The dimensions of the doorway (as well as the window) can be standard or non-standard. In order to put the frame and the door into the latter, it becomes necessary to make a door (or window) to order. This, of course, will significantly affect the final cost of the order, as well as increase the duration of the work time. To avoid these nuances, there is such a thing as a standard. A standard doorway (or window) will save time and money. It will not be difficult to install the structure into it yourself. In addition, today manufacturing companies offer huge selection various models windows and doors of standard sizes.

Standard doorway size for interior and entrance doors of an apartment

In order to avoid unexpected situations, it is necessary to seriously consider the dimensions of doors and doorways. It is best to choose in advance the company from which you will order the interior or entrance structure, and consult with specialists regarding the dimensions free space under it. It is worth noting that the standards for these indicators may be different in some companies. However, many companies adhere to the following door standards:

• Height 2 meters, width – 60; 70; 80 cm.
• Height 1.9 meters, width – 55 cm

Very important aspect– in what room the structure is installed (with or without a window). For rooms without windows, the following door opening parameters are typical (standard sizes):

• 2070 x 970 mm
• 2070 x 870 mm
• 2070 x 770 mm
• 2070 x 670 mm
• 1970 x 670 mm
• 1970 x 62 mm

Here, however, it is worth clarifying that these dimensions are also suitable for recesses for double doors.

Rooms with windows have their own dimensions:

• 2070 x970 mm
• 2070 x 870 mm
• 2070 x 770 mm
• 2070 x 670 mm
• 1970 x 670 mm
• 1970 x 620 mm

To calculate the opening dimensions for sliding doors you need to know that a standard door with a sliding kit (rollers with a bar, lower guide flag) has a height of 2005 mm. Space under sliding structure should be smaller and narrower than the canvas, vary between 1900-2002 mm.

For entrance structures the standard are openings with a height of 2050 mm or 2150 mm, the most common width is 1000 mm or 900 mm.

How is the height and width of a window opening determined during the construction of a residential building?

When designing and constructing apartment buildings, standard standards are most often followed window openings. The same practice is observed in the construction of private housing. This saves a significant amount of time and money when installing double-glazed windows.

The standard dimensions of window space are designed taking into account functional purpose building, room dimensions, natural light depending on the location of the house.

For example, a residential multi-apartment panel building has the following parameters:

• Double-leaf windows - height 1400 mm and width 1300 mm.
• Tri-leaf – height 1400 mm, width 2050 mm or 2070 mm.

Khrushchev houses have a completely different approach to window openings: the dimensions depend on the width of the window sill. A double-leaf double-glazed window with a wide window sill is installed in an opening of 1450x1500 mm, a three-leaf one - 2040x1500 mm. Narrow window sills in Khrushchev-era buildings suggest 1300x1350 mm (for two sashes) and 2040x1350 mm (for three sashes)

An opening in the wall is needed to install one or more window units. The design of the opening should also provide for the installation of seals, slopes, window sills and drains. General technical specifications for window blocks are prescribed in GOST. However, this is purely professional documentation that is difficult for the average user to understand.

Let's take a closer look at the features and structure of the window unit in this article.

Peculiarities

The characteristics of window blocks largely determine the purpose of the premises inside the building. Through window openings, not only the sun's rays enter inside, but also cold temperature and humidity. Therefore, if installed incorrectly, mold and dampness will settle inside the house.

In the manufacture of window openings great value paid to the material used to make the walls.

Window opening in brick or concrete wall is manufactured according to the same parameters, and in log house must meet completely different standards.

Established standards and restrictions on window openings are of little demand in housing, especially in private construction. Owners of private housing under construction often choose their shape and size according to personal preferences.

Focusing on your own taste leads to the fact that finished windows turn out to be too small or too large. Sometimes they are installed in the wrong places. This approach causes the frames to skew, the sashes not to fit tightly, and condensation to form. Sometimes rain gets inside the window, and dew even appears on the walls of the apartment.

According to the rules, a window opening must appear in the wall during the construction process. These blocks are very rarely made in solid masonry.

