There are dark spots on the trunk of the pear. Pear diseases and their treatment, diagnosis with photo
scab - main pear disease. Not only fruits and leaves are affected, but also branches. Often there is premature fall of the leaves, which affects both the filling of fruits and the overwintering of trees. Disease appears mainly on the underside of the leaves, since the upper side is more protected by a wax coating.
With an early lesion of the ovary, the fruits acquire an ugly (one-sided) shape, and with a lesion during the filling period, dark, almost black spots with clear boundaries appear on the fruits. A layer of corky tissue forms under the spot, which cracks as the fetus grows, and if before that it prevented the penetration of the fungus into the fruit, then after the cracks appear, the fruit begins to colonize the fungi that cause rot.
bacterial blight pear
The bark of the shoots in the affected areas is hypertrophied, covered with cracks and flakes, swellings appear in which the sporulation of the fungus is formed. This is the most dangerous form of manifestation of the disease for a pear. Firstly, such shoots do not grow well and eventually die off.
Secondly, scab infection surviving on dead leaves takes longer for the bag spores to mature and reach young leaves and fruits. On the affected branches, the fungus remains in the form of mycelium, and in the spring it forms conidial sporulation, which affects the flowers and stalks of the ovaries, while the former do not set fruits, and the latter immediately crumble, so there is a feeling that the tree does not bear fruit.
Control measures.
Pear trees are mainly grown only in the private sector, where fruit, berry, and vegetable crops are located close or mixed. Therefore, it is not possible to fully comply with the system of protective measures developed for industrial gardens. With chemical treatments, it is difficult to avoid getting drugs on nearby plants. Even growing groups of crops similar in biological characteristics does not solve the problem. On the suburban area have to give up chemical treatments during the growing season and be limited to holding only spring.
Spring spraying is carried out from bud break ("green cone") until the end of flowering. In the "green cone" phase, at an average daily temperature of 3-5 ° C, a 3% Bordeaux mixture is used against diseases. Pest control is expedient only if the economic thresholds of harmfulness are exceeded. Such values in the budding phase can be considered: for an apple flower beetle - 10 beetles per 100 rosettes or the presence of more than 15% of buds with pest eggs; for caterpillars of leafworms, winter moths, aphid larvae - colonization of more than 8% of outlets. From insecticides, you can use Fufanon, Kemifos (10 ml, hereinafter, the consumption rate of the drug is given per 10 liters of water); tanrek (3 ml), etc. If “blue” spraying has not been carried out, plants can be treated with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes, for example, chorus, 2 g.
With an increase in the average daily temperature, new pests (codling moth, ticks) appear, but they should be dealt with taking into account the number of entomophages. To reduce the spread of fruit rot, it is necessary to remove mummified fruits from the branches, and during the growing season to collect and bury already affected ones. Pest control also contributes to reducing fruit damage, for example, collecting and burning "cigars" with eggs and larvae of the pear pipeworm.
During the transition average daily temperature through the mark of 8 ° C, it is desirable to shake off the beetles of weevils and tube-rollers from the trees. Beetles that have fallen on a film or tarpaulin are collected and destroyed. To attract entomophages near fruit trees, rhubarb, lovage, cumin, coriander, parsley, celery, etc., must be sown and left for flowering. The beneficial insects attracted by them (coccinellids, lacewings, ichneumons, etc.) destroy aphids, mites and codling moths.
From scab and other diseases leaves effectively autumn spraying fallen leaves in tree trunks with a 10-15% solution mineral fertilizers(urea, ammonium nitrate, etc.). This event prevents spring release of bagospores from fruiting bodies on overwintered leaves.
A.V. Truskevich, V.A. KleimenovaEvery gardener knows that fruit trees must be strong and healthy. The pear is one of the favorite crops of Russians, it grows well and bears abundant fruit in the Moscow region, where summers are often cool. But in some cases, the tree becomes ill or is affected by harmful insects, as a result of which changes occur that make fruiting and further growth of the pear impossible. What to do if it loses its usual appearance, and the quality of the fruit deteriorates?
