MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Chelyabinsk State University"

(FGBOU VPO "ChelGU")

Kostanay branch

Department of Philology

APPROVED

meeting of the Department of Philology

in the discipline "Introduction to Linguistics"

Chair method. commissions __________________ S.N. Mashkov

Bibliography

Main

Vendina, T.I. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook / T.I. Vendina.- 3rd ed., erased: Higher. school, 2010.

Maslov, Yu.S. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook / Yu.S. Maslov.- 5th ed., ster.- M.: Academy, 2007.- 303 p. Vulture. MO

Reformatsky, A.A. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook: Textbook for universities / A.A. Reformed; Under the editorship of V.A. Vinogradov.- 5th ed., Rev.: Aspect Press, 2010.- (Classic textbook).

Additional

Alisova, T. B. Introduction to Romance Philology [Text]: textbook / T. B. Alisova.- 999.- M .: Higher. education, 2007.- 453 p.

Girutsky, A.A. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook: A manual for university students / A.A. Girutsky. - 4th ed., additional: TetraSystems, 2008.

Kamchatnov, A.M., Nikolina N.A. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook / A.M. Kamchatnov, N.A. Nikolina.- 9th ed.: Flint, Science, 2010.- (For students, graduate students, teachers of philology).

Kasevich, V. B. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: a textbook for students of institutions of higher professional education / V. B. Kasevich. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University; I .: Academy, 2011. - 240 p.

Kodukhov, V. I. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook / V. I. Kodukhov, 2010.

Kulikova, I.S. Theory of language: an introduction to linguistics [Text] / I.S. Kulikova, D.V. Salmina.- St. Petersburg. ; M. : SAGA; Forum, 2009.- 64 p.

Peretrukhin, V.N. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook: Course of lectures / V.N. Peretrukhin. - 4th ed., Rev.: LIBROKOM, 2010.

Radbil, T.B. Fundamentals of the study of language mentality [Text]: textbook / T.B. Radbil.- M.: Flinta; Science, 2010.- 328 p.

Stepanov, Yu. S. Fundamentals of General Linguistics [Text]: textbook. Ed. 3rd. – M.: Librokom, 2011. – 272 p.

Susov, I.P. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook: Textbook for students of linguistic and philological specialties / I.P. Susov: AST: East-West, 2009.- (Linguistics and Intercultural Communication: Golden Series).

Charykova O.N. Fundamentals of the theory of language and communication [Text]: study guide / O.N. Charykova, Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin. – M.: Flinta; Nauka, 2012. - 312 p.

Shaikevich, A. Ya. Introduction to linguistics [Text]: textbook / A. Ya. Shaikevich, 2010.

Shor R. O., Chemodanov N. S. Introduction to Linguistics / Ed. ed. I. I. Meshchaninova. Ed. 2nd, add. – M.: Librokom, 2010. – 288 p.

Literature for practical exercises

Norman B.Yu. Assignments in linguistics, Minsk: Verbum-M, 2007 - 234p.

Dictionaries and reference books:

Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - M.: KomKniga, 2007. - 576 p.

Birich A.K. Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological dictionary: approx. 6000 phraseological units. - 3rd ed. revised and additional - M.: Astrel, 2007. - 926 p.

Lopatin V.V., Lopatina L.E. Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language / V.V. Lopatin, L.E. Lopatin. – M.: Eksmo, 2008. – 928 p.

New Dictionary of Foreign Words: Dictionary / Comp. M. Sitnikova. - 3rd ed.: - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2009. - 300 p.

Solovyov N.V. Dictionary of correct Russian speech: approx. 40,000 words: over 400 comments. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 960 p.

Studiner M.A. Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress / M.A. Studiner. - 5th ed., Rev. and additional – M.: Iris-press, 2008. – 576 p.

Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms and concepts. Russian language: in 2 vols. T. 1. / under the general. ed. A.N. Tikhonova, R.I. Khashimov. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2008. – 840 p.

Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms and concepts. Russian language: in 2 volumes. Vol. 2. / under the general. ed. A.N. Tikhonova, R.I. Khashimov. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2008. – 840 p.

Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Bukchina B.V., Sazonova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. - M .: "Ast-Press", 2008. - 1288s.

Grammatical dictionary of the Russian language. Word formation. Zaliznyak A.A. - M .: "Ast-Press", 2008. - 794 p.

Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. Reznichenko I.L. - M .: "Ast-Press", 2008. - 943 p.

Big phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Meaning. Usage: Linguistic and cultural commentary. Telia V.N. - M .: "Ast-Press", 2008. - 782 p.

1. Hayrapetyan, V. Interpreting the word. Experience of hermeneutics in Russian / V. Hayrapetyan. - M.: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2001. - 484 p.
2. Amirova, T.A. From the history of linguistics of the twentieth century / T.A. Amirov. - M.: CheRo, 1999. - 106 p.
3. Blinov Anthology for the course "Introduction to Linguistics". For students of philological faculties / Blinov and others - M .: Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, 1998. - 326 p.
4. Bogatova, G.A. The history of the word as an object of Russian historical lexicography / G.A. Bogatova. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - 256 p.
5. Boursier, E. Fundamentals of Romance Linguistics / E. Boursier. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. - 680 p.
6. V.N., et al. Twilight of linguistics. From the history of Russian linguistics. Anthology / ed. Bazylev, V.N. And. - M.: Academia, 2001. - 576 p.
7. Vartanyan, E.A. Journey into the Word: monograph. / E.A. Vartanyan. - M.: Enlightenment; Edition 2, rev., 1982. - 223 p.
8. Vinogradov, V.V. Problems of Russian stylistics / V.V. Vinogradov. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 320 p.
9. Voilova, K.A. Reference book on the Russian language / K.A. Voilova, N.G. Goltsov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1996. - 304 p.
10. Humboldt, V. Selected works on linguistics / V. Humboldt. - M.: Progress, 2000. - 400 p.
11. Gusev Russian esoteric hermeneutics / Gusev, Andrey. - M.: Sport and Culture-2000, 2008. - 300 p.
12. Gusev Secrets of time or horary numerology / Gusev, Andrey. - M.: Sport and Culture-2000, 2008. - 120 p.
13. Deeringer, D. Alphabet / D. Deeringer. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. - 656 p.
14. Zvegintsev, V.A. Volume 3. Foreign linguistics / ed. V.Yu. Rozentsweig, V.A. Zvegintsev, B.Yu. Gorodetsky. - M.: Progress, 1999. - 352 p.
15. Zvegintseva V.A. Volume 1. Foreign linguistics / V.A. Zvegintseva, N.S. Chemodanov. - M.: Progress, 1999. - 308 p.
16. Irzabekov The Secret of the Russian Word. Notes of a non-Russian person / Irzabekov, Vasily. - M.: Danilov Monastery, 2008. - 200 p.
17. Kodzasov, S.V. General phonetics / S.V. Kodzasov, O.F. Krivnova. - M.: RGTU, 2001. - 592 p.
18. Kostomarov, V.G. Language life / V.G. Kostomarov. - M.: Pedagogy, 1984. - 144 p.
19. Maruso Dictionary of linguistic terms / Maruso, Jules. - M.: URSS, 2004. - 440 p.
20. Melnikov, G.P. System typology of languages. Principles, methods, models / G.P. Melnikov. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - 395 p.
21. Mechkovskaya, N.B. Social linguistics / N.B. Mechkovskaya. - M.: Aspect press, 1996. - 207 p.
22. Mikhelson, M.I. Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and allegories / M.I. Michelson. - M.: Terra, 1994. - 764 c.
23. Novikov, L.N. Art of the word / L.N. Novikov. - M.: Pedagogy; Edition 2, 1991. - 144 p.
24. Papin, A.F. Text: its units and global categories / A.F. Daddy. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2002. - 368 p.
25. Pleshchenko, T.P. Stylistics and culture of speech / T.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet. - M.: Mn: TetraSystems, 2001. - 544 p.
26. Rosenthal, D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms / D.E. Rosenthal, M.A. Telenkova. - M.: Enlightenment; 3rd edition, rev. and additional, 1985. - 399 p.
27. Slavic antiquities / ed. N.I. Tolstoy. - M.: International relations, 1999. - 201 c.
28. Stylistics of artistic speech / ed. L. Tarasova. - M.: Kalinin, 1982. - 172 p.
29. Trubetskoy, N.S. Fundamentals of phonology / N.S. Trubetskoy. - M.: Aspect press, 2000. - 352 p.
30. Assumption Word about words. Why not otherwise? / Uspensky, Lev. - M.: Children's literature, 1984 . - 718 c.