The window opening must provide:

• correct installation of frames;
• reliability of fastening of the window structure;
• sealing;
• humidity output;
• heat and sound insulation;
• decorativeness of the main part of the exterior and interior of housing.

The window frame should easily fit into the window opening. Internal and external window sills should not be fixed with thick mortar. There must be a niche for cladding.

The horizontal and vertical lines of the structure must be precisely measured. The top bar should not bend under weight wall material. The type and location of windows must be selected according to standards.

For the right choice It is enough to study the typical parameters for window openings installed in residential or utility rooms.

In modern construction, ready-made PVC windows are mainly used. It turns out that initially it is wiser to choose products of standard sizes. Openings under standard designs Easier to fit, cheaper.

Individual production of structures for existing openings is always an expensive pleasure. Finished windows and PVC in factories are manufactured according to the state standard, since builders at the construction of multi-storey buildings make openings according to the same state standard.

A generalized concept for modern GOSTs is mandatory presence of quarters for openings. These are protrusions from the outside of the wall that must be of a certain size.

The presence of quarters will close the gap on the outside between window frame and a wall. This will hide the mounting seal. The windows will receive better protection from blowing and moisture, the whole structure looks more beautiful.

Window position in brick house calculated taking into account the size of the brick used.

A quarter is a corner facing bricks, which protrudes a quarter of its own size. Usually mounted inside the opening. A larger protrusion will interfere with the design of the side slopes. A smaller corner size will not guarantee frames falling out. Construction standards require a match accuracy of up to one centimeter.

Let us examine in more detail the parameters of window openings for walls made of different materials.

Standards

The renovation of the housing stock is not happening as quickly as we would like. The standards of “Stalinka”, “Khrushchevka” and “Brezhnevka” buildings are generally accepted today. These houses were built thoroughly. Many similar objects have thick brick walls, high ceilings and rooms with large footage.

The standards for window openings with quarters have the following dimensions:

• single-leaf window: 85*115 cm, 115*190 cm;
• double-leaf window: 130*220 cm, 115*190 cm, 15-*190 cm;
• three-leaf window: 240*210 cm.

The conceptual style of the project should not be disrupted by inappropriate sizes and the wrong number of window openings. Experts take into account the height of the ceilings, the total number of storeys, and the area of ​​each room., other architectural features.

The appearance of the building facade largely depends on exterior finishing and window shapes. Exterior decoration can be made of any materials - just remember the exquisite facades of panel houses in classic ceramics.

If we recall the stages of construction, the period from 1930 to 1960 is the time beautiful houses, decorated with red brick, stucco facades with monumental sculptures. In the period 1950-1985, the brick building was replaced by a panel structure. Wall coverings were often made of frames. IN panel house plasterboard was widely used.

The rooms in such a house were made small and the ceilings were low. The standard window opening also changed its dimensions, which depended on which wall (brick or panels) this opening would be mounted in.

The Brezhnevkas had a slightly improved layout. The houses were mostly nine-story, with warm apartments, elevator and garbage chute. The dimensions of windows in houses were determined by GOST series. The largest window openings were made in houses of the 600 series.

Standard window dimensions in modern new buildings are regulated by GOSTs, but the width and height of openings vary significantly. Modern state standards also take into account the area of ​​premises. That is, the required level of illumination is obtained due to the difference in openings.

Window openings of apartments in high-rise buildings are part of the load-bearing walls of the building. It is strictly prohibited to change the structure in such a house.

At the same time, manufacturers of plastic windows are not limited to standard sizes and shapes, since non-standard window openings can be present in frame housing and in houses made of aerated concrete. The nuances are related to the design capabilities of the profile, as well as the weight of the glass unit.

The installation of plastic windows is a large-scale phenomenon that is observed everywhere. A standard plastic block only approximately fits the existing openings in the house, so replacing the structure usually begins with a surveyor visiting it. The dimensions of window openings in private houses are completely different from state standards adopted for residential buildings.

You still need to know the GOST requirements; they will serve as a guarantee of safety in the apartment. In addition, any deviation from the standards leads to an inevitable increase in the price of the product. Standard models may not make the apartment warmer, but they will be cheaper.

