Timber is considered the most common material for private construction. It is made from various types of wood. At the moment, glued material is especially popular, the manufacturing technology of which is contained in the adhesive composition.

Corner and cross joints of beams.

The cross section of products for the construction of a house or a bath is selected in accordance with the climatic conditions and the frequency of operation (all year round or seasonally) of the future building. Many beginner builders are interested in how to lay timber.

In fact, the technology provides for various options for laying timber. The most famous are "in the paw" and "in the cup" (or "in the oblo"). These schemes are difficult to lay, require special knowledge and experience with log cabins. Laying timber in accordance with these methods is possible only by a professional master. But you should not despair. Novice builders have a lot to learn, because it is quite possible to master alternative styling options.

Beam orientation schemes.

1. Wood is chosen from winter felling, which was cut down from December to March.
2. Drying is carried out for 1 month under cover with natural ventilation.
3. Store the material on a substrate with a gap of 20.0 cm from the ground, 10.0 cm between rows, 5.0 cm between the bars.
4. Cracks, dents or chips on the products should not be observed. The presence of knots is also not welcome, because, having dried, they will fall out and leave holes.
5. The first symptom of rotting wood is a bluish tint.
6. Upon careful examination of the beam, no traces of the presence of insect bugs should be found on it. If there are small holes, then the tree is affected and must be burned.
7. Products must be even. Disproportions relative to the axis will significantly complicate the construction and may cause unpleasant consequences in the future during the operation of the building.
8. The laying of the first crown should be made from a bar with oak or larch wood (section 20.0x20.0 cm).
9. The walls are erected from pine rocks (section 15.0x15.0 cm).

Preparing the material for laying

The connection of the beam along the length with a straight overhead lock and an oblique overhead lock.

To properly lay the timber, you should prepare it. Why cuts are made using templates prepared in advance. Laying a bar can be done in two ways:

1. With the rest: in "okhryap", in half a tree, in "kurdyuk".
2. Residual-free method: in half a tree on a plug-in spike, on a root spike, in a “paw”, on a plug-in spike.

After making all the cuts, each element is treated with an antiseptic composition. The bars of the lower crown are covered from 4 sides, all others - from 3. A very reliable and tested by generations protective composition is the development of engine oil.

Rules for laying timber

Laths are laid out on the vapor barrier spread around the entire perimeter of the foundation (no more than 1.5 cm thick), the length of the laths is made equal to the width of the foundation. Interstitial spaces are provided at 20.0-25.0 cm.

The first row is laid out of hardwood or oak bars with a cross section of 20.0x20.0 cm. It is not attached to the base in any way, since due to the severity of the walls and the entire structure, it will be thoroughly imprinted on the foundation. After mounting the base crown, its horizontal level is checked, the entire geometry of the building depends on its evenness. The gaps between the base and the crowns are filled with mounting foam.

• jute fiber - the most reliable and practical material, laid directly between the timber;
• twisted tow - less expensive insulation;
• moss, which can be purchased almost for free.

Moss and tow are laid in such a way that the edges of the material protrude from the bars of the order of 15 cm. After the structure shrinks, these ends complete the caulk. Caulking with moss and tow can be done at the end of the construction process.

Wall frame construction

For the second and next crowns, a beam of 15.0x15.0 cm is used. The bars are placed and fastened with wooden dowels or metal pins.

The sequence of laying the 2nd and the following crowns:

• a new bar is laid and adjusted;
• holes are drilled with an interval of 120.0-150.0 cm, which pass through the beam from above and to the middle (no more) of the beam from below;
• the upper beam is removed and a dowel (dowel) is driven into the hole of the lower one;
• lay heat-insulating material;
• the beam is put in place, the holes are combined with the dowels, hammered until they shrink into place.

Openings for doors and windows are provided immediately or sawn through in the future. It is not recommended to mount doors and frames immediately, since deformations may appear on them during shrinkage.

The top two rows of bars are not attached.

That's all the subtleties of how the laying technology for timber is performed.

The main thing is to correctly master the laying scheme and learn how to apply it perfectly.

How smooth the future structure will be depends on many factors. Important is the clarity of the initial marking of the axes, the correct laying of the foundation, ensuring the horizontal level of the upper cut of the basement or grillage, as well as other equally significant points of the construction process. The list depends on the design features of the object, which, in turn, determine what exactly should be paid attention to. For example, for a log house, the decisive stage of work is the careful laying of the first crown on the foundation. It requires a careful and unhurried approach, compliance with technology and regulatory requirements.

