated? The calculation algorithm is influenced by a number of factors. Among them are:

• the presence of one meter in residential premises (apartment buildings);
• the presence of heat meters in each apartment and non-residential premises;
• the presence of distributors (they must be in half of the non-residential and residential premises of an apartment building).

Calculation formula

According to the rules, if heat metering is performed using a common household appliance, it will be possible to calculate the fee based on the set parameters. The rate of consumption of thermal energy for heating may vary in each specific region of the country. It determines the number of gigacalories that are needed to heat the area within 30 calendar days.

The heating tariff is approved individually for each region by local authorities. We are talking about the cost of 1 Gcal for heating. An important parameter is the area of ​​living quarters. Please note that the heated area of ​​the room does not include a balcony or loggia.

1. Heating standard.
2. The total area of ​​residential or non-residential premises.
3. A certain cost of consumed energy (heat).

If you look at the calculation formula in more detail, then you need to multiply the number of gigacalories for heating the room by the price of 1 gl, and then multiply by the area of ​​the apartment.

Calculation under other conditions

To calculate the payment for energy in the absence of meters in an apartment building, but in the presence of a common household appliance, you must follow the calculation procedure below. The payment according to the described procedure is charged exclusively in those houses where there are no meters in absolutely all apartments and non-residential premises.

The formula used involves first calculating the ratio of the total area of ​​an individual living quarters to the total area of ​​living quarters. Further, the resulting value must be multiplied by the cost of thermal energy and by the number of gigacalories that were consumed during the estimated period of time. The amount of energy expended is determined based on the readings of the general house device.

If not all apartments are equipped with meters, but, for example, only 95%, the above algorithm can be used for the calculation.

Payment for heat on it in a simplified version is carried out using total used heat energy in the house. The share of each apartment must be calculated. The resulting volume of consumed heat must be multiplied by the applicable tariff for a certain region.

Counters of different types

The calculation of the payment for heating has some peculiarities, if in multi-storey building a common measuring device and separate meters for measuring the amount of heat in all apartments (this applies not only to residential premises). The main thing is to clarify the availability of metering devices in all apartments.

In this case, the formula includes the following indicators. Take the amount of heat used in a specific object (applies to residential and non-residential premises). It is determined on the basis of indicators taken from individual or general meters related to the apartment accounting device. Determine the amount of communal resource, thanks to which the general needs of the house are satisfied. At the same time, they are equipped with collective devices that allow accurate accounting of the consumed thermal energy.

The total area of ​​a house is taken into account, in which many apartments are concentrated, belonging to residential or non-residential real estate, as well as the total area in a separate individual object located in this apartment building. Be sure to take into account the cost of heat for each region.

The payment can be made if the following calculations are made: the area of ​​the apartment is divided by the area of ​​the house and multiplied by the amount of energy provided for the aggregate needs of the entire building with apartments. Then add up to the amount of energy consumed in the first room. V last action it is necessary to multiply the resulting figure by the active tariff.

The essence of this payment option lies in the fact that the amount of heat consumed by residents of one apartment is increased by a portion of the heat spent within the framework of general household needs.

If the total number exceeds the amount previously paid, it will be credited to the payment that the person plans to make. If it turned out more small value, you will need to pay extra. The action is carried out on the basis of corrective mechanisms.

With distributors

How to proceed if distributors are installed? These are sensors that are installed on the batteries from the outside. They account for the amount of heat given off by the batteries to the external environment. This device is similar to a counter, but it functions differently.

If you follow the rules for the provision of communal services, you need to take into account that government decree No. 354 has a certain norm. Accounting for housing and communal services determines the use of indications of distributors in the calculation process.

A multi-storey building must have a common house metering device designed for collective purposes. It is important that the installation of distributors was carried out in such a number of apartments, which together account for more than half of all residential and non-residential premises.

If the specified requirements are met, 1 time (if the tenants decide, then more often) during the year, payment for heat energy based on switchgears will be adjusted taking into account the readings of the sensors.