Device

The construction of openings begins with the creation of a design design for the entire house. An architectural office will help you calculate the correct position of the openings. According to the rules, the base for the opening must include 10 rows of ordinary brickwork. This approach will provide best rigidity and the strength of the opening.

At the end of the device, a kind of plane should be made. The bricks for it are laid out perpendicular to the axis of the wall with a protrusion outward.

The sides of the opening are completed with whole bricks, which are laid around the perimeter. At the same time, thermal insulation is installed, which should bridge the gap in the wall and planks.

As a ceiling for the opening, a corner is often used, which is laid at a distance of the dimensions of the masonry material. The outer corner should be slightly recessed into the wall. When decorating the facade, it must be hidden under a layer of facing material.

Before lining the edge of the opening, you must first make a concrete cushion. A reinforcing mesh is installed on this pillow.

In addition to the metal corner, builders use the following types of floors:

• I-beam;
• concrete block;
• brick lintels.

The ceiling in the wall should be half the height of the structure plus about 15 cm. Under the design of the opening in the wall there should be an understatement. The details of the opening in the wall are provided with a frame. Window decoration should be done after installing frames.

Rules for designing an opening for wooden or metal-plastic window, in general, the same.

The width of the opening in the house can be made slightly wider than the size of the window frame. During the installation process, both plastic and wooden structure must be installed from inside the house. It should rest against the slope with its front part.

The frame should rest against the back of the quarter, thus ensuring the quality of thermal and waterproofing of the structure. Rain and cold winds will not be able to get into the gap of the external slope and the window frame.

After laying the sidewalls, the ceiling is laid on the top row. This is a horizontal lintel that will take the load from all other brick rows, as well as from ceiling beams. The lintel is a concrete beam, the width of which is 25-30 cm. It can also be a metal channel or a steel corner with dimensions of 12*12 cm. Sometimes this lintel is replaced with a monolithic reinforced concrete block.

Steel lintels have one drawback - increased thermal conductivity. As a result, cold bridges appear over the windows. This increases the likelihood of home invasion low temperatures. That's why decorative finishing at home must be made with thermal insulation materials.

Please note that the length of the lintel must exactly match the parameters of the window opening. It can even extend onto the sides of the opening by about 10 cm on each side.

After laying the lintel, you can check the compliance of the opening dimensions. Next, proceed to laying the next rows. Window units are usually installed at the very end of construction– after installing the roof and sealing all gaps in all openings.

Openings in walls made of log materials require installation additional element called casing. The pigtail is made because wood materials prone to changes in size.

Opening strength in wooden wall small, therefore a certain pressure is created on the window, as a result of which the glass can simply burst and the frame bend.

Dry wood is selected for casing and must be properly assembled. A special connection between the casing and the wall is provided by a special groove made along the outer perimeter of the frame. He sits on a ledge that is being prepared inside the wall.

The casing structure can be made of:

• array;
• several slats that are connected or glued using a special technology;
• combined materials.

For example, a popular combination is when the window sill is made of stacked wood, and the sides and top crossbar are made of solid wood.

To connect parts of the frame casing, special spikes are often used, and less often glue is used. Expansion for frame installation is carried out depending on window decoration.No extension required for cashing out. On the contrary, caulking is done around the entire perimeter, which will ensure a tight seal.

Window decoration is carried out only after shrinkage. Usually it is selected in accordance with the dimensions of the house and the design style.

For example, a window sill can be galvanized or plastic. If necessary, installed carved frames and kokoshnik. Plastic frames can be edged with wood overlays. The pads will act as additional sealing.

Window casing for a house with log walls is done from the inside and is usually attached to the casing. This also provides additional sealing of the joints.

Please note that expanding the slopes is only possible if in the future the walls are finished with plaster and covered with additional decorative materials.

If in wooden house If plastic windows are installed, you can use ready-made cashing made from the same plastic.

Plastic cash will play a role:

• functional sealing;
• noise absorber;
• protection against mold formations;
• decorative interior design.