The question of glottogenesis - the origin of language - is essentially a question from the category of eternal mysteries about the origin of man or life in general. Of course, it is impossible to give an exact answer to it. And neither linguistics nor genetics, anthropology and psychology, who came to its aid in the 20th century, can help in this. There are many absolutely opposite versions regarding all aspects of the origin of the language: dates, root causes, a single parent language, the role of evolution in its formation, etc. Svetlana Burlak, a linguist engaged in comparative linguistics and the study of dead languages, has written a book in which, it seems, linguistics itself is given the least space. This once again proves that the solution of the problem of glottogenesis is hardly possible in the near future, since the exact sciences have only added new doubts and expanded the range of questions. Burlak herself speaks from the position of a classical evolutionist. The main thesis of her careful study with an impressive list of material used is that the emergence of language is an inevitable result of the development of mankind.

An entertaining read for those who can not even learn English. One of the authors of "The Magic of the Word" is Dmitry Petrov, a philologist, translator who worked with Gorbachev, Yeltsin and Putin, a linguist who knows more than thirty languages ​​​​(and got into the Guinness Book of Records with this record. By the way, recently on the Kultura TV channel it was shown a kind of reality show in which Petrov, according to his system, taught English to public figures... He developed his own psycholinguistic methodology and quite seriously believes that anyone can learn any language, and without limiting himself in the number of these languages. For example, the book contains his conversations with journalist Vadim Boreyko, who personally tested Petrov’s methodology and described his experience in their joint book, not forgetting to talk about language in general, about linguistics and ways of human self-realization through language.

A book that cannot be left out of this linguistic selection. Last year for Why are Languages ​​So Different? Vladimir Plungyan, a well-known linguist and professor at Moscow State University, received the Enlightener literary prize. In a small piece, Plungyan called his book an attempt to introduce the foundations of modern linguistics and added that he originally wrote it for children. But in the end, the book turned out, of course, for adults - and it became a rare example of good Russian non-fiction. It turns out that Plungyan not only wrote an entertaining scientific pop about how and by what laws languages ​​change, about how many of them exist and how they work, but, perhaps without knowing it, revealed the secret of creating a high-quality sample of Russian non-fiction - write, focusing on children's perception.

Linguist and psychologist Steven Pinker, who is sometimes called the popularizer of the ideas of perhaps the most famous living American linguist Noam Chomsky, wrote his main work Language as Instinct back in 1994, translated into Russian only two years ago. This is also a kind of "introduction to the basics", only not in theoretical linguistics, but rather in various versions of the same glottogenesis, which is discussed in the "Origin of Language". For Pinker, language is the result of natural selection, a kind of "instinct" formed in the process of evolution.

In all works on linguistics and related sciences, in which the problem of the origin of the language is raised, one way or another, the theme of the existence of a certain proto-language, which our ancestors once spoke, is touched upon. Two opposing points of view look something like this: 1) most likely, the parent language existed, since all languages ​​without exception have common principles 2) most likely, there has never been a single language for all mankind, and the general principles of all languages ​​are associated only with the similarity of human thinking. The representative of the researchers of the first group, working in the direction of the search and reconstruction of our proto-language, was the outstanding Soviet and Russian linguist Sergei Starostin. Some of the results of his research in this area are given in the preface to the collection of scientific articles, the authors of which attempt to reconstruct this very proto-language. The most curious publication, from which, in particular, you can learn about the roots and syllables of our proto-language, about the deep etymology of many concepts, names and names, and get closer to understanding how some people master several dozen languages.

Literary criticism is one of the two philological sciences - the science of literature. Another philological science, the science of language, is linguistics, or linguistics (lat. lingua - language). These sciences have much in common: both of them, each in its own way, study the phenomena of literature. Therefore, over the past centuries, they have developed in close connection with each other, under the general name of "philology" (Greek phileo - I love and logos - the word).