Infectious diseases of pear
There are many garden diseases that can ruin a crop. The task of the summer resident is to identify signs and timely fight against pathogens.
black cancer- it's dangerous fungal disease fruit crops, which affects the bark, branches, leaves, as well as fruits. On the tree, you can see wounds that look like spots that increase over time. Soon, bright brown blotches appear along the edges of the wounds, which are the main symptom of the disease.
Red spots on fruits and leaves also signal danger - fruits decrease in size and dry out. For prevention purposes, collect fallen leaves in autumn and burn them, and remove pieces of bark affected by black cancer with a sharp knife, while capturing about 2 cm of healthy wood. After treatment, disinfect the wounds with copper sulfate. In the future, plant only those varieties of pears that are resistant to this disease.
Why do pear fruits rot for no apparent reason? The fact is that the harvest in the middle of summer is often affected by a fungal infection, which is called fruit rot or maniliasis.
Fruits are covered with brown spots, over time they grow and destroy the pears completely. Such fruits are unsuitable for human consumption and contribute to the spread of the fungus. Protection against infection consists in collecting damaged specimens and their timely destruction, after which the tree is sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.
Another equally dangerous disease affects foliage, shoots, flowers and fruits. Scab almost always leads to death fruit tree, its signs are small spots that increase in size over time. The following factors contribute to the development of the disease:
- torrential rains;
- cold weather;
- planting seedlings at a close distance from each other.
Fruits ripen in small quantities and become small, the peel hardens, as a result of which the fruits crack and burst. They cannot be eaten. Usually gardeners fight the disease by collecting and destroying fallen leaves, in addition, in the spring it is necessary to spray the tree with Bordeaux liquid and a weak solution of urea, the earth around it must also be treated with preparations.
Cytosporosis just like other pear ailments, it is caused by a fungal infection. The disease affects weakened trees that have suffered from excessive exposure to sunlight or frost. Stem rot is characterized by damage to the bark, which turns dark red and dries up. It is important to recognize the signs of the disease at an early stage and begin treatment immediately. So, the affected areas of wood must be removed with a sharp knife and the wounds treated with garden pitch. But the best protection from infection is considered prophylaxis, which includes autumn whitewash trunks and timely destruction of dried branches.
Pear diseases: fight (video)
Microscopic fungi often cause rust, which manifests itself in the form of bright red spots on the foliage. The disease reduces the immunity of the tree, weakens it. As a treatment, gardeners use spraying with sulfur and Bordeaux liquid. Do not forget that diseased leaves and branches should be disposed of.
powdery mildew- This is a fungal disease that pears are susceptible to in the garden. It most often affects leaves and shoots, which stop growing and forming, most of them fall off ahead of time. Inflorescences affected by powdery mildew, die, as a result of which the pear does not bear fruit at the end of summer. They fight this disease by eliminating diseased parts of the tree in autumn or early spring, and it is also recommended to spray with a solution of colloidal sulfur.
looking around pear trees, you can see the leaves that have acquired a milky hue. This disease is called milky shine, its main reason is improper care of the fruit tree. Dryness, sudden changes in air temperature and aggressive exposure to sunlight contribute to the development of the disease. The infected bark must be removed, and the wounds are disinfected by applying a weak to the wood. Sick branches should be cut and burned to prevent the spread of the disease.
One of the well-known ailments is a bacterial burn - a damage to a tree caused by a dangerous microbe. After examining an unhealthy tree, the following symptoms can be distinguished:
- blackening and drying of inflorescences;
- darkening of the kidneys;
- damage to foliage and pear branches.
The whole tree gradually turns black, including the trunk and shoots, branches and flowers dry. It can only be saved at an early stage of the disease by taking a number of measures.