To complete the last point, it is important to choose the color of the cash. Wood-look options are most often recommended.. In addition, the planks must be of a width that will cover all existing gaps. But it is worth considering that massive platbands will be appropriate as a decoration only in a large room. They can also play the role of a certain stylistic design of the home.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the stages of constructing an opening in a house made of aerated concrete. It is recommended to install special supports inside the window opening in such a house.. These can be cuttings of thick bars or steel pipes. A flat board is attached on top of them, and then additional blocks are laid out to form the top of the window opening.

The resulting opening is reinforced with reinforcement mesh. Then the entire structure is filled with liquid concrete.

Installation of PVC windows in aerated concrete houses can begin only after hardening concrete mixture . This period sometimes extends to a month, as it is related to the grade of concrete, as well as external weather conditions.

How to increase and decrease?

Sometimes it becomes necessary to install windows in a solid wall.

In this work, it is also necessary to comply with certain requirements:

• First, cut a hole in the wall for the ceiling. Next, lay the block or lintel structure. Laying reinforcement and filling with concrete is also allowed. In this way, the reinforcement of the structure is prepared.
• If the opening needs to be insulated, choose materials only with quality certificates.
• The hole in the wall for the windows must be equipped taking into account mandatory presence lower support and side quarters.
• The opening is filled from below next to the transverse bricks. Then the sides of the opening are laid out.
• The frame can be installed in the opening only after the solution has completely dried, as well as the initial shrinkage of the structure.
• Expansion, reduction, or increase in openings is possible, because even standard sizes according to GOST vary widely.

GOST allows up to 17 various options dimensions only for double-hung windows. The designs may have windows with one sash or three sash. Modern developers have access to GOST standards for more than 40 series. Dimensions are often regulated by the area of ​​the room.

The glazed area, in particular, the standardization of window openings in private houses is regulated by SNiP P-A862. The standard requires the total area of ​​the light opening to be at least 1/8 of total area each individual room of the apartment.

For utility rooms, the total area can be reduced or increased up to 4 times. The area of ​​a window in a bathroom, pantry, or boiler room can be about 3 percent of the total area of ​​the room.

• When choosing technical indicators for a window opening, be guided by the purpose of the room in which it will be located. The purposes for which the premises are used are of no small importance.
• The general glazing performance of one or more openings in the room should provide a sufficient amount natural light. sun rays should be enough to avoid turning on the lamps during the day.

• For country house is of no small importance aesthetic side question. It is important not only to choose the right location for installing windows, but also to think about the style of exterior decoration of window openings. They have a significant impact on the appearance of the facade.
• If your region has cold weather conditions and short daylight hours, it is best to make windows on the south or southwest side.
• If the region's climate is warm and there is sufficient sun, place the windows in the north or east.

• The ease of use and functionality of windows under various conditions is often related to the height of the window sill from the finished floor level. Experts recommend focusing on the following values:
  1. If the room is a living room, bedroom, or children's room, optimal height the window sill will be at a level of 70-90 cm. If the window is placed at this distance from the floor, it will provide good review, as well as maximum transmission of sunlight.
  2. If this is a kitchen or dining room, it is better to increase the distance from 80 to 120 cm. The dimensions should be primarily determined by the dimensions of the countertop, which is usually placed on the same level as the sink and other kitchen furniture.
  3. If the room is a bathroom, the height of the window sill must be increased to 160 cm. A window in the toilet and bathroom is needed to provide ventilation, but at the same time the room should not be accessible to unauthorized persons who can observe hygiene procedures.
  4. The height of the window sill board in utility rooms can be from 160 cm or more. Here the window is often a small window.
  5. If the windows are mounted on an insulated veranda, balcony or summer terrace, the window sill board can be positioned at 70 to 100 cm.

To learn how windows are installed according to GOST, see the following video.

Many companies that install windows and doors today offer their own measurement services. But if your house is located far from the city or regional center, in a word, in a place where it is problematic to call a measurer without spending extra money, you can set the sizes of windows, as well as window and door openings yourself.