Calculation formulas contain indicators:

1. Payment for heating in a specific room equipped with a sensor for the time period to be adjusted.
2. The number of apartments and non-residential premises in one apartment building, which are equipped with special measuring devices.
3. The total number of distributors in one room of a residential property.
4. The part of the consumed service related to heat energy, which is accounted for by a separate distributor. This share is taken into account in the amount of heat consumed in each room equipped with sensors.

Early ruling

According to document No. 307, the payment rules are subject to the availability of energy measuring devices in a house with many apartments. Settlement manipulations are reduced to charging fees throughout the year.

The amount paid by residents for consumed energy can be adjusted.

Monthly amount for heating in the premises different types in multi-apartment buildings with distributors, it is calculated using a similar formula that is used for apartments with meters. It is enough to multiply the total area of ​​the residential building by the amount of consumed heat energy for the previous period (year). The resulting figure is multiplied by the tariff.

The amount of payment is adjusted every year according to a certain formula. It takes into account the amount of payment for heat, which is taken from the accounting equipment common in the building. The fee is taken into account according to the standard value in apartments that do not have a sensor. You need to know other indicators noted in the rules. For example, this is the proportion of payments related to a specific meter.

Each person should have no difficulty in the calculation process. It is necessary to constantly monitor the ongoing changes in the law in order to take into account the increase in tariffs and other criteria.

If you have any difficulties, you can contact the appropriate authorized service in your place of residence.

Incoming payment receipts for heat supply services are often perplexed by their large amounts to be paid. In practice, it is very difficult to check the relevance of these figures, since each management company develops individual tariffs for the population. In this case, you need to know how payment for heating is carried out: the procedure for calculation and calculation.

Legislative basis for calculating heating

First of all, you need to find out on what grounds the calculations for heat supply are performed. To do this, you should study the law on payment for heating. Its last revision is No. 354 dated 06/05/2011. Its clauses describe in detail the procedure for calculating payment.

Compared to the old version, the procedure for calculating amounts for the services provided, as well as the forms of concluding an agreement and receipts, have undergone changes. The consumer, before calculating the additional payment for heating, needs to find out the type of arrangement of his residential building:

• A common house metering device for the consumed heat energy has been installed, but there are none in the apartments;
• Along with the general house meter, an individual energy meter is installed in the apartment;
• There are no devices for controlling the amount of consumed thermal energy in the house.

Only after that you can find out how the payment for heating is calculated. In addition, according to Resolution No. 354, payment for consumed heat energy is divided into two types - for a specific living space and as general household needs. The latter include heating stairwells, basements and attics of buildings. Therefore, before calculating the payment for heating, you should ask the management company for the total area of ​​these premises, as well as the tariff for maintaining the desired temperature level in them.

The same information should be displayed in the receipts received - there will be 2 points for payment, which will give the total amount. Typically, the rates of payment for heating non-residential premises are higher than residential ones. But when dividing the total amount for all apartments in the house, their bleeding in the receipt decreases.

Since the payment for heating residential and non-residential premises is considered, it is necessary that this information be spelled out in the contract with the management company.

District heating - calculation options

Currently, there are no uniform tariffs according to which the payment of housing and communal services for heating would be carried out. Instead, there are recommendations and rules for the formation of the cost of services by management companies responsible for heating residential buildings. The calculation method directly depends on the heat meters installed in the house or apartment.

In addition, the size of the amount is influenced by the climatic features of the region, the degree of wear and tear of equipment, as well as the thermal insulation of the house. These factors are taken into account when maintaining the desired temperature level in residential and non-residential premises of the building.

Those. the lower the efficiency of the system, the higher the payment for heating all year round... Let's consider the main options for calculating the cost of heat supply services according to the latest methods regulated at the legislative level.

In some cases, several heating pipes can pass through one apartment. Installing a meter for each of them is a costly undertaking. Then it is best to install a common house heat meter.