A powerful medicine against bacterial burn is a mixture of copper sulfate with milk of lime., a sick pear should be treated several times a year - during the period of bud appearance, after they bloom, after flowering is completed. They also spray the tree shortly before fruiting and after fruit picking. Some gardeners successfully treat the pear with antibiotics such as phytosporin and streptomycin. In this case, the spray solution is prepared by diluting 1 ampoule of the drug in 5 liters of water.
The decisive method of completely getting rid of the infection is the destruction of diseased fruit trees. They should be uprooted and burned immediately.
Rust on a pear: treatment methods (video)
Non-infectious diseases of pear
Chlorosis is a disease that often affects fruit trees. It is evidenced by unexpectedly appearing yellow leaves which fade and die over time.
The disease reduces the yield of pears, as the growing fruits do not receive sufficient nutrition. They become small and fall off, the fruit buds of the next year are not laid. The cause of chlorosis lies in the lack of iron in the soil., therefore, the treatment of a tree consists in saturating the soil with a valuable microelement. So, a pear is sprinkled with a solution of iron sulfate and other preparations containing this substance. And also you need to dig the ground around the tree and water it warm water with the addition of iron sulphate.
Trees often suffer from negative impact sunlight and excess moisture, as a result of which the foliage turns black and dies off at the end of summer. In winter, the pear is prone to freezing and subsequent damage to the bark, temperature drops inside the trunk lead to damage to the wood.
How to avoid illness
Garden pear grows well on all types of soil, this crop is especially fond of black soil. It needs regular watering and fertilization, as well as protection from pests. Nevertheless, common mistakes in agricultural technology lead to the fact that the fruit tree becomes sick. The following factors contribute to this:
- not right choice places for planting pears;
- insufficient care;
- sudden changes in temperature;
- poor soil.
In order to avoid the occurrence of non-communicable diseases, it is enough just to properly care for the pear, water it on time and apply fertilizer. Indispensable measures are sanitary pruning of the tree and whitewashing of the trunk, as well as careful digging of the soil around it.
Prevention of infectious diseases of a pear includes the following rules:
- maintaining cleanliness around the tree;
- use of clean garden tools;
- selection of pear varieties resistant to infections.
It is important to know that branches and leaves affected by spores of the pathogen must be removed immediately, as they can become a source of new infection.
Pear pests and their control
Caterpillars of pear codling moth affect the pulp of fruits, as a result of which they are poorly preserved by the time of harvest and become unfit for human consumption. After you notice signs of the presence of these insects on the pear, proceed to the treatment of the tree with the Agravertin preparation, and 1 month after flowering, you can apply the Spark agent.
pear sucker not only sucks the cell sap from the tree, but also provokes the appearance of fungal diseases. Young leaves and buds dry up, as a result of which the pear does not bloom and fades. The fruits become inedible, deformed. You can fight with the sucker with the help of the above drugs, as well as folk remedies - a decoction of pharmacy chamomile, tobacco dust.
pear mite also spoils pear foliage, causing it to dry. It is easy to get rid of it by spraying with a solution of colloidal sulfur.
Bacterial pear burn (video)
If you properly care for a fruit tree, then the risk of disease and a large number harmful insects is significantly reduced. Thus, the more time we devote to careful care of the culture, the less often we treat dangerous diseases and eliminate their consequences.
The causative agent of this pear disease is a fungus Phyllosticta pinna Sacc . With such a pear leaf disease as brown spotting, brown, rounded or irregularly shaped spots appear, which often merge with each other. Symptoms of leaf damage with brown spotting during the period of growth of spots and their browning resemble burns.
Look at the manifestation of this pear disease in the photo, which shows the main signs:
In the necrotic tissue, over time, small dotted brown fruiting bodies of the overwintering stage are formed. The leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely, which affects the maturation of the wood of the shoots and their frost resistance. The infection persists in the affected fallen leaves.