If the house is new, just built, they are installed in an empty opening. You can measure their sizes as follows:

• measure the height of the opening;

• subtract 5 cm and get the height of the window;

• measure the width of the opening;

• subtract 3 cm to get the width.

What comes from where? 3 cm on the sides (1.5 cm on each side) goes per layer polyurethane foam. The same 1.5 cm from above will also be spent on foaming. The window sill will be placed 3.5 cm below.

Don't forget to take measurements of the width and length of the window sill and the external ebb. We add 5 cm to these parameters (this is a standard recommendation, more is possible) so that the window sill and ebb “bite” into the wall.

If the house is not new and you are simply replacing windows, measurements are taken in the same way, only the dimensions of the window frame should be taken for the window opening.

Window opening size

If there are no window openings in the house yet or you are going to move the window, you need to calculate the parameters of them and their location. To calculate the size of window openings and the distance to them from the floor and ceiling, you need to take into account several factors. So, the optimal distance from the floor to the window sill is 80-90 cm. However, your height should also be taken into account. The height of the window sill should be such that it is comfortable for you to rest your palms on it while standing at the window.

Another reference point is furniture. Usually its height is about 75-85 cm. Add 5-10 cm to this figure, you get the same 80-90 cm. From this value we subtract 5 cm for the window sill and a layer of polyurethane foam. From the resulting upward line we will measure the height of the window opening. According to architectural rules, the height of the window should be equal to two squares plus 1/6 of its width. The same standards say that the width of the window should be no more than 1/4 and no less than 1/5 of the width of the room.

We add 5 cm to the height of the window and 3 cm to the width - in the end we get the size of the window openings we need.

Video - how to install a PVC window yourself?

Doorways

The dimensions of doorways must exceed overall dimensions door frames, which will make it easy to install the frame in the opening. In addition, there will be installation gaps between the wall and the frame. A standard gap of 2-3 cm should be left on the sides of the box, 5-6 cm at the bottom. The bottom gap is intended for installing the door threshold strip. As a result, it turns out that the height of the opening is 7-9 cm greater than the height of the box, its width is 4-6 cm greater than the width of the box.

Examination

After the openings for windows and doors are ready, they should be measured again. To check the correct shape of the opening, you should measure the width, height and distance along both diagonals. This rule does not apply to irregularly shaped windows - they are only made to order. If the diagonals are equal to each other, and the width and height are equal to your calculations or design values, the openings are made correctly.

The correct sizes of window openings make a person’s stay in the house comfortable, and work in production premises effective. Optimal placement of windows façade wall and their sizes create an attractive appearance. To prevent mistakes and miscalculations during construction architectural structures and glazing of buildings, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with SNiP and GOST.

Peculiarities

The window is the most important element of the structure. The space of window openings provides the necessary illumination, unites interior space rooms with the outside world, promote the flow of fresh air. Without knowledge of the placement and specifics of windows, it is impossible to create comfortable conditions to stay indoors and provide efficient use buildings. For example, the dimensions of the glazed area should be equal to 35–50% of the façade wall area.

A bright room not only looks lived-in and cozy, it gives a certain psychological mood. Optimal levels of natural light significantly improve efficiency. Standardization of window opening sizes provides ready-made options to solve such problems.

Design features The design of windows largely depends on the material used to construct the building and the window itself.

Modern construction housing complexes are not characterized by thorough standardization. Window openings are often customized by building owners based on personal preference. For example, in the case of attic buildings. Often this can cause the window to be too small or, conversely, huge. To minimize the possibility of such situations occurring, there is a set of standards and norms that regulate the relationship between the location, design and size of window openings.

Norms and standards highlight several main points:

• choice technical characteristics window opening is determined by the type of room and the purpose of its use;
• the total area must provide the required level of illumination (without the use of artificial lighting during daylight hours).

Regulatory Requirements

The sizes of windows are regulated by standards and are carried out in accordance with GOST. Nuances and local cases are considered in building codes and regulations (SNiP).

The regulation provides an opportunity to overcome possible errors at the stage of design and construction of residential buildings. GOST determines the size of doors and windows in a private house, as well as doorways in industrial and public buildings. This saves money and time.