In essence, literary criticism and linguistics are different sciences, since they set themselves different cognitive tasks. Linguistics studies all kinds of phenomena of literature, more precisely, the phenomena of people's verbal activity, in order to establish in them the features of the regular development of those languages ​​spoken and written by various peoples around the world. Literary criticism studies the fiction of various peoples of the world in order to understand the features and patterns of its own content and the forms expressing them.

Nevertheless, literary criticism and linguistics constantly interact with each other and help each other. Along with other phenomena of literature, fiction serves as a very important material for linguistic observations and conclusions about the general features of the languages ​​of certain peoples. But the peculiarities of the languages ​​of works of art, like any other, arise in connection with the peculiarities of their content. And literary criticism can give linguistics a lot to understand these substantive features of fiction, which explain the peculiarities of language peculiar to it. But for its part, literary criticism in the study of the form of works of art cannot do without knowledge of the features and history of the languages ​​in which these works are written. This is where linguistics comes to the rescue. This help is different in the study of literature at different stages of its development.

The subject of literary criticism is not only fiction, but also all the world's artistic literature - written and oral. In the earliest epochs of the historical life of peoples, they had no "literature" at all. Literature for each nation arose only when it somehow mastered writing - created or borrowed a certain system of signs to record individual statements or entire verbal works. Before the creation or assimilation of writing, all peoples created verbal works orally, stored them in their collective memory and distributed them in oral transmission. So they had all sorts of fairy tales, legends, songs, proverbs, conspiracies, etc.

In science, all works of oral folk art are called "folklore" (English, folk - people, lore - knowledge, teaching). In each nation, the working masses continued to create works of oral creativity even after the emergence of national writing, which for a long time served mainly the ruling classes and state, as well as church institutions. Folklore developed in parallel with fiction, interacted with it and often had a great influence on it. It still exists today.
But also fiction in different historical epochs had different possibilities of its existence and distribution. Peoples usually mastered writing at the time when they were just beginning to have a class system of society and state power. However, they did not know how to print their verbal works for a long time. Among the most advanced peoples of Western Europe, printing began to spread only in the middle of the 15th century. So, in Germany, the first printer was Johannes Gutenberg, who invented the printing press in 1440. In Russia, under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the first printer was deacon Ivan Fedorov, who opened his printing house in 1563 in Moscow. But his undertaking did not receive wide recognition at that time, and the printing business developed in our country only at the beginning of the 18th century, during the reign of Peter I.

Rewriting large works by hand was a very time-consuming and painstaking task. They were engaged in scribes, often people of clergy. Their work was long, and the works existed in a relatively small number of copies - "lists", of which many were made from other lists. At the same time, the connection with the original work was often lost, scribes often freely treated the text of the work, introducing their own corrections, additions, abbreviations, as well as random errors. The scribes signed the lists, and the names of the authors of the works were constantly forgotten. The authorship of some, sometimes the most significant works, such as The Tale of Igor's Campaign, has not yet been firmly established.

As a result, the scientific study of ancient and medieval literatures is a very complicated matter. It requires finding manuscripts in ancient book depositories, archives, comparing various lists and editions of works, and dating them. The determination of the time of creation of works and on the basis of their lists occurs by examining the material on which they are written, the manner of writing and handwriting of correspondence, the peculiarities of the language of the authors and the scribes themselves, the composition of facts, persons, events depicted or only mentioned in the works, etc. e. And here linguistics comes to the aid of literary criticism, giving it knowledge on the history of the development of certain languages, deciphering certain systems of signs and records. On this basis, a separate philological discipline (a part of science) arose, which was called "paleography", that is, descriptions of antiquities (gr. palaios - ancient, grapho - I write). The study of ancient and medieval literatures of different peoples by literary critics is impossible without an in-depth knowledge of linguistics and paleography.
When studying the literatures of the last centuries, help is also required from linguistics (but to a lesser extent).