Waterproofing device

A waterproofing layer is necessarily laid at the junction of the foundation with the walls. First level the upper horizon of the basement or grillage. Most often, a concrete solution is used for this, which allows you to qualitatively smooth the surface. In the case of a metal piping of piles, the heads are set according to the level, on which the profile element is laid.

It should be understood that the lower crown takes on not only the most significant loads from the ground part of the structure, but also comes into contact with the foundation. In the absence of hydroprotection, capillary moisture will begin to rise up, as a result of which the wood will get wet. This will lead to swelling of the timber, the appearance of mold and the gradual destruction of the wood structure as a result of the vital activity of the fungus. In this case, even the best antiseptic impregnation will sooner or later be powerless.

Laying waterproofing is one of the most important stages in the construction of a log house, so it is not allowed to exclude it from the list of works!

Beam quality

Lumber for the first crown must be selected taking into account certain requirements. It should not have knots and blue, and all its four surfaces should be smooth, without notches, depressions or sharp bends. The timber must be pre-treated with an antiseptic and flame retardant. Even if the seller assures that the material was impregnated under production conditions, he will not be able to provide truthful information about the thoroughness of processing, the circumstances and terms of storage of the timber. So it's better to play it safe.

When buying a bar made of solid wood, you need to pay attention to its cross section. High-quality material has an average location of the core and annual rings evenly moving away from the center. When lumber with a different “pattern” shrinks, problems may arise associated with various deformations of the wood - bending, twisting, severe cracking, etc.

As for applying a film-forming composition to the ends of a solid bar, you can hear different opinions. Some opponents argue that it is necessary to “seal” the cross sections immediately so that the moisture from the wood does not leave too quickly. Others give arguments about the inadmissibility of such actions, although they agree that the ends need to be covered up. For these purposes, they recommend using clay, lime or water emulsion. The film also prevents the release of moisture in a natural way, as a result of which foci of decay form inside the trunk. In fact, both sides are right to some extent.

The technology of mounting the lower row of a timber house involves a certain sequence of work. Firstly, slats impregnated with an antiseptic 10-15 mm thick are laid on the foundation over the waterproofing layer with a step of 25-30 cm. The gap is then filled with mounting foam. Next, they mount the first crown of the timber house. At the last stage, the horizontalness of the laid timber is checked using a building or laser level. If necessary, the spatial position of the crown is adjusted to obtain the required results.

Laying the first row of timber should be done taking into account the correct design of the corners. One side must be strictly perpendicular to the other, with the exception of projects that provide for a complex shape of the house in terms of plan. After mounting the lower crown on the foundation, the conformity of the dimensions of the diagonals between the opposite corners is also checked. If the structure is rectangular, then both lengths must match.

timber fastening

On this issue, there are also disagreements among the masters. The former are convinced that the erected log house with its mass is able to reliably press the first crown to the foundation, therefore the stability of the house is ensured based on the laws of physics. By the way, if necessary, it will be much easier to replace an unsecured timber, also because the corner joints here are connected not with the help of locks, but with brackets or metal plates.

If the length of the walls of the house exceeds the identical size of the lumber, then fastening the timber to the foundation will most likely be required.

Representatives of another group of specialists have their own opinion. They prove the need for rigid fixation of the lower crown to the foundation by means of anchors. They assure that in this way it will be easier to maintain the correct geometry of the log house during its construction. In addition, fastening the beam to the underground part of the building will give greater stability to the house on stilts.

Well, both methods have the right to exist. The main thing is that the work on laying the first beam on the foundation should be carried out carefully, without undue haste. Then the house will stand longer.

Laying the first crown of timber - secrets and tricks

Before starting the construction of a house, everyone has a question: how to put the first crown of timber? It is necessary to lay the first crown of a house from a bar as thoroughly as possible, with mathematical calculations, so that the walls of the future house stand perfectly exactly at an angle of 90 degrees. This is not too difficult to do - the main thing is not to rush and prepare very well for this work.

Before starting the laying of the first crown, it is necessary to lay at least two layers of waterproofing, then a lining board and then another layer of the same waterproofing.

Waterproofing between the frame and the foundation

Before laying the timber, the foundation should be waterproofed to the maximum. To do this, lay the roofing felt twice, and then lay the glass isol once. All laid layers should exceed the width of your foundation by 25 centimeters along its entire perimeter.