Recommended placement window frames at the top of the walls. This is due to the fact that most of the natural sunlight in the room comes from top part windows. Often, local conditions do not allow maintaining the required height of the opening, which will lead to the use of additional lighting.

For residential buildings, the ratio of window area to floor area is usually 1: 6–1: 8, while for dormitories, this standard is 1: 5–1: 8. It should be emphasized that the effectiveness of application of the recommended standards depends on geographical latitude, landscape, surrounding buildings, location relative to the cardinal points. The recommended window area is calculated as the sum of the areas of the illuminated rooms, as well as at the rate of 0.03 square meters. m by 1 cubic meter volume. The thickness of the glass increases in accordance with the increase in window area.

The strictly vertical position of the frame is of great importance. It minimizes the possibility of unauthorized opening of the doors. The quality of the seal directly determines the efficiency and service life of the window. In addition to transmitting light, window openings are part of the design of the building. After installation wooden frames, their bevels are decorated finishing material. This is a forcing metal corner, platbands.

The dimensions of the openings, the arrangement of windows, their appearance directly determine the volume and efficiency of room lighting, the functionality of the building and its belonging to a specific architectural style. Thus, glazing in “Stalinka” with modern packages should be decorated accordingly so as not to violate the overall concept.

Existing building codes and regulations provide recommended window designs for certain types buildings. Depending on their purpose, window blocks come with double, triple or single frames. The first type assumes a humidity of 12%, with dimensions from 60 x 180 cm. A typical block of 1.5 m requires 8 mm of glass per 1 frame. Installation of plastic, in addition to the number of double-glazed windows, requires a strict binding scheme, which recommends the optimal number of opening and blind parts. Installation of plastic, in addition to the number of double-glazed windows, requires a strict binding scheme, which recommends the optimal number of opening and blind parts.

Standards

In order to protect the health and life of people, environment, plants and animals, protection of personal and state property special standards have been developed. GOST is an abbreviation for state standards.

The technologies and methods set out in GOST are recommendations for manufacturers and builders, many of which are mandatory. Like any technology, regulations and standards have changed over time. The table clearly demonstrates the trends in this process.

Standard window opening sizes and dimensions balcony doors regulated by GOST 11214-86. Recommended width for windows is from 870 to 2670 mm, height from 1160 to 2060 mm.

The parameter values ​​may vary depending on the size of the room, its purpose, architectural features buildings.

Typically, the glazing area is proportional to the size of the rooms and the entire house. The dimensions of the openings determine the glazing scheme and the number of transoms. In this case, the dimensions of the balcony doors are taken into account. Their standard height is 2755 mm, width varies (870, 1170 and 1778 mm).

Windows are the most important component of the architectural appearance of a building. Their dimensions should fit organically into the geometry of the facade. The window dimensions recommended by GOST optimally correspond to standard solutions. Individual projects can use other sizes that allow the author's ideas to be fully realized.

GOST 11214-86 and GOST 23166-99 regulate technical requirements for designs, types, types, markings and standard sizes of windows and openings for residential buildings.

According to GOST, the standard size of a window is determined by the dimensions of the opening, the material of the frame, and its type.

Standardization determines the standards for the size of openings and windows with a height of 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180 cm, and a width of 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180. For example, according to GOST there are correspondences: 560 x 870 (for an opening dimensions 610 x 910); 560 x 1170 (for an opening measuring 610 x 1210).

Knowledge of GOST standards is necessary when constructing standard housing estates, constructing private housing and public buildings, repairing and replacing windows. Compliance with them guarantees the safety and comfort of your home. Window sizes vary. The configuration of modern window openings in a typical building depends on the area of ​​the room.

GOST 11214-86 regulates the possible discrepancy between height and width. Sometimes it is a couple of centimeters, sometimes it can exceed 20. Obviously, a large room with a high ceiling requires more high level illumination than a small bedroom.

The material from which the structure is built largely determines the technology and structure of window openings.

Device in a brick house

Opening width with inside the house must be made wider than the size of the window frame. Viewed from above side walls configure a certain ledge, which is called a quarter.