The literary languages ​​of various peoples, in which works of art were created and are being created, appearing relatively late, gradually developing historically. They change the lexical composition and grammatical structure: some words become obsolete, others acquire a new meaning, new turns of speech appear, syntactic constructions are used in a new way, etc. In addition, in their works, writers often use to some extent ( in the speech of characters, in the narration of narrators) by local social dialects that differ in their vocabulary and grammar from the literary language of the same people. Based on linguistic knowledge, literary critics must take all this into account when considering works.

But the creation of works of art and their appearance in print are often very complex processes. Often, writers do not create their works immediately, but over a long period of time, making new and new amendments and additions to them, coming to new versions and revisions of the text. Known, for example, are several versions of Lermontov's poem "The Demon", two editions of "Taras Bulba" and "The Government Inspector" by Gogol. For one reason or another, writers sometimes entrust the editing and preparation for publication of their works to other persons, who, showing their interests and tastes, make certain changes to the text. So, Turgenev, editing Fet's poems, corrected them in accordance with his aesthetic requirements. Katkov, publishing the novel "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev in the journal "Russian Messenger", distorted its text in favor of reactionary political views. Often the same work, both during the life of the writer and after his death, is published several times and in different editions. So, L. Tolstoy published the novel "War and Peace" three times with significant changes in the text. Often, censorship demanded changes and abbreviations of the text from the writer and the editor, or even forbade the appearance of individual works in print. Then the works remained in manuscripts, archives of writers, magazines, publishing houses, printed either without the name of the author (anonymously), or abroad, in publishing houses of other countries. So, it has not yet been established with complete certainty who was the author of the poetic response sent from Siberia to Pushkin to the "Message to Siberia" - A. Odoevsky or someone else from the exiled Decembrists. The novel "Prologue", written by Chernyshevsky in exile, could not appear in print in Russia and was published in London only many years after its creation.

Literary critics often have to carry out difficult and complex work to establish the authenticity of texts, their completeness and completeness, their compliance with the will of the author and his intentions, their belonging to one and not another writer, etc.

Therefore, as part of literary criticism, a special discipline has developed, called "textology". If literary scholars studying ancient and medieval literature should master the relevant sections of linguistics and paleography well, then literary scholars studying new and latest literature should rely on linguistic research and textual data. Otherwise, they may make gross mistakes in understanding and evaluating the works.

Introduction to literary criticism: Proc. for philology.. spec. high fur boots / G.N. Pospelov, P.A. Nikolaev, I.F. Volkov and others; Ed. G.N. Pospelov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: Higher. school, 1988. - 528s.