See how pear leaf disease manifests itself in the photo illustrating the symptoms:
Control measures. Spraying trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after its completion with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak), collection and removal of fallen leaves.
Gray rot - a disease of the fruits of the pear tree
The causative agent of the pear tree disease is a fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. Such a disease of pear fruits as gray rot, manifests itself in the form of large brown spots without edging on the leaves, and in years with a cold and rainy summer - on fruits that turn brown and dry out. With an abundance of precipitation on necrotic tissues, abundant smoky-gray sporulation of the fungus develops. Over time, the mycelium dries up and multiple small rounded fruiting bodies are formed in it - black sclerotia. In dry weather, the spots on the leaves crack and fall out, and the fruits turn brown and dry. The infection persists by fruiting bodies on fallen leaves and fruits and by mycelium in the bark of the shoots.
Control measures. The use of healthy planting material, compliance with all agrotechnical requirements for growing crops, collection and destruction of plant residues, thinning out thickened plantings, spraying trees with a preparation of soon or rayok.
The causative agent of the disease of pear fruit trees is a fungus Venturia pinna Aderh. Fusicladium pirinum (Sib.) Fokl. With a disease of a young pear, dark green, gradually turning brown velvety spots appear on the leaves on the underside, the leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely.
When infected with scab in spring and early summer, the spots are large, later, with repeated infections, they are small, inconspicuous. Spores re-infect ovaries, young shoots, fruits. On the affected shoots, the bark is first covered with small bubble-like swellings, which later burst under the pressure of the mass of spores, and the bark becomes rough and flaky. Petioles, stalks and flowers are also affected, and affected fruits become stained and become unusable. With the mass distribution of scab, the commercial qualities of fruits, decorativeness and winter hardiness of trees decrease.
The development of the disease is favored by a damp cold spring and an abundance of precipitation in summer. The causative agent is distinguished by a narrow specialization and strict confinement to the plant, that is, the fungus affects only the pear and does not spread to other trees. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.
See how these and other diseases and pests of a pear look in the photo, which shows their signs and external manifestations:
Control measures. Collection and removal (possibly composting) of fallen affected leaves. Spraying trees, starting from the green cone phase and, if necessary, summer time, considering the waiting time, one of the preparations: 1% Bordeaux mixture, HOM, Abiga-Peak, fast, rayok. It is easier to navigate in terms of time: before flowering and immediately after flowering.
Watch pear diseases in the video, which shows all agrotechnical measures to combat them:
Pear gall mite Eriophyes pyri Pgst . - a very small sucking pest of pear leaves, cylindrical shape, has two pairs of legs. Ticks live and feed in the tissues of leaf blades, sucking out cell sap. In places of damage, small swellings of a greenish-red color are formed, which gradually turn brown, blacken and dry out. These pear pests and their control are discussed in detail on the page below - the means used against the tick are described.
Galls, as pests on pear leaves, are located both along the central vein and along the entire leaf blade from the underside, on many fruit crops. Adult mites overwinter under the scales of the buds, when they bloom, the mites penetrate the tissues of young leaves, where they feed and multiply. During the summer, several generations develop, ticks settle on new leaves and young shoots. In autumn, ticks move from leaves to buds for wintering. With a large number of pests, the buds dry up, shoot growth stops, damaged leaves dry out prematurely, which greatly weakens trees and shrubs, especially young ones, in nurseries.
See how these pear pests look on the leaves in the photo, where you can see adults and larvae:
Control measures. Spraying trees in spring, when buds open, and in autumn, after harvesting, with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos), Thiovit Jet.
Aphids are a very serious opponent of the future fruit harvest. Next, consider how to deal with these pear pests on personal plot with the help of improvised means and special preparations.
Aphid green pear umbrella Anuraphis pyrilaseri Shap. - a greenish-brown sucking insect 2-2.5 mm long. Larvae and nymphs are green, eggs are small, black, oblong. It damages the pear and belongs to migratory aphids. In summer, the pear pest flies to umbrella herbaceous plants, where it actively reproduces, and in the fall it returns to the pear and lays hibernating eggs in cracks in the bark. The damage is very different from that of other aphids. In spring, young leaves stop growing and fold in halves along the vein and cover aphids, and with a large number of pests, the leaves dry out. In autumn, after returning to the pear, the aphid sucks the juice from the underside of the leaf, where the larvae are located. Large orange spots appear on damaged leaves.
Control measures. Spraying fruit trees in the spring, before flowering and immediately after it, with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, actellik, spark, kinmiks, Inta-Vir.
Aphid leafworm pear, or aphid leafworm Dysaphis reaumuri Mordv. (syn. Yezabura reaumuri Mordv.) , - a small sucking insect 2-2.5 mm long. The body is dark green or yellow-green in color with a white waxy coating. Larvae are dark green, up to 0.5 mm long, with three pairs of black legs and black antennae. Black shiny eggs hibernate on branches near the buds. During the period of bud break, larvae hatch and feed on the buds, sucking out the juice. In the future, the larvae pass to young leaves and green shoots. Damaged leaves curl across the central vein, and they accumulate in large numbers of aphids, covered with sticky secretions and skins of larvae. Larvae develop for 12-15 days, then without fertilization they give birth to live larvae, which immediately begin to feed on the juice of leaves and shoots. Over the summer, 10-15 generations of the pest develop; in September-October, the aphid lays eggs on the branches, which overwinter.
With a large number of aphids completely covers the surface of branches and leaves, and sweet secretions drip down onto the trunks and onto the ground. The growth of damaged shoots stops, fruit buds are not laid, frost resistance decreases in trees.
Control measures. Spraying fruit trees before flowering and immediately after it with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, actellik, kin-mix, spark, Inta-Vir. With a large number of aphids, spraying is carried out in the summer with the same preparations, taking into account the waiting time. You can also use preparations fitoverm, aktara, lightning.
See what these pear pests look like in photos showing their colonies and individuals:
The following are pests on a pear that appear in early and late spring. Talked about them appearance, distinctive features and control measures. All pests on a pear in the spring actively lay their eggs, feed on fresh herbs and spoil the beginnings of the future harvest.
Pear leaflet.
Pear leaf blotch, or pear tinsel Psylla pyri L ., - a small sucking insect 2.5-3 mm long. The body is gray or yellow-brown, two pairs of transparent wings are folded over the back in a roof-like manner. The larvae are yellow, have six legs, the eggs are very small, yellow, oblong. Adult insects hibernate in cracks in the bark and under leaves in the soil. In the spring, they feed on bud juice and lay eggs on branches and shoots, and after the leaves bloom, on leaves along the central vein. The larvae suck the juice from the leaves, pedicels, shoots, fruits, releasing a large amount of sweet excrement (honeydew). Over time, sweet secretions completely cover the larva and protect it from adverse environmental conditions.
During the summer, 4-5 generations develop. With a large number of pests, sweet secretions cover leaves, branches, fruits, and a black coating of sooty fungi develops on them. Trees damaged by psyllids lag behind in growth, cease to bear fruit, and their frost resistance is greatly reduced.
Control measures the same as against aphids-leaf pear.
Berry bug.
Bedbug berry Dolycoris Bassanite L . - a large sucking insect 10-12 mm long, reddish or yellowish-brown in color. The body is ovoid, flat, covered with black dots and orange stripes on the rim of the abdomen. Antennae are black with yellowish rings. Bed bugs have two pairs of wings. The base of the forewings is dense, leathery, and the apex is membranous; the posterior pair is membranous and covered by the forewings. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis. Adult bugs hibernate under fallen leaves. Since May, females lay light brown eggs on herbaceous plants and berry bushes, after 1-2 weeks, larvae hatch, which feed and develop for 48-