The frames are installed from the inside of the room into the extension of the slope, resting their front part against the rear edge of the quarter. A beam (reinforced concrete, usually about 300 mm wide) is used as the upper lintel. It is possible to use metal channels or thick-walled ones for the same purposes steel corners(not less than 120 x 120 mm section). The length of the beam must be such that it completely covers the opening and extends onto the side walls, that is, at least 1 m on one side.

Features of installation in a wooden structure

Features of glazing of wooden houses are related to the properties natural materials and log wall configurations. Wooden buildings shrink regardless of age. The use of “living” material involves constant changes in the geometry of the openings under the influence of temperature and humidity.

Such processes can not only limit the functionality of the window, but also destroy the frame. To avoid this, openings wooden houses are equipped special design- a pigtail. It ensures stable operation of window frames. Windows in log houses are installed only on the line of contact between the logs.

Best option, at which it is achieved maximum efficiency– installation in the middle of the opening.

Examples in aerated concrete construction

Inside the finished window opening made of foam blocks, vertical supports (made of steel pipes, bars) are installed and rigidly fixed. A board is fixed flat on top, on which hollow U-shaped blocks are placed; reinforcement is placed in them in a frame manner, which is welded to the vertical supports. After which the gutter is filled with concrete, which, after drying, forms a rigid monolithic lintel.

• Many people like floor-to-ceiling windows that can double as a patio door. It’s hard to disagree with this, but only if you have unregulated heat sources.
• The maximum size of a single structure cannot be more than six square meters. The opening and window are not located close to the adjacent wall. Recommended indentation is 50 cm.
• A window width of one meter will be optimal for a room width of 2 m, provided it is located in the center of the wall, at a distance of 20–30 cm from the ceiling.
• Bedrooms, bathrooms, storage rooms may have different window sizes and indentations. Reducing the windows in this case is not critical. The functionality of these rooms depends more on ventilation rather than light.

Doors and windows are an important element of any home, necessary for its functioning. It’s hard to imagine a room without them, unless it’s a watermelon or a pumpkin from a children’s riddle. Window and door openings are made in the walls during the first stages of construction. And the window and door frames themselves are inserted into the openings on wooden wedges before starting plastering works. How to decorate windows and doors correctly and beautifully?

How to make a window and doorway beautiful

If the house is made of panels, the panels supplied to the construction site already have ready-made openings made in accordance with GOST - the state standard.

Modern State Standards require the presence of quarters for window openings - protrusions from the outside of the wall of standard sizes:

The presence of quarters allows you to close the gap between the window frame and the wall from the outside and hide the mounting seal, so the windows are better protected from blowing and moisture and look more beautiful.

Dimensions of windows and doors according to GOST

• Side quarters for windows in stone walls according to GOST are selected from the following sizes:
  65 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm
• The upper quarter for window openings according to GOST is 75 mm
• Dimensions of quarters for doorways according to GOST:
  • Side – 75 mm and 65 mm
  • Upper 75
• Doorways are allowed without quarters
• Door height according to GOST – 2000 mm, 2300 mm

Doors with a width of 650 mm are not permitted in masonry buildings.

The top line of the balcony door and window should be at the same level.

The bottom line of the balcony opening should be 10 cm below the exterior floor finish.

Standard sizes of doors and openings:

Doors and doorways are manufactured according to standard sizes and requirements

Since now they mostly install PVC windows and balcony doors, it is wiser to choose finished goods standard sizes:
It’s easier and cheaper to fit openings for PVC windows and doors than to make them according to existing openings

It is more profitable to select standard sizes for PVC windows and doors

Before installing windows and doors, you need to do the following:

• design of slopes
• finishing of plugs (in openings where there are two boxes)
• installation of window sills and ebbs

What are slopes and ebbs

• Slopes are parts of the thickness of the wall along the perimeter between the frame and the wall itself
• Low sill - a window sill installed from the outside of the window with a downward slope, it serves to remove water flowing from the glass

Upper ebbs (canopies) are also installed on balcony frames.

