General information and basic parameters of stairs. Optimal slope flight of stairs. What are treads and risers? The height of the passage above the stairs. Height and width of steps at different slope and the number of steps from Samoilov’s book “Construction wooden house»

General information

The stairs of a wooden house are also built from wood. Being link between two levels of the house of different heights, the staircase can simultaneously serve as effective means interior decoration It emphasizes the expressiveness of the chosen style as an interior ( internal stairs), and the architecture of the house (external stairs). Today we can say with confidence that stairs amaze the world with their diversity and novelty of design solutions. You can find straight stairs and those curved at different angles, screw and sliding, folding and portable - this is not a complete list of modern stairs. This is especially pronounced in new mansions, cottages and offices. The appearance, designs and methods of manufacturing stairs are different and depend on the architecture and layout of the building, on the skill of the manufacturer, the materials and tools he uses and on many other reasons

It should be noted that having many useful qualities, the stairs are an object of increased danger. Cases of injury to people associated with the use of stairs occur more often than with other structural elements of the house. Therefore, building a good staircase that meets modern aesthetic requirements simultaneously minimizes the dangers associated with its operation. In addition, moving up stairs is associated with a certain degree of inconvenience and increased physical activity, which is especially important for the elderly and disabled. Many generations of builders and architects have been working on solving these problems. different countries peace. As a result of centuries of experience, a certain concept of optimal constructive solutions stairs aimed at reducing the level of danger and increasing the level of convenience during their operation. The basic requirements for the design of the staircase and its location can be summarized as follows:

– ensuring safe, relatively quick movement from one level to another;

– the staircase must correspond to the architecture of the building and the interior of the room in which it is installed;

– the staircase should be located in in the right place in which she does not provide negative influence to operate the building so as not to create inconvenience to the people living in it;

– adequacy of the design and properties of the material from which it is made. Its strength must correspond to the loads that, according to all assumptions, can affect the stairs;

– the width of the flights of stairs must ensure two-way movement (in individual houses One-way movement is allowed).

– the approach to the flight of stairs must be free, so you cannot position the stairs so that there are people in this gap structural elements buildings or furniture

– the width of the steps of the staircase should be such that the leg can stand on it with a full foot, and the height between the steps should not exceed 17-19 cm.

– each staircase should be well lit along its entire length. This is especially true for the first and last steps of the ladder;

– when designing a staircase, you must adhere to the rule that all steps within one flight have the same size in height and width.

In real conditions, when a staircase is built for a specific family, small deviations from these requirements are sometimes allowed. But in any case, safety parameters in the design of any staircase should be paramount.

Basic parameters of stairs

The main structural element of the staircase is march, representing a series of steps, the number of which depends on the height of the staircase. Under height of the stairs understand its vertical projection, separating the levels of the finished floor and the various height levels (Fig. 125). Depending on the chosen solution, the staircase may have several flights (most often two). The number of steps in a staircase (regardless of the number of flights) is directly dependent on the height of the staircase and steps. The main parameters of the staircase must, first of all, include the rise height, type of staircase, plan area, steepness, number of steps, as well as their width and height. These parameters are not independent, that is, they cannot be chosen arbitrarily. For example, for a straight staircase, the rise height and the steepness uniquely determine the plan area and, conversely, the plan area and the rise height uniquely determine the steepness. When designing, you immediately need to set the values ​​of some defining parameters in each specific case, for example, the plan area, then you can calculate the steepness, which in turn will determine the number of steps.

Rice. 125. Flight of stairs:
h - height of the stairs; b - flight width

The main indicator when calculating a flight of stairs is its slope (steepness), which depends on the width and height of the stairs. In construction terminology, it is customary to call the height of a step " riser height", and its width - " tread width"or "overhang". For comfortable movement along the stairs, it is necessary that the ratio between the distance by which a person rises or falls and the distance by which he moves forward is maintained. This ratio will determine steepness (slope) of the stairs, which should be such that the ratio of the height of the march to its horizontal projection is 1:2 - 1:1.75 (that is, it should be within 30°) (Fig. 126).

Rice. 126. Optimal slope of a flight of stairs (all dimensions in mm):
1 - tread; 2 - riser

Double riser height ( b) and tread width ( a) should be equal to the average human step:

2b + a = 57-64 cm.