Calculation of heating with a general house meter

If a thermal energy meter is installed in the house, the management company is obliged to perform calculations according to a certain formula. In this case, the procedure for calculating payment for heating should consist of several points.

First of all, it is necessary to agree on the total area of ​​the building and the specific apartment for which the calculation is performed. Then the following actions are performed:

• Reconciliation of the readings of the general house meter at the beginning and end of the payment period. The difference will be the total energy consumption of the house. Thus, you can correctly calculate the payment for heating an apartment or non-residential premises;
• Calculate the ratio of the total area of ​​an apartment to the same indicator for a house;
• Find out the tariff for payment of heat energy from the management company.

Further calculation of payment for heating is carried out according to the following formula:

P = V * (Tk / Td) * K

Where R- the planned amount to be paid, V- the volume of heat energy consumed for the period, TC and Td- the area of ​​the apartment and house, TO- the tariff for heating the apartment.

As an example, you can calculate the payment for heating for an apartment with a total area of ​​43 m², located in a building with 7000 m². The total heat consumption was 85 Gcal. For Voronezh, the average tariff is 1,371 rubles / Gcal. Then, according to the standards of payment for heating, the total amount will be:

P = 85 * (43/7000) * 1371 = 715 rubles.

But besides this, a system of norms for payment for heating was introduced. It is used in the absence of individual heat meters. The average W norm for residential premises is currently from 0.022 to 0.03 Gcal / m² per month. Then the calculation to calculate the payment for heating is necessary according to the following formula:

P = Tk * W * K

Suppose the W value is 0.027. In this case, the payment will be:

P = 43 * 0.027 * 1371 = 1591 rubles.

It is according to this formula that all management companies prefer to make calculations.

When drawing up a contract for heat supply, it is necessary to check the calculation methodology. In practice, management companies do not always provide it.

Calculation of heating with a general house meter and individual metering devices

The situation is much simpler when there is a heat meter in the apartment. In this case, you just need to multiply the meter readings by the tariff of the management company.

Considering what is possible different interpretation the law on payment for heating - special attention should be paid to tariffs. The difference in prices between different providers of this service can be up to 30%. And even if you pay for heating by individual meter- a high tariff can nullify all attempts to save on current costs.

But in practice, the consumer does not have the option of choosing a management company. This is especially true for apartment buildings. Therefore, when a verification calculation of heating payment is made using an individual heat metering device, current tariffs have to be applied.

However, in addition to the cost of the service for energy consumption in residential premises, it is necessary to take into account the costs of general house heating. First, the amount of heat energy spent on this type of heat supply is calculated. To do this, you need to use the formula:

V = N * S * (Tc / Td)

Where V- the share of the owner of the apartment to pay for general heating, N- consumption standards for payment for general heating, S – total area premises belonging to this category, TC and Td- the area of ​​the apartment and house.

At present, the N index is 0.016 Gcal / m². For an example of calculating payment for general house heating, we can assume that the area of ​​non-residential premises in a house is 500 m². Then the owner of the apartment must pay the following heat consumption for heating them:

V = 0.06 * 500 (43/7000) = 0.18 Gcal

Then you need to multiply the result by the tariff from the service provider. In most cases, in the total calculation of payment for heating, this part takes from 5% to 15%.

How to reduce operating costs for heat supply

Taking into account the constantly increasing tariffs for housing and communal services for heat supply, the issue of reducing these costs becomes more urgent every year. The problem of reducing costs lies in the specifics of the centralized system.

How to reduce heating bills and at the same time ensure the proper level of heating in the premises? First of all, you need to learn that ordinary heating systems do not work for district heating. effective ways reduction of heat losses. Those. if the facade of the house was insulated, a replacement was made window structures for new ones - the amount of payment will remain the same.