1. Alpatov, V.M. The history of one myth: Marr and Marrism (Soviet Linguistics of the Stalin era) / V.M. Alpatov. - M.: URSS, 2011. - 288 p.
2. Barannikova L.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook. 2nd ed. / L.I. Barannikov. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2010. - 392 p.
3. Berezin, M.F. General linguistics. Textbook for universities / M.F. Berezin, V.I. Golovin. - M.: Alliance, 2014. - 416 p.
4. Vendina, T.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Webbook for Academic Undergraduate Studies. 4th ed., trans. and additional / T.I. Wendina. - Lyubertsy: Yurayt, 2016. - 333 p.
5. Vendina, T.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook / T.I. Wendina. - M.: Higher. school, 2010. - 391 p.
6. Danilenko, V.P. General Linguistics and the History of Linguistics: A Course of Lectures. 2nd ed., erased / V.P. Danilenko. - M.: Flinta, 2015. - 272 p.
7. Danilenko, V.P. Introduction to linguistics: a course of lectures. 2nd ed., erased / V.P. Danilenko. - M.: Flinta, 2015. - 288 p.
8. Desnitskaya, A.V. Comparative linguistics and history of languages. Series "Linguistic heritage of the twentieth century" / A.V. Desnitskaya. - M.: URSS, 2004. - 352 p.
9. Kamchatnov, A.M. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook. 10th ed., erased / A.M. Kamchatnov, N.A. Nikolina. - M.: Flinta, 2016. - 232 p.
10. Katsnelson, S.D. General and typological linguistics / S.D. Katsnelson. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2010. - 344 p.
11. Kodukhov, V.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook for High Schools / V.I. Kodukhov. - M.: Alliance, 2011. - 288 p.
12. Kodukhov, V.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook for High Schools / V.I. Kodukhov. - M.: Alliance, 2012. - 288 p.
13. Kodukhov, V.I. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook for High Schools / V.I. Kodukhov. - M.: Alliance, 2016. - 288 p.
14. Kodukhov, V.I. General Linguistics: Textbook / V.I. Kodukhov; Foreword I.A. Tsyganov. - M.: LIBROKOM, 2013. - 304 p.
15. Kodukhov, V.I. General linguistics / V.I. Kodukhov. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2013. - 304 p.
16. Kochergina, V.A. Introduction to linguistics. 2nd ed. / V.A. Kochergin. - M.: Academic project, 2006. - 272 p.
17. Kochergina, V.A. Introduction to linguistics: Fundamentals of phonetics-phonology. Grammar / V.A. Kochergin. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2015. - 272 p.
18. Kudryavsky, D.N. Introduction to linguistics / D.N. Kudryavsky. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2009. - 144 p.
19. Kulikova, I.S. Theory of language: an introduction to linguistics: A workbook on phonetics, grammar and vocabulary / I.S. Kulikova, D.V. Salmin. - M.: SAGA, Forum, 2011. - 48 p.
20. Kulikova, I.S. Theory of language: an introduction to linguistics: Methodological support of the educational and methodological complex / I.S. Kulikov. - M.: SAGA, Forum, 2011. - 64 p.
21. Kulikova, I.S. Introduction to linguistics in 2 hours, part 2. textbook for academic undergraduate studies / I.S. Kulikova, D.V. Salmin. - Lyubertsy: Yurayt, 2016. - 339 p.
22. Kulikova, I.S. Introduction to linguistics in 2 hours, part 1. textbook for academic undergraduate studies / I.S. Kulikova, D.V. Salmin. - Lyubertsy: Yurayt, 2016. - 366 p.
23. Kulikova, I.S. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook for Bachelors / I.S. Kulikova, D.V. Salmin. - M.: Yurayt, 2013. - 699 p.
24. Kurbanov, A.M. General linguistics: in 3 volumes. T. 2 / A.M. Kurbanov. - M.: Prospekt, 2014. - 312 p.
25. Kurbanov, A.M. General linguistics: in 3 volumes. T. 3 / A.M. Kurbanov. - M.: Prospekt, 2014. - 376 p.
26. Kurbanov, A.M. General linguistics: in 3 volumes. T. 1 / A.M. Kurbanov. - M.: Prospekt, 2014. - 424 p.
27. Levitsky, Yu.A. General linguistics / Yu.A. Levitsky. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2014. - 266 p.
28. Levitsky, Yu.A. General Linguistics: Textbook / Yu.A. Levitsky. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2014. - 266 p.
29. Mechkovskaya, N.B. General linguistics. Structural and social typology of languages. 8th ed / N.B. Mechkovskaya. - M.: Flinta, 2011. - 312 p.
30. Nemchenko, V.N. Introduction to linguistics 2nd ed., trans. and additional textbook for academic baccalaureate / V.N. Nemchenko. - Lyubertsy: Yurayt, 2016. - 494 p.
31. Nemchenko, V.N. Introduction to Linguistics: Textbook for High Schools / V.N. Nemchenko. - M.: Yurayt, 2013. - 679 p.
32. Osipova, L.I. Introduction to Linguistics: A Textbook for Students of Higher Professional Education / L.I. Osipov. - M.: ITs Academy, 2013. - 256 p.
33. Selishchev, A.M. Slavic linguistics: West Slavic languages ​​/ A.M. Selishchev. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2014. - 472 p.
34. Semereni, O. Introduction to comparative linguistics. Per. with him. / O. Semerenya. - M.: URSS, 2010. - 400 p.
35. Uspensky, V.A. Proceedings on Nemathematics: Linguistics: In 5 books: Book 3 / V.A. Uspensky. - M.: OGI, 2013. - 711 p.
36. Chemodanov, N.S. Comparative linguistics in Russia: Essay on the development of the comparative historical method in Russian linguistics / N.S. Suitcases. - M.: Librokom Book House, 2010. - 96 p.