The stacked beams should be in contact with each other as tightly as possible, in no case should even the slightest voids be left in the wall, especially its lower part. After all, it is on this part that the floor is subsequently hung and all serious loads go.

You need to fasten the bars to each other on metal dowels to a depth of 3 centimeters, and finish them off with a wooden mallet. If the beam has a slight bend, lay it down with its even edge. There are times when the connection of the lower bars requires additional fastening with staples or nails (you need to put them through 2 crowns).

Before laying waterproofing on the foundation of roofing material. check that its upper plane is strictly horizontal. You need to check the horizontalness with your own hands with a hydraulic level, since a simple level often gives a large error. The difference should not be more than 1 cm on the entire plane of the foundation. If the difference in level is greater, level the plane with a mortar or an additional layer of waterproofing.

We lay the first crown of the log house - assembly diagram

Before laying the beam on the foundation, we need to take care of the durability of our structure. To do this, lay out the slats pre-treated with an antiseptic, about 10-15 mm thick. The distance between them is 25-30 cm.

1. Well, on top of the exposed rails, we put our first layer of bars.

Reiki are necessary to prevent contact of the crown with the foundation. This trick will greatly increase the life of the log house, thanks to additional protection against decay, and we fill the gap between the beam and the foundation with mounting foam.

• Next, we check the level for evenness of the surface - after all, an uneven wall is obtained from an uneven 1st crown.
• After eliminating inaccuracies, we fill the gap with mounting foam. The beam must be prepared in advance, even when materials are delivered to the site. Choose the best bars that have a minimum number of knots, as even as possible, without blue. The beam must be selected according to the cut of the annual rings - choose the one with the density of the rings which is as high as possible (in this case, the beam should be the middle part of this tree). At the end of the cut, you should see circles that diverge from the center. The selected wood must be greased several times with bituminous mastic (liquid), in combination with mining, so that the composition is absorbed as deeply as possible into the future beam. The ends do not need to be processed, they must be clean, because excess moisture will be removed from the wood through them. From how you process the wood. the service life of the lower crown and the time after which it will be necessary to replace it directly depend.

  In some cases, it is not necessary to attach the first crown to the foundation - a house made of timber will be quite heavy and will stand very well on the foundation without anchors. Angular joints are made without the use of locks, the timber is joined at the ends. Such joints are made so that in the future it will be possible to replace any beam, without dismantling the corners. In the corners, the beam, when adjoining various partitions, is connected with metal plates or brackets.

  Although many builders tightly fix the timber between themselves and to the foundation.

  All angles must be strictly 90 degrees, then the geometry of the house is considered ideal. It is necessary to check that the length of the opposite sides is equal, and the diagonals between the corners (opposite) of the house coincide - if everything is correct, then the corners are drawn exactly. When working on laying the lower rows, in no case should you rush, because it depends on what walls will be obtained during further construction.

  How to lay out the first crown of a house from a bar?

  When building a wooden house, the quality of laying the first row of beams is of great importance. It depends on this how smooth the walls will be, because it is quite difficult to correct errors during the construction process.

  The strength and reliability of the entire structure as a whole depends on how well and correctly the first crown of the house is laid out of timber.

  To properly lay the timber on the foundation, it is not necessary to have special knowledge or experience, but, of course, you will have to try very well.

  Selection and preparation of building material

  The timber for building a house must be of high quality.

  For a house from a bar, it is necessary to choose the highest quality wood, with a high density, a smooth surface and not damp. It is desirable that the bars for the first row be cut from the core of the tree, this can be determined by the annual rings on the slices, they should be very tight and diverge from the center. Logs with black spots or a cut of a bluish tint cannot be used as a base.

  The most even bars with the least number of knots are selected and impregnated with liquid bituminous mastic, to which waste oil is added. The protective composition is applied 3 or 4 times so that the tree is soaked as deep as possible, while the sections must be left untreated - moisture will come out through them. The impregnated bars are laid out on a flat open surface and allowed to dry completely. After that, the material is ready for laying.

  Foundation waterproofing device

  The scheme of fastening the lower trim and waterproofing under the first crown.

  Waterproofing a house from a bar should be carried out after checking the foundation with a water level. With height differences of more than 1 cm, the foundation surface must be leveled with a concrete mortar. Next, a bituminous mixture is prepared and the base is covered with a dense layer, diligently filling in the smallest cracks and gaps. After that, the roofing material is heated with a gasoline or gas burner, cut into strips and laid directly on the mastic. The width of the strips should be more than the width of the foundation by about 20 cm. At the joints, the roofing material is overlapped by 10-15 cm, heated separately and again coated with mastic. When the first layer of waterproofing is laid, another one is made in the same way.

  On top of the roofing material, it is recommended to lay a layer of glass isol, all layers should protrude beyond the edges of the foundation at the same distance along the entire perimeter. Instead of glass isol, you can use a laying board, but then it should be closed on top with roofing felt and all seams should be glued with mastic. The better the waterproofing is, the more durable the building will be.

  Laying the first row of logs

  The design of the nodes of the first crown of the house from a bar.

  To properly lay the first crown at home, you should prepare the following materials:

  • wooden slats 15 mm thick;
  • timber;
  • metal staples;
  • mounting foam.

  Reiki must be impregnated with any antiseptic that will protect the wood from damage.

  First, the slats are laid on the waterproofing. They should be placed across the foundation strip every 30 cm, with the length of the slats corresponding to the width of the foundation, as shown in the figure. Now prepared bars begin to be laid on top, which form the first crown.

  It is very important that the corners correspond to 90 °, otherwise the house will be skewed. Also, after the formation of a row, its location relative to the horizontal is checked.

  If individual sections protrude from a common plane, they are leveled with a planer. Corner elements are joined at the ends and fixed with metal brackets.

  When the crown of the house is laid, the resulting gaps between the waterproofing and the timber are filled with mounting foam. This will not only strengthen the structure, but also protect it from the penetration of rodents, insects, water and snow. There is no need to attach the beam to the foundation, since the structure will be heavy enough and will not be able to move. On this, the laying of the first row is considered complete. This is followed by the stage of mounting vertical racks inside the perimeter and cutting holes in the beam for the log, after which you can proceed to the further construction of the walls of the house from the beam.

  If the material for construction is chosen correctly and the installation technology is strictly followed, the house will last for decades without requiring major repairs. The most important thing is to carry out each process with the highest quality, then even a lack of experience will not hurt to build a strong, reliable and tidy house with your own hands.

  How to lay the first crown of timber on the foundation?

  The very first responsible and not fast stage of laying walls from a bar is the installation of the first crown. Consider how to lay the first crown of timber on the foundation. Here you need to prepare very well - treat the timber for the first row with an antiseptic (wood impregnation) and it is better to do this from all sides so that the material is protected from decay. Usually it is enough to repeat the antiseptic procedure 2 times.

  It would seem that it is difficult to build walls from a bar, because it is almost like a designer, but the most difficult moments, it turns out, are to create a flat horizontal surface, which is often not achieved when pouring the foundation. Therefore, if the foundation is not ideal (not made according to the level), we align the horizontal position in one of the following ways:

  • 1) level the foundation with a layer of mortar (concrete);
  • 2) we smooth the bars under the first crown, and later we fill the gaps with mounting foam or lay the foundation;
  • 3) cut off the beam of the first crown, so that it is even horizontally along the upper plane;
  • 4) we make a lining board 10 mm, cutting and adjusting it to the ideal horizontal, and the first crown will be laid on it;
  • 5) we make brickwork or masonry from structural foam concrete (grades not lower than D-500), due to which we will, by adjusting the thickness of the seams, find precious centimeters and create an even line.

  Before laying the timber, it is imperative to make waterproofing. For example, put 2-3 layers of roofing material (or hydroisol) on the foundation, which will cut off moisture from the foundation, which is detrimental to the timber. The bottom row can be laid out with boards 50-100 mm thick and fastened together in a "thorn groove".

  However, you can do without a lining board, immediately laying the first crown on the waterproofing.

  The lower rims of the timber must be trimmed, and to connect them, prepare spikes with grooves (you can use the dovetail connection), trying not to confuse the position of the recesses and depressions.

  We fasten the first crown of the house from a bar in the corners with the help of metal staples, hammering them “under the face”). Here is a general answer to the question of how to lay the first crown of timber on the foundation. This initial stage of laying the timber takes a lot of time, but after it the rest of the work will go much faster.

  How to lay the first crowns on the foundation

  
  Laying the first crown of timber - secrets and tricks Before starting to build a house, everyone has a question: how to put the first crown of timber? It is necessary to lay the first crown of a house from a bar ...

Laying timber

• Tools and materials
• Beam laying technology
• Features of the insulation process
• Installing beams on the foundation
• The final stages of installation

Every home craftsman involved in the construction of his own house, at a certain stage, the question arises of how to lay the timber on the foundation.

To build a house from a bar, a strip foundation is often used with a height of 0.5 m above the ground.

Tools and materials

To work, you need to prepare the following materials and tools:

• waterproofing material;
• building level;
• fasteners, anchors, dowels, nuts with wide washers;
• wooden mallet;
• antiseptics;
• electric planer.

Beam laying technology

The main point in the construction of a wooden house is the choice of timber.

Scheme of laying timber.

The best of them are considered smooth, with the least number of knots and without a shade of blue. When choosing a bar, you should pay attention to the annual rings. Preference is given to the bars, the density of the rings of which is the highest.

Laying timber cannot be carried out at a high level without a well-executed foundation. The ideal option is a concrete monolithic slab, but the high cost of the material in most cases makes it impossible to use it. The exception is moving soil, where it is impossible to build a foundation of a different type.

Quite often, for the construction of a wooden house from a bar, a strip foundation is used, the height of which above ground level should be at least 0.5 m. The elevated part is made of brick.

1. Before the laying of the bars of the first crown is carried out, first determine that side of it, which will be located inside the room. The side of the timber on which there is a visible defect will be directed upwards. The side of the beam, which has bulges, will be the side. In the process of laying the timber, it is necessary to take into account its shrinkage, according to which the final facing of the house is carried out after 1-2 years.
2. The beam of the lower crown is coated with mining, the rest of it is treated with special antiseptic compounds.
3. To lay the first crown of a wooden house, everyone is carried out quite thoroughly, making all the necessary mathematical calculations. This is necessary so that the walls of the new house are strictly at an angle of 90 °. The most important thing is not to rush at this stage and do everything with maximum accuracy.

Features of the insulation process

Scheme of waterproofing the foundation from above under the timber.

Before proceeding to the installation of the first crown, insulation must be carried out, for which two layers of waterproofing material should be laid, between which a lining board is placed.

The insulation includes two layers of rolled roofing felt and glass insulation. All materials are laid in such a way that their edges protrude 25 cm beyond the foundation. At the corners, the insulation is overlapped.

Before the insulation is laid between the crown and the base, you need to check the foundation surface, which should be perfectly flat, without drops. To do this, use a hydraulic level, which is more accurate than usual. Differences of no more than 1 cm relative to the entire plane of the foundation are allowed. Strong differences are removed by laying roofing material or leveling with cement mortar.

An equally important point is to seal the gap between the foundation and the lower crown of the beam.

The most common method is to add cement mortar under a layer of waterproofing material. Work can be complicated due to the difficulty of access to the right place. In some cases, the gap is simply sealed with wooden scraps of a certain thickness. Wooden wedges or boards are fastened between the roofing material and the bottom beam, which are tightly driven in until the gap is completely eliminated. There can be an unlimited number of such inserts both in length and width.

Scheme of laying timber on the foundation.

The most common method of sealing gaps in recent years is to foam them with construction foam, which is sold in cans. It will be better to carry out such work in wet weather, when the material sets very well.

A day after foaming, the excess material is cut off with a sharp knife. In the future, the area between the lower crown and the plinth is covered with metal tides or a decorative strip. This is necessary in order to protect the foam from exposure to direct sunlight, under the influence of which it will collapse in just one season. In addition, a reliable barrier is created for the accumulation of moisture, which will lead to rotting of the wood.

Installing beams on the foundation

After the foundation is insulated, proceed with the installation of the lower trim.

The beams installed on the foundation should fit snugly enough to each other without the formation of a minimum space between them. This is especially true of the lower part of the log house, where the floor will be created and where significant loads will be applied.

Between themselves, the bars are fastened with metal dowels, which are achieved using a wooden mallet. In some cases, if necessary, the bars are additionally fastened with staples or nails.

The scheme of fastening the bars to each other.

Docking of the bars of the lower crown with each other occurs by sampling at the corners by any of the existing methods:

• “in half a tree” - a variant of laying beams, in which the upper half of the array is removed in the corner joints on one beam, and the lower half on the other;
• "in the paw" - the most common way of joining the beams, which is the opposite and does not include the end part of the log, protruding beyond the wall level.

By means of nuts and wide washers, the beam is fastened to the surface of the foundation. A wide washer will allow you to expand the area of ​​\u200b\u200btouch of the nut with the surface of the tree. You only need to use a hex nut, and square or round nuts are not suitable for such purposes. If narrow nuts are used to fasten the beams or not used at all, then during the installation work it will be quite clear that the nut will completely sink into the surface of the beam and the connection of the frame elements of the house will be unreliable and short-lived.

The final stages of installation

When the bars of the lower crown in the corners have been fastened with dowels or nails, the anchor is usually not installed. In the future, the first anchors will be installed on the inner contour of the fundamental strip.

1. There should be at least 2 anchor bolts on one piece of wooden beam, but on the condition that the house has short walls.
2. Using the building level, carefully check the diagonals and corners of the lower crown. All existing irregularities are eliminated with an electric planer.
3. After the bars are attached to the foundation, they begin to install the vertical racks of the frame of the house.

The issue of fastening the beam to the foundation is controversial and has both supporters and opponents. Despite this, experts argue that fastening is mandatory, since the foundation tends to be in motion, it is often said that it “walks”. Rigid fixation of the lower trim completely assumes any movement of the base.

In the most critical situation, the lower crown of the bars can move slightly to the side or pull out the anchor. That is why the fastening of the beam to the surface of the foundation guarantees the stability of the entire structure.

In some cases, the lower crown of the log house is not fastened to the foundation, since this is considered superfluous. Under the weight of its own weight, a house made of beams will stand quite firmly without anchors. Corner joints are created without the use of special locks, and the beam itself is joined by means of ends. This method allows, as necessary, to replace any part of the beam without disassembling the corners.

How to lay a beam on the foundation: installation steps (video)

Every home craftsman involved in the construction of his own house, at a certain stage, the question arises of how to lay the timber on the foundation. In addition, the isolation of the base is also of interest.

How to lay a beam on the foundation? Analysis of all the subtleties

Right away, on a bare, albeit completely dried-out foundation, it is absolutely impossible to lay a crown. Moreover, lumber, barely brought from the warehouse, is not suitable for starting work.

• The first thing to do is to isolate the base from water. A house on earth is affected not only by precipitation, but also by groundwater. Their seasonal rises are by no means the only danger. Even the presence of groundwater in a state of temporary rest does not stop their insidious influence on the foundation, since there is such a thing as capillary penetration. Therefore, the foundation must be thoroughly protected from moisture. For this purpose, its evenness is checked by a level and height differences are eliminated - by filling the cavities with concrete or laying pieces of roofing material.

Those who bought a profiled beam will connect it in the way that the profile suggests. If you have stocked up on a budget option, you will have carpentry work on sampling wood at the ends to connect the timber in the corners. There may be several options.

• "Half-tree". The simplest connection is at the stage of timber preparation. The upper half of the lumber is removed on one element and the lower half on the second. However, such a connection is considered not the most successful, because in case of errors in sampling or assembly, the house bears
• significant heat losses.

The process is as follows.

• On top of the rails, strictly along the marked perimeter, the first row of timber is placed. Its geometry is carefully checked by level.

After laying out the first row of timber, the gap provided by the underlayment rails is filled. There are several ways to eliminate the gap: it is clogged with wooden wedges, smeared with cement mortar. But modern craftsmen often blow out the gap with mounting foam. Until it dries, no further work is carried out. After swollen excess foam is simply cut off.

How to lay a beam on the foundation? Analysis of all the subtleties - Easy repair of apartments and houses

The instruction on how to lay the beam on the foundation is simple in general terms, but requires extreme precision and accuracy from the builder. Incorrect calculation and negligence in work will lead to

Every home craftsman involved in the construction of his own house, at a certain stage, the question arises of how to lay the timber on the foundation.

To build a house from a bar, a strip foundation is often used with a height of 0.5 m above the ground.

Tools and materials

To work, you need to prepare the following materials and tools:

• waterproofing material;
• building level;
• fasteners, anchors, dowels, nuts with wide washers;
• wooden mallet;
• antiseptics;
• electric planer.

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Beam laying technology

The main point in the construction of a wooden house is the choice of timber.

The best of them are considered smooth, with the least number of knots and without a shade of blue. When choosing a bar, you should pay attention to the annual rings. Preference is given to the bars, the density of the rings of which is the highest.

Laying timber cannot be carried out at a high level without a well-executed foundation. The ideal option is a concrete monolithic slab, but the high cost of the material in most cases makes it impossible to use it. The exception is moving soil, where it is impossible to build a foundation of a different type.

Quite often, for the construction of a wooden house from a bar, a strip foundation is used, the height of which above ground level should be at least 0.5 m. The elevated part is made of brick.

1. Before the laying of the bars of the first crown is carried out, first determine that side of it, which will be located inside the room. The side of the timber on which there is a visible defect will be directed upwards. The side of the beam, which has bulges, will be the side. In the process of laying the timber, it is necessary to take into account its shrinkage, according to which the final facing of the house is carried out after 1-2 years.
2. The beam of the lower crown is coated with mining, the rest of it is treated with special antiseptic compounds.
3. To lay the first crown of a wooden house, everyone is carried out quite thoroughly, making all the necessary mathematical calculations. This is necessary so that the walls of the new house are strictly at an angle of 90 °. The most important thing is not to rush at this stage and do everything with maximum accuracy.

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Features of the insulation process

Before proceeding to the installation of the first crown, insulation must be carried out, for which two layers of waterproofing material should be laid, between which a lining board is placed.

The insulation includes two layers of rolled roofing felt and glass insulation. All materials are laid in such a way that their edges protrude 25 cm beyond the foundation. At the corners, the insulation is overlapped.

Before the insulation is laid between the crown and the base, you need to check the foundation surface, which should be perfectly flat, without drops. To do this, use a hydraulic level, which is more accurate than usual. Differences of no more than 1 cm relative to the entire plane of the foundation are allowed. Strong differences are removed by laying roofing material or leveling with cement mortar.

An equally important point is to seal the gap between the foundation and the lower crown of the beam.

The most common method is to add cement mortar under a layer of waterproofing material. Work can be complicated due to the difficulty of access to the right place. In some cases, the gap is simply sealed with wooden scraps of a certain thickness. Wooden wedges or boards are fastened between the roofing material and the bottom beam, which are tightly driven in until the gap is completely eliminated. There can be an unlimited number of such inserts both in length and width.

The most common method of sealing gaps in recent years is to foam them with construction foam, which is sold in cans. It will be better to carry out such work in wet weather, when the material sets very well.

A day after foaming, the excess material is cut off with a sharp knife. In the future, the area between the lower crown and the plinth is covered with metal tides or a decorative strip. This is necessary in order to protect the foam from exposure to direct sunlight, under the influence of which it will collapse in just one season. In addition, a reliable barrier is created for the accumulation of moisture, which will lead to rotting of the wood.

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Installing beams on the foundation

After it has been carried out, proceed to install the lower harness.

The beams installed on the foundation should fit snugly enough to each other without the formation of a minimum space between them. This is especially true of the lower part of the log house, where the floor will be created and where significant loads will be applied.

Between themselves, the bars are fastened with metal dowels, which are achieved using a wooden mallet. In some cases, if necessary, the bars are additionally fastened with staples or nails.

Docking of the bars of the lower crown with each other occurs by sampling at the corners by any of the existing methods:

• “in half a tree” - a variant of laying beams, in which the upper half of the array is removed in the corner joints on one beam, and the lower half on the other;
• "In the paw" - the most common way of joining the beams, which is the opposite and does not include the end part of the log, protruding beyond the wall level.

By means of nuts and wide washers, the beam is fastened to the surface of the foundation. A wide washer will allow you to expand the area of ​​\u200b\u200btouch of the nut with the surface of the tree. You only need to use a hex nut, and square or round nuts are not suitable for such purposes. If narrow nuts are used to fasten the beams or not used at all, then during the installation work it will be quite clear that the nut will completely sink into the surface of the beam and the connection of the frame elements of the house will be unreliable and short-lived.

Depending on the design of the base, there are several options for how to fasten the beam to the foundation for the maximum possible operational resource. For this, embedded studs, metal dowels, anchors or self-tapping screws are used.

Before laying the first row of a log cabin or a panel, frame or panel cottage, you need to consider:

• lower crowns often require replacement;
• therefore, it is necessary to ensure maximum maintainability of the structure during subsequent lifting with jacks.

For this, two methods of fixing with embedded elements are used:

• dowels - in, or during concreting, reinforcing bars are embedded on which it is supposed to lay timber;
• studs - they are also laid in the reinforced concrete structure during pouring, so that their height is enough for the lumber to pass through for tightening with nuts.

Options for corner and cross beam joints. The first row must also be fastened with such connections.

When using screw piles with lamellar or U-shaped heads, the lower crown can also be replaced after the service life has been exhausted. Rigid fastening of lumber into concrete with anchors has zero maintainability.

Attention! Regardless of the type of foundation and the method of fastening the first row of timber or log house, it is necessary to take care of the cut-off waterproofing between the foundation and the wooden wall, any waterproofing roll material laid in 2 layers is suitable for this.

Installation of a beam on a concrete plane

The main advantage of foundations with a continuous supporting surface (slab, grillage, tape) is the ability to adjust the first row of timber with your own hands in a horizontal plane. Fastening the crown / strapping bar is possible in several ways:

• from below - mortgages are mounted in the foundation, holes are drilled in the lumber in place;
• from above - fastening with anchor bolts through the timber, again in place.

In the first case, a stud can be used, passing through the beam, which is attracted to the foundation by a nut recessed in the body of the lower crown. The excess thread is cut off with a grinder. To prevent the nut from crushing the wood, wide washers are used.

Another option is the dowel:

• the embedded reinforcing vertical bar is cut to 2/3 of the size of the beam so that it does not pass through it;
• a blind hole is drilled in the lower crown;
• lumber is put on rods.

This method eliminates the displacement of the beam in the horizontal plane.

In the second option, in order to properly attach the lumber to the concrete surface with your own hands, you need to lay the timber on all the walls, connect the crowns with locks, check the coincidence of the diagonals. After that, it remains to drill holes through it, hammer in the anchors 12 x 129 mm with enlarged washers, stretch the nuts with a wrench.

Attention! The only drawback of the anchor method is zero maintainability. When replacing a rotten lower crown, you will have to cut it in pieces for dismantling. A new beam cannot be installed in the same way.

Laying timber on concrete pillars, piles

To mount the first row correctly on reinforced concrete piles or poles with your own hands, only anchors are used. It will be possible to fix the first crown with your own hands correctly only after assembling all the elements with locks. It is forbidden to make joints in a canopy; after assembling the lower crown with your own hands, it is impossible to lift it manually to put it on embedded studs or dowels.

Grillage on standard heads of screw piles

Pile-screw foundations are often used for wooden houses. Therefore, technologies that make it possible to correctly fix the beam of the lower strapping horizontally or the half-timbered rack vertically are of interest to individual developers. Headers solve several problems:

• expansion of the supporting surface - at the junction points, each crown can be placed on the plate, and not joined to the canopy;
• the possibility of fastening with self-tapping screws - these hardware is much cheaper than anchors, the maintainability of the lower elements of the building is maintained.

If the top of the pile is far from the ground, it is easiest to weld a plate onto it. With a pile field height of 0.4 - 0.5 m from the blind area, it is inconvenient to make a ceiling seam in place, reinforced heads are used - a piece of large diameter pipe with a welded plate reinforced with scarves.

In any case, the supporting surface turns out to be even, there are holes in the plates or additionally, holes are made through which they are fastened with self-tapping screws. The first crown, if necessary, can be easily changed during operation.

Attention! The vertical beam racks of the fachwerk are attached to the pile-screw foundation only in U-shaped heads. Embedded elements, also having a U-shape, are mounted in monolithic strip, slab foundations for them.

Rostverk on U-shaped heads

Manufacturers of screw piles have taken into account the peculiarities of the technologies for building houses made of wood. For ease of fastening, there are U-shaped heads made of a channel, between the shelves of which it is convenient to lay a beam. Mounting methods in this case become much more convenient:

• the crown is placed inside the U-shaped head;
• fixing is carried out with self-tapping screws through the side shelves of the channel.

It is possible to fix the strapping bars only after the laying of all sides of the lower crown is completed, the diagonals of the building are verified.

Attention! U-shaped heads are used only on straight sections. It is impossible to mount them in the wall junctions, therefore, either lamellar heads or bent plates are used, the shelves of which are located outside the log house.

Thus, the choice of the method of fastening the lower beam of the “framework” strapping, the house from SIP panels, the lower crown of the log house depends on the type of foundation. First, lumber is laid on all sides, locks are made in the corners, T-shaped junctions of the walls, diagonals are measured. After that, the beam can be laid and fastened with screws, anchors, or put on metal dowels.

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