The only way to reduce heating costs is to install individual heat meters. However, you may encounter the following problems:

• A large number of heating pipes in the apartment. Currently, the average cost of installing a heating meter ranges from 18 to 25 thousand rubles. In order for the calculations of the cost of heating by an individual device to be carried out, they must be installed on each riser;
• Difficulty in obtaining permission to install a meter. To do this, you need to get technical conditions and on their basis select the optimal model of the device;
• In order to make timely payment for heat supply according to an individual meter, it is necessary to periodically send them for verification. For this, the dismantling and subsequent installation of the verified device is carried out. This also entails additional costs.

But despite these factors, the installation of a heat meter will ultimately lead to a significant reduction in payments for heat supply services. If the house has a circuit with several heat risers passing through each apartment, you can install a general house meter. In this case, the cost savings will not be as significant.

When calculating the payment for heating according to the general house meter, not the amount of incoming heat energy is taken into account, but the difference between it and in the return pipe of the system. This is the most acceptable and open way formation of the final cost of the service. In addition, by choosing the optimal model of the device, you can further improve heating system at home according to the following indicators:

• The ability to regulate the amount of heat energy consumed in the building, depending on external factors - the temperature outside;
• A transparent method for calculating payment for heating. However, in this case, the total amount is distributed across all apartments in the house, depending on their area, and not according to the volume of heat energy supplied to each room.

In addition, only representatives of the management company can handle the maintenance and adjustment of the general house meter. However, tenants have the right to demand all the necessary reporting to reconcile the executed and accrued utility bills for heat supply.

In addition to installing a heat meter, it is necessary to install a modern mixing unit to regulate the degree of heating of the coolant entering the heating system of the house.

Questions about payment for heating services

In addition to the lack of transparency in the procedure for calculating payments for heating, there are a number of problems associated with district heating. In most cases, they are about the quality of the services provided, the legality of collecting year-round payments, as well as methods of calculating payment for electric heating.

Alas, but in the law on payment for services central heating most of it is devoted to calculations and possible compensation for poor quality services. Getting the latter is extremely difficult due to the paperwork. Let's consider the main problems of district heating and how to solve them.

Year-round or seasonal payment for heating services

Over the past five to seven years, new form charging the cost of services for district heating. Payment for heating in summer period has become a common practice. But how convenient is it for the consumer and legitimate from the point of view of legislation?

The problem is that an ordinary consumer cannot choose whether to pay him for heat supply all year round or only during the heating season. This decision is made only between the management company and the heat supply organization. In rare cases, it is possible to change the payment schedule in agreement with the HOA or the housing cooperative.

What are the features of payment for heating in the summer?

• Inability to control the relevance of the charged fee. To form it, the management company uses many intricate and complex methods;
• Uniform financial burden on the consumer. The cost of heat supply services in summer and winter period is always the same. Those. expenses in February will be the same as in August;
• Possibility of making a decision on seasonal payment for heat supply in the presence of heating meters.

It is because of the last point that residents of apartment buildings prefer to install a common heat meter.

Summing up the total cost of seasonal and year-round payment, you can see that the lower amount will be in the first case.

Payment for gas and electric heating

Whenever possible, many apartment owners try to disconnect from the central heating supply. Alternatively do autonomous systems with gas or electric boilers.

In practice, you can face many problems when organizing similar systems heat supply. The main one is not to pay for electric heating, but to obtain permission to equip it. And even after the legal installation of the equipment, the following difficulties may arise:

• Payment for gas heating will be charged on a general basis. Before that, it is imperative that you install a gas meter for the consumed gas;
• Additionally, you will need to pay for heating associated with common premises. The procedure for calculating it was described above;
• The boiler cannot be connected to central system heating, having previously disconnected from it. This will lead to the opening of the common house circuit.

There is a possibility of savings when organizing electric heating. It consists in the provision of a preferential tariff by the electricity supplier. But it can only be used if the house does not have a gas main. If available, the cost of power supply services will be calculated on a general basis.

How else can you save on your central heating bills? One option is to provide benefits or subsidies. However, in recent times getting them is extremely difficult. To do this, you will need to collect a lot of documents, and confirm your requirements to reduce utility bills, including heat supply.

Most of all in frosty winter months all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by residents of apartment buildings, who themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.

What is called a calorie

Supporters of a healthy diet or those who strenuously monitor their weight are familiar with the concept of calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise a person will begin to recover.

Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used to heat rooms.

As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "feces", or in English cal.

In the metric system, the joule is considered the equivalent of a calorie. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.

The importance of calories for human life

Besides developing various weight loss diets, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such a concept as "calorie content" is widespread - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.

In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the amount of consumed cubic meters of gas (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be consumed for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.

What is a gigacalorie and how many calories are in it?

As it is clear from the definition, the size of 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used for calculating large quantities, especially in power engineering. Instead, a concept such as a gigacalorie is used. This value is equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written in the form of abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.

In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 calories. Thus, we can assume that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.

It should be borne in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is recorded simply as "feces". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal - 1,000,000 cal, although in reality it is about 1,000,000 Kcal.

Hecacalorie and gigacalorie

In the energy industry, in most cases, it is used as a unit of measurement, Gcal, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).

In this regard, some people decipher the abbreviation "Gcal" as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above-mentioned units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.

Gigacalorie and gigacalorie / hour: what's the difference

In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, such an abbreviation as "Gcal / hour" is sometimes found in receipts. What does it mean and how does it differ from the usual gigacalorie?

This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.

While just a gigacalorie is a measure of the consumed heat for an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frames will be indicated in this category.

Reduction of Gcal / m3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter substances.

Gigacalorie formula

Having considered the definition of the studied value, it is worth finally learning how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat a room during the heating season.

For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are many online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the amount of consumed gigacalories.

However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formula options for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:

Heat energy (Gcal / hour) = (М 1 х (Т 1 -Т хв)) - (М 2 х (Т 2 -Т хв)) / 1000, where:

• M 1 is the mass of the heat transfer substance that is supplied through the pipeline. Measured in tons.
• M 2 is the mass of the heat transfer substance returning through the pipeline.
• T 1 is the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline, measured in Celsius.
• T 2 is the temperature of the coolant returning back.
• Т хв - temperature of the cold source (water). Usually equal to five because this is exactly what minimum temperature water in the pipeline.

Why do housing and communal services overestimate the amount of energy spent when calculating for heating?

Carrying out your own calculations, you should pay attention to the fact that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the standards for thermal energy consumption. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is wrong. After all, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes services, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that when hot liquid is transported through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat loss occurs.

In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the pipes for heating must be at least +55 ° C. And if we take into account that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 ° C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, to compensate for heat loss, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.

Conversion of Gcal to kW / hour

Thermal energy can be measured in various units, but in the official documentation from housing and communal services it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.

The easiest way to do this is when the ratio of these quantities is known. For example, consider the watts (W), which measures the power output of most boilers or heaters.

Before considering the conversion of Gcal to this value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, more often use kW (1 kilowatt, equal to 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts).

In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but they are used to calculate the amount of consumed / produced electricity.In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.

How can this be done? In order not to suffer with the formulas, it is worth remembering the "magic" number 1163. This is how many kilowatts of energy you need to spend in an hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.

For example, let's convert 0.05 Gcal, required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 ° C, in kW / hour. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 = 58.15 kW / h. These calculations are especially helpful for those who are thinking about changing. gas heating for a more environmentally friendly and economical electric one.

When it comes to huge volumes, can be converted not into kilowatts, but into megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result in kilowatts by a thousand.

Transfer to Gcal

Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal is contained in one kW / hour.

When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.

The correctness of this can be verified by taking the data from the previous example.

So, it was calculated that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite the slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.

As in previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts to gigacalories.

How is this done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the "magic" number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, 0.86 is obtained. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to make a transfer.

By the way, there is a slight discrepancy in the answers due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, you should use it for more accurate calculations. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.