The dimensions of the steps depending on the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs are shown in Table 23.

When choosing the slope of a flight of stairs, you need to ensure that the vertical distance from the top plane of any step of the stairs to the ceiling or other protruding elements of the building is at least 2 m (Fig. 127). This rule equally applies to the landing. If the length of the interfloor opening is missing or there are transverse ceiling beams It is not always possible to make the stairs flat enough. But by increasing the steepness of the stairs, we automatically reduce the degree of ease of use. Therefore, sometimes you have to make a compromise decision, deliberately underestimating the distance from the ceiling to the plane of the step. But in any case, you should not reduce it to a distance of less than 180 cm. As a last resort, you can sacrifice the slope of the stairs a little, increasing it to a ratio of 1:1, i.e. 45°.

Rice. 127. Height of passage above stairs

Table 23. Height and width of steps at different slopes and number of steps

Construction regulations provide flight of stairs width(distance from the wall to the fence or between two fences) is at least 90 cm, and the distance between opposite walls not less than 110 cm (Fig. 128). With smaller sizes, moving furniture and other bulky things along a flight of stairs (especially when turning 90° or 180°) will be quite difficult. In some cases, the width of a flight of stairs is allowed up to 80 cm (if the stairs are located in common room when there are no boundary walls).

Rice. 128. The most favorable (A) and permissible (B) width of a flight of stairs

Risers is a strange and incomprehensible word for many that needs to be deciphered. There is a lot of debate in the world of private construction as to whether risers are needed under stairs or not. In this article we will dot the i’s to talk about what risers are and in what cases they should be used.

What are risers?

Strictly speaking, the name directly refers us to the definition. Risers are small boards under the steps that are installed vertically and cover the space between the steps, making it impossible to see what is going on under the stairs.

Almost all classic wooden stairs were performed with risers, since previously servants usually lived under the stairs and noble people should not have seen them. Today, there are no more servants, she no longer lives under the stairs, but gets to work by public or private transport. Beauty standards have changed. Light, airy, open interiors are valued. As a result, the need for risers as an element of staircase design has largely disappeared.

When do risers serve you well?

If you have a classic flight of stairs, under which you plan to place a small storage room, then risers will be an excellent decorative element, covering the pantry from prying eyes. The same can be said about personal account or a small library under the stairs. The risers will help your child go down the stairs safely. Thanks to them, he will not stick his feet and hands under the steps, trying to understand what kind of unknown world is hidden there.

When are risers not needed?

If your interior is made in an avant-garde style or a tough high-tech style, risers will be an unnecessary decorative element, a relic of the past. Any modern interior With a spiral staircase it works perfectly without risers.

Sometimes, however, lately the risers are made of glass to create the feeling large space and, at the same time, increase the safety of the stairs. Such elements, for example, are installed on glass stairs, which look completely transparent.

It turns out that traditional risers appear before us in a completely different appearance - new, bright and modern. In some cases, risers are also an element of room decor; for example, they can be designed like black piano keys in contrast to the white “keys” of the steps. So interesting design solutions make risers a sought-after element of home decor.

The safety of a ladder depends on all its elements. Typically, a lifting structure consists of a frame on which the steps rest, the steps themselves and the railings.

The supports can be made in the form of a bowstring, stringers or bolts. If the staircase is spiral, then a vertical pillar acts as a support. Railings consist of balusters and handrails. Steps are structural elements that largely determine how safe it will be to climb the stairs.

Lifting structural elements consist of a tread and a riser. The tread determines the width of the step, and the riser determines its height. The norms and rules prescribed in GOST will help you decide correct sizes these elements.

The convenience and safety of stair steps depend precisely on the relationship between the size of their horizontal part, otherwise the width of the tread, and the vertical part between the two steps, or riser.

The norms and rules prescribed in GOST define the following dimensional boundaries: the width of the tread should be about 25 cm, but not less, and the height of the element should be about 15-20 cm. Of course, when drawing up a staircase design own home, the GOST rules may not be followed, but the regulatory documents spell out exactly those dimensions that can guarantee maximum safety of the march. If you are going to make a staircase at home, then you can easily calculate the size of the steps using a special formula yourself.

Blondel's formula allows you to find convenient values, knowing one parameter: the width of the tread or the height of the riser.

The formula is based on the average step size, that is, the distance a person covers after taking one step. The average value is 60-64 cm. Blondel’s formula looks like this: b+2a=64 cm. B in this case b is the width of the tread, and the height of the step is designated as a. Thus, by choosing one of the suitable step sizes, you can calculate another.

If you adhere to GOST standards, then the minimum tread width should be 25 cm. Using Blondel’s formula, the tread height will be equal to 19.5 cm. In this case, the found parameters correspond to the established GOST standards, which will ensure your stairs both ease of climbing and its safety.

You can also focus on the “golden step”, which is characterized by the most comfortable sizes of staircase steps. In this case, the step size is 63-64 cm, and the selected tilt angle should be 30 degrees. The ideal ratio of tread width and step height will be 29 cm by 17 cm.

Tilt angle

This parameter is also very important, as it affects the convenience and safety of operating the lifting structure. It also influences the choice of step parameters.

As a rule, in regulatory documents the recommended angle of stairs for domestic use and for use in public buildings is 30-45 degrees. But there are other options.

Gentle stairs have an inclination angle of less than 30 degrees. For extension-type stairs, a slope of 45-75 degrees is selected. Evacuation buildings have the steepest slope of 75 degrees.

Naturally, when choosing this parameter, you should also take into account the area of ​​the room in which the staircase will be located. Designs that are too shallow will require large area under the structure, while steep structures occupy a fairly small space.

When creating a project, you can rely not only on formulas, but also on special tables in which the dimensions of the steps are calculated in accordance with the angle of inclination.

For example, if the angle is 33 degrees, the width of the step is determined as 26 cm, and its height is 17 cm. If the slope is 37 degrees, the width is reduced to 34 cm, and the height, on the contrary, is increased to 18 cm. If the slope of the stairs is 45 degrees and width and height have a 1:1 ratio, that is, 20 cm by 20 cm.

Number of steps

In addition to the slope, the number of steps also influences the choice of element sizes. One march must contain from three to 16 elements. If the number of lifting elements is more than ten, then it is recommended to make a marching platform. It is desirable that it be odd. In this way, a person will begin and end the ascent or descent with the same foot, which is considered more comfortable.

If you want to find the exact number of steps, then you should know the height of the riser and the height of the structure. The last parameter is found by simply adding the distance from the floor to the ceiling, taking into account the overlap. For example, if the height of the staircase is 300 cm, and the height of the riser is 17 cm, then the first size must be divided by the second and rounded. The number of steps will be about 17-18.

In order to competently make a convenient and safe design, it is necessary, if not strictly adhered to, then to pay attention to the following GOST recommendations.

• The standard width of the flight is 80 cm for household stairs, 90 cm for buildings with two floors, and 105 cm for buildings with two floors. In public buildings, the width of the flight starts from 135 cm. The maximum parameter for residential buildings is 140 cm;
• If the staircase has more than one flight, then it is necessary to adhere to the same width in all its places;
• If the marches are directed in opposite directions to each other, a gap of 5 cm must be created between them;
• The length of the platform cannot be less than 130 cm, and if it is located at front door– about a meter;
• GOST recommends choosing a maximum tilt angle of 50 degrees, and a minimum of 20 degrees;
• When choosing the height of the riser, you should not go beyond 12-19 cm and make it more than 21 cm if we are talking about attic structures;
• For residential stairs, it is better not to make the tread width more than 25-26 cm, and more than 20-21 cm for attic structures;
• The height of the steps may vary, but only slightly - no more than 0.5 cm;
• If the width of the step is less than 26 cm, the overhang of the tread should not be more than 3 cm;
• When creating winder steps inner size the tread should be 10 cm, and on the midline of the march - 26 cm;
• It is important to consider the distance that is formed between the lifting elements and the ceiling. Ideally it should be 200 cm.

When constructing a staircase, not only the steps, but also the enclosing structures play an important role in safety. Therefore, GOST also specifies their ideal sizes.

• The height of the railing should not be more than 90 cm, which is half the average height of a person;
• If the stairs will be used by children, the height of the railings should be about 150 cm;
• When organizing a porch, the railings can be no more than 80cm;
• If the width of the march is more than 125 cm, the structure must be fenced with railings on both sides. With a smaller width, it is possible to construct railings only on one side;
• If the staircase structure consists of less than five steps, then railings are not necessary;
• The distance between the fence supports can be 12-15 cm.

Parameters of attic stairs

Almost every residential building has an attic, which is also accessed using attic stairs. In their design and parameters, they differ from conventional structures that connect two floors. The basis of such a staircase is compactness. Naturally, this is reflected in the size of all its elements. The construction documentation also contains recommendations on the use of optimally convenient and safe step sizes.

The number of lifting elements should be between 13-16 pieces. It is important to consider that if the length attic stairs will be more than 350 cm, ensure good rigidity designs will be difficult. The width of its march can be only 65 cm, which is the key to compactness. The thickness of the step itself can be 1.9-2 cm.

Focus on GOST recommendations helps to create a truly convenient and safe design. However, there is no single document that prescribes all the rules. Therefore, if you want to familiarize yourself with the rules for constructing staircase structures, you need to rely on the relevant standards prescribed in various documents. There is a GOST for metal structures, wooden, reinforced concrete. A separate document prescribes the rules for the construction of fire escapes and stepladders, as well as for the creation of fencing.

The stairs take important place in the house, it is its decoration and is usually located in the center of the living room or opposite the front door. There are several types of these structures, but they all have common components that unite them. To such common elements includes march, tread, bowstring, riser and stringer.

What is a stair tread

The tread is the part of the step that you step on. It comes in certain sizes, which are calculated based on several ergonomic indicators. If you make it narrower, people will fall down the stairs. If the tread is too large, it is inconvenient to walk on it; you have to take a long step. Most optimal size this part is 25-40 cm. An adult man’s leg can easily fit on a surface of this width.

What is a riser

The riser is the second part of the step, it is located vertically below it. These elements have not only constructive, but also decorative significance. Often, in order to make them stand out from the general background, they are painted in a color several tones brighter than other details. Their height should not exceed 18 cm, otherwise when walking you will need to raise your leg too high. Smaller parts will also not make the structure comfortable; it is easy to trip on it. Tread and riser are important parts of the staircase, on which not only its appearance, but also safety during operation. The most comfortable riser-tread ratio is 15-30 cm.

The craftsmen of the PK BLK company create only stairs for cottages that are comfortable to use. Reliability and durability are guaranteed by the manufacturer. The design is developed using latest technologies finishing, so all products are unique and luxurious. You can get acquainted with the range of manufactured products at http://www.pk-blk.ru/lestnicy-dlya-kottedzhej/.

What is a flight of stairs

All staircase structures consist of flights different lengths. If there are platforms, then there will be several of them, otherwise there is only one march. Then they consider the entire staircase from the entrance to the descent. This term refers to a certain sequence of steps along with a stringer or bowstring. In other words, a march is one flight of stairs. Most structures of this type are single-flight or double-flight. There are also multi-march ascents. They are installed in spacious houses with high ceilings. At correct device of such a structure, the length of its platform is equal to the size of one flight. A person, going down or up such a staircase, will be able to rest between flights and take a breath.

What is a ladder string

The string is the load-bearing part of the staircase; it consists of two inclined long beams, in the grooves of which the steps are fixed. The advantage of these parts is that they cover the side of the steps, giving it greater safety. These beams provide high strength to the entire system as a whole due to the additional tightening of the bowstring beams among themselves. Small children and pets can safely play on the stairs without the risk of falling or dropping a toy. But not all staircase structures have a bowstring; there are also simpler, but no less interesting, ascents with stringers.

What is a staircase stringer?

Stringers are load-bearing beams, the upper edge of which follows the shape of the steps. The treads are fixed precisely on these parts. Such staircase structures look lighter and more elegant. They are even installed in small spaces, since they do not take up much space. Distinctive feature of these stairs - the balusters holding the railings are mounted directly into the steps. Stringers are often made from several parts and fastened together with strong fasteners. This gives them additional reliability and allows you to implement various design solutions.

The shape of stairs with a bowstring or stringer can be different. Screw products are widely popular; they save space and have an original and unusual appearance. Also in demand are straight and curvilinear (rotary) models, which are more monumental and tend to classic style. Which one to choose depends on your imagination and aesthetic taste.

A staircase finished with laminate looks good in any interior, regardless of its style. Not every staircase building material is suitable for creating steps. Sheathing staircase design laminate boards are quite relevant today, since this finishing material has all the qualities needed to create a high-quality surface coating. The material provides an analysis of how to sheathe a staircase structure with your own hands, and also discusses the advantages of the material and the nuances of the work.

Practical laminate finishing of concrete stairs

Laminate board is a floor covering made from fiberboard (plywood). Rigid laminate boards are quite reliable and can withstand heavy loads, which is possible due to their layered structure. The laminate consists of 4 layers.

The main task of the lowest layer is to protect the material from various kinds deformations. This is a stabilizer layer that increases rigidity. In some types of building materials, a soundproofing layer is glued to the bottom layer, this makes it possible floor covering Excellent for eliminating unnecessary sound. The supporting layer is the base of the board. It is created from fiberboard, which has a very high density. It is this layer that is the most significant in the structure, as it performs the most important functions.

If the room is small, then it is better to upholster the stairs with a light-colored laminate

It is in this layer that there is a lock, which allows the laminate to be fastened together.

Also, the supporting layer is the main sound insulator. And finally, the moisture resistance of the laminate is directly dependent on this layer. It is impregnated with special substances that provide protection against moisture. The decorative layer ensures the external attractiveness of the material used for cladding.

The layer is represented by a sheet of paper on which a pattern is applied that imitates the surface:

• Parquet board;
• Trees;
• Tile;
• Natural stone.

At the very top of the board there is a protection layer. This is a special coating with acrylic or melamine resin, which provides protection from mechanical stress. The wear resistance class depends on this layer, but nowadays it also has a decorative function. A texture is applied to its surface, and this better imitates wood, linoleum, and the structure of parquet.

Experts give several recommendations for installing laminate flooring yourself. The first step usually differs from the other steps, since it protrudes significantly beyond the string of the ladder from the side, so it would be correct to make a template from cardboard, according to which the plates will be cut. This way you can save building materials.

If there are no difficulties when cutting out the steps of a flight of stairs, then you can cut the elements for a spiral staircase.

Among the advantages of laminate stairs, it is worth noting their excellent appearance and good performance

IN mandatory we need to make templates. At the same time, you need to measure each step separately and transfer the form to cardboard. If this is not done, then there will be a lot of marriage. A durable coating can only be obtained if the structure is completely finished, since the installation is done not only for decoration, but also has a decorative function. A structure sheathed according to the rules will last a long time. This staircase can be enjoyed for many years.

Laminate has undeniable advantages:

1. There is a large selection of colors and textures, so a staircase covered with laminate can decorate the interior of any style.
2. Easy installation and repair.
3. Reasonable rates.

A laminate board for a staircase to the second floor must meet the requirements - wear resistance to maintain the aesthetics of the staircase for many years, reliability, since over the years the staircase will be subject to daily loads during use, and an anti-slip surface that guarantees safety when descending and ascending. Laminate for stairs is ideal and durable option. It will last longer if you arrange a corner and baseboard.

Preparatory stage for assembling laminate steps

If you want to cover the stairs with laminate, then it is important to understand that the slabs are not able to strengthen rickety steps. They themselves need a reliable foundation. The staircase can be metal, concrete or wood.

And even if the steps are strong and reliable, but there is play, the laminate boards will:

• Sprawl;
• Deform;
• Leave.

At the same time, it is prohibited to “plant” slabs on glue, as they may crack. The thickness of the slabs should be 6-12 mm, so such building material can become a reliable coating, but not a base. When designing steps sheathed with laminate, the craftsman must ensure that the risers and treads are well secured to the fasteners, eliminating any play.

Before sheathing with laminate, all questionable structural elements must be strengthened.

If any paint and varnish work was done before cladding, then the base must dry and only then installation can be done. Once the fasteners are screwed into wood surface, there remains a small indentation above the screw head. To prevent the fasteners from becoming rusty, they must be covered with choppers ( wooden element) or putty.

Installation of plinth for stairs

Now we need to consider in detail how to sheathe a staircase structure with quick step laminate. Before sheathing, you need to understand that best quality It can only be obtained when each step is covered with one slab that has no joints. That is, one board goes on the tread and one on the riser. Today it is possible to easily buy laminate flooring according to the width of the tread.

If the staircase has many flights, then on the landings you need to arrange the slabs lock into lock.

Any package of laminate boards contains instructions that describe in detail that before installation, a substrate should be laid under the boards. This measure will make it possible not only to insulate the floor, but also to eliminate excess sound. It is possible to use a 2 mm PE backing as a sound insulator. This insulator has undeniable advantages, cost and good elimination noise

To fit the panels to the steps, work well electric jigsaw, which has a saw blade for wood. But, if the elements are semicircular, figured, for example, under a baluster, then you need to use a narrow and reliable metal file.

Panels can also be cut using:

• Hacksaw;
• Hand-held circular saw;
• Or a grinder.

Thanks to the plinth, you can significantly improve the aesthetic qualities of a laminate staircase

After the sound insulator is laid, you can install laminate flooring to the steps. The actual cladding of the staircase structure with laminate is simple work. For this, fasteners can be used, which must be made of non-ferrous metals so as not to rust. It will be sufficient to tighten 1 fastener along each edge of the tread, since the boards will be attached to metal corners.

The risers are also arranged. That is, on both edges the laminate is attached to the base using fasteners. Since the main load on the coating falls on the edge of the laminate board, to protect it, a ladder profile for the laminate is used. If such a profile is not installed, the coating will soon become unusable. Metal corner will also act as protection against damage and maintain aesthetics.

Possible problems with the laminate corner

When finishing stairs with slabs, many encounter some problems. The first step usually differs from the others, since from the side, as already noted, it seriously protrudes beyond the bowstring. In this case, a template is used, the dimensions of which allow you to correctly cut the laminate boards in order to prevent excess consumption of building materials.

When covering a straight flight, determining the shape of the steps is not problematic. If you want to cover a spiral staircase, then you need to make a separate one for each step. cardboard template. The work is painstaking, but the result will be magnificent. All steps must be completely covered with slabs; this is the only way to create a reliable coating.

Do-it-yourself laminate staircase finishing (video)

Listening to advice experienced craftsmen, you can do the cladding yourself and walk on a reliable, beautiful staircase.

Examples of finishing stairs with laminate (photo of ideas)

Round concrete staircase

Round staircases to the second floor are often a logical solution for arranging bunk apartments and private houses. They have several serious advantages, and only one drawback. Such stairs go around an axis, however, when made from reinforced concrete, the installation support pillar not required. Their main difference from screw analogues is that the flight of stairs does not extend onto the spiral, but ends within one circle.

Characteristics of stairs

It’s worth buying a round staircase because it has the following advantages:

• the entire structure occupies a minimum of living space;
• costs slightly less due to savings in materials;
• fits perfectly into the interior of any style.

It is the round staircase, due to its configuration, that fits into a small area. Therefore, it is installed in buildings where everyone square meter matters.

Laying laminate flooring, from selection to installation.

The solution is also optimal for minor ascents that are rarely used (to the attic, descent to basement). Installation costs are lower, because in most cases, less materials are required to manufacture the structure.

Round concrete stairs are considered economical, high quality, and durable. Such a product can be designed taking into account all the features of the object, ideally integrated into the living space and made not only convenient, affordable in cost, but also beautiful. On top reinforced concrete structure you can use any finishing materials, general view the interior will look stylish and expensive.

By choosing the decor and type of finishing, it is easy to adapt the solution to any interior style. More photos round concrete stairs can be seen in the catalog of our works.

What to pay attention to

Since the entire structure consists of winder steps truncated at the axis, such a shape cannot be made narrow. The length of each step should be less than a meter, and yet you won’t be able to move along it quickly, so it is categorically not recommended to equip such a staircase to the children’s room. In everyday life, such a staircase is suitable only for rooms where you do not need to climb too often.

Safety precautions in such structures acquire special meaning: railings should be comfortable and functional for people of different heights. The steps themselves must be non-slip, comfortable in width, and at the outer edge they must accommodate the foot of an adult. To make the descent and ascent comfortable and safe. Therefore, when ordering a round concrete staircase, discuss with the engineer in detail exactly how it will be used and by whom.

The price of a round staircase will depend, first of all, on the choice of materials. However, a well-planned design visually seems light and elegant; it will decorate any home.

The round staircase made by our team will be convenient and safe to use for all members of your family. Call us at the indicated telephone numbers or leave a request for a call back, and we can give detailed advice on the price and features of installing a round staircase on the second floor.

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What are risers and what are they for?

Many owners of private houses with stairs ask a reasonable question: “what are these risers for anyway?” On the one hand, it is aesthetic and practical solution, but making stairs with them is quite difficult.

Features of finishing stairs with laminate

In this regard, risers cause a lot of controversy. We will try to answer questions about what they are, why they are needed and whether they are needed at all.

What are risers?

Risers are small boards that are installed at the end of each step and are located, as it were, underneath them. From this location they received their main name. In most cases, risers are made of the same material as the main staircase, but if decorative solution requires a different, for example, contrasting combination, they can be made from a different tree.

The risers are very important element stairs as such. They do not allow the leg to fall in or get stuck. This is very important for older people and small children, who constantly strive to stick their legs, arms and even their heads everywhere to see what is under the stairs.

That is, risers perform both a decorative and practical function.

Why are risers needed?

Some homeowners cannot imagine a staircase without risers. This is a classic element of any large and beautiful staircase to the second floor. If you value good quality and solidity, then risers are your choice. On the other hand, they do not serve any special practical function. In some open-looking structures, they only spoil the overall impression of the staircase.

Are risers needed?

If you adhere to the classic, blind staircase model, then, of course, you need them. If you have a beautiful, airy and very modern staircase, then the risers will be an unnecessary decorative element, which will greatly spoil the impression of the staircase. Risers are usually installed in classic wooden solutions from expensive wood. At the same time, metal stairs Most of them go without risers.

It is worth noting that the stairs are winder steps may be with or without risers, but screw designs almost always performed open.

Whether to make risers or not is a personal matter for each home owner. The most important thing is to determine for yourself whether you need risers or not, how close the appearance of your staircase is to the classics and whether they will interfere with your movement.

Stair sizes

The dimensions of the stairs must be chosen in such a way that the dimensions of the steps correspond to the movement of a person when walking.

The dimensions of the stairs are made up of the dimensions of the steps. In the case of spiral staircases, offset steps are required.

Step sizes

• Step lift height is the vertical dimension s between the treads of successive steps (Fig. 1).
• Tread width is the horizontal dimension a, measured between the front edges of two successive steps.
• Lift ratio- called the ratio of the height of the rise to the width of the tread s/a. This value determines the slope of the stairs.
• Pruning- this is the horizontal dimension by which the front edge of the step protrudes above the width of the tread of the underlying step.

Rice. 1. Dimensions of steps

Depending on step height(heights riser) walking up stairs strains a person to a greater or lesser extent. In addition, it matters how often a given staircase is walked. The rise height of a step is an important dimension for designing a staircase. In this case, you should adhere to the instructions given in table. 1.

Tread width should be from 25 to 32 cm. With a tread width of less than 26 cm, to increase the area where you can put your foot, it is possible to trim up to 3 cm. In the case of massive stone steps, this is possible by using fillets or bevels of the step slabs, which are increased accordingly in width.

Lift ratio is specified as the ratio of the step rise to the tread width in cm or mm (Fig. 2). In accordance with this, the rise ratio of the staircase 17.8/27.4 means that its steps have a rise height of 17.8 cm and a tread width of 27.4 cm. To calculate these values, we proceed from average size human step is 63 cm.

Rice. 2. Dimensions of lifting heights in cm, which should be adhered to when installing stairs

The dimensions of the steps are calculated according to step size rule:

Stairs with a lift ratio of 17/29 are the most reliable, safe and comfortable.

Stair sizes

The dimensions of the stairs are determined by calculation.

In addition, it is necessary to determine the width of the flight of stairs and the height of the passage along the stairs.

Calculation of stairs is carried out in three stages. First, the height of the step s is obtained, then the width of the tread a and then the length of the flight of stairs. It must be borne in mind that the dimensions of the steps within one flight on the ascent line must be the same.

To calculate the individual dimensions of the staircase, it is necessary to take into account the design of the floor of the lower and upper floors (Fig. 3). The calculated dimensions are the finished dimensions of the stairs. However, for manufacturing, the dimensions of the supporting structure are primarily important. The latter can be calculated from the finished sizes by subtracting the thickness of the clothing floor.

Rice. 3. Plan and section of a straight staircase

To determine march width staircases, the minimum dimensions of the used flight width are prescribed (see Fig. 3). According to DIN 18065, for staircases in residential buildings with no more than two apartments, they are at least 80 cm, and for more than two apartments - 1.00 m. For the width of stairs in public buildings, such as schools, special regulations apply.

As height walking down the stairs in the light it is necessary to take a height of at least 2.00 m in order for the passage along the stairs to be safe. All lying above the stairs building structures, such as floors, beams or flights of stairs, should not reduce the height of the passage along the stairs (see Fig. 3).

Stage offset

U spiral staircases in places of rounding, wedge-shaped steps are formed (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). Making these steps wedge-shaped is called staggering. This can be done by calculation or graphically.

Rice. 4. Quarter-rounded staircase

Rice. 5. Half Curved Staircase

First, as for all stairs, the number of rises n for the intended floor height is determined, as well as the resulting step rise height and tread width a. The length of the staircase is obtained from the width of the tread multiplied by the number of rises minus one rise.

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This is necessary because the upper tread is aligned with the ceiling.

On the ascent line, the length of the march is divided into the corresponding number of treads. In this case, it should again be taken into account that the upper tread lies in the plane of the ceiling. With curved stairs, the lifting line in the curvature area has the shape of a circular arc. The midpoint of this arc lies in most cases at corner point the inner sides of the staircase or coincides with the midpoint of the rounding of the inner sides of the staircase. When laying out the lifting line on the tread, you should ensure that the corner step lies centrally if possible, i.e. so that the line connecting the corners of the inner side of the staircase and the outer corners of the staircase would approximately divide the tread plane in half.

General rules for staging offsets

• The number of displaced steps must be established, because it cannot be determined either by calculation or graphically.
• As a rule, an odd number of steps is shifted, since the corner step must lie in the center, coinciding with the line connecting the inner and external corners stairs (Fig. 6).
• The width of the steps on the inside of the stairs becomes smaller compared to non-offset steps.
• Front edge corner steps should not coincide with the line connecting the outer and inner corners.
• The smallest tread width should not be less than 10 cm.
• By rounding the stairs on the inside, the size of the treads can be increased.

Rice. 6. Length of the corner step and position of the center of the curve of the lifting line

Offset for a quarter-round staircase

The design process is illustrated using the example of a quarter-round staircase at the beginning of the rise, i.e. at the entrance to the stairs. The length of the lifting line is 3.78 m; The ladder rise ratio is 18/27.

It is necessary to shift steps from the second to the tenth. The design is solved in three stages (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Offsetting the steps of a quarter-rounded staircase

• In the center of the flight of stairs, a rise line is drawn, onto which the resulting number of treads (1 step) is applied.

The width of the steps on the inside of the stairs is determined graphically.

This is done using an auxiliary construction:

• A triangle ABC is constructed with a right angle at vertex A and legs s.
• s = half of the segment on the inside of the stairs between the offset steps (step 2).
• A circle around A of radius I cuts line CB into D.
• I = half of the segment on the rise line between the displaced steps.
• On AD = l The width of the treads of the displaced steps is indicated.
• The connecting lines between C and the points of division by / divide AB = s into the desired widths of the steps on the inside of the stairs.
• The required division points are transferred on the plan to inner side stairs. If we connect these division points with the corresponding division points on the rise line, we get the corresponding front faces of the steps (step 3).

Offset of steps in a half-rounded staircase

The design process is illustrated using the example of a half-rounded staircase. The length of the lifting line is 4.05 m; The ladder rise ratio is 18/27.

Steps 3 to 13 must be shifted. The design is solved in three steps (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Offset steps on a half-rounded staircase