Properly installed flashings protect against rainfall, as well as water from the upper floors. But the low tide, unfortunately, will not protect against flooding from the upper floors if the loggia or open balcony there is poorly sealed.

The solution is to install the balcony frame not outside, but inside the fence.

But in this case more complex installation and part of the balcony space is lost.

How to set the dawn angle in slopes

Slopes are made with a dawn angle - the outside contour of the window opening is larger than in depth

Let's return to the slopes.

Slopes are made according to special rules, with the so-called dawn angle - the outside contour of the window opening is greater than in depth

The expanding opening seems to set the direction daylight, it fills the entire space of the room, and it becomes lighter.

The angle of dawn is set using a square with a fixed or movable bar attached to it:

We insert the square into the quarter, and use the bar to measure the angle of the opening, and in this place we fix the rule (smooth wooden board or rail). The rule must be set by level.

The dawn angle should be the same for all slopes. in the apartment.

In order not to constantly measure the angle of dawn, it is easier to make a frame around the entire perimeter of the window, aligning it with the center of the opening.

The procedure for designing window and door slopes

Slopes of windows and balcony doors are made according to the following scheme:

1. First, we seal the gaps between the opening and the frame with polyurethane foam.
2. We plaster the walls and ceiling
3. Before finishing the slopes, prepare the surface, knock down the protruding mortar and remove debris
4. Finishing always starts from the top, attaching the rule above the top line of the window:
   Since the upper part is always the heaviest, it must be reinforced (a chain-link mesh is suitable for this purpose)
5. Then move to the sides

Plaster beacons

Before plastering, it is necessary to place beacons on the surface, which serve as guides and set the thickness of the plaster.

You can make beacons yourself from wooden slats, stretched ropes or threads.

However, today a ready-made profile is sold - plaster beacons, and there is no need to make them yourself.

• T-shaped plaster beacons are selected and placed along the edges of the box
• Beacons can be secured with asbestos or even plasticine

How to do this is clear from this video.

Video: Plaster beacons

Finishing slopes with plaster

The point of plastering work is to move from the inner corner of the beacon to the outer corner specified by the rule, maintaining a perfectly flat surface

The plaster is applied with a trowel and smoothed with a wide spatula.

However, it is more convenient to smooth out the slopes with a small strip - a special strip with a cutout at the end.

Using a hammer, excess mortar is removed from the frame and hinges and the free opening of window frames is ensured.

• The whole part of the fry moves according to the rule, the side with the cutout moves according to the box
• If the box has hinged loops, then you need to make a semicircular hole in the fry.
  This removes excess mortar from the frame and hinges and ensures free opening of window frames

Corners are cut using:

• Rulers
• Corner template
• Grater templates made according to the shape of the draft

• Before finishing, before applying each new layer of plaster, before puttying and painting, do not forget to saturate the surface with a primer
• Before applying a new layer, wait until the bottom one sets and hardens a little.

Upon completion of finishing, the surface is rubbed with a float.

To see in practice how slopes are finished, watch this video.

Video: How to make slopes

(For some reason, the video doesn’t say anything about the angle of dawn.)

Door slopes can be finished with many materials

• In modern plastic windows and doors, the finishing of the slopes can be made from the same material from which the windows themselves are made, that is, from PVC.
  However, this method requires the presence of internal and external finishing corners
• Another way to finish slopes is plasterboard.
  But drywall, although it looks similar to a plastered and painted surface, is still a fragile material. Accidental impacts will leave dents and scratches on it.

That's why the best way finishing window slopes today plaster continues to be considered.

Usually done with slopes front door. Interior door frames are inserted into thin partitions without slopes.

Sealed gaps between door frames and the wall is covered with platbands.

Choice of finishes door slopes wider. As external coverings can be used:

Wood, MDF, lining, cork covering, mosaic and other materials

The use of painting corners in the manufacture of slopes

Methods for designing slopes do not stand still. Today you can make slopes without wooden slats, but with the help of painting corners, which play the role of rules and allow you to simultaneously achieve ideal external corners slope

Video: Finishing slopes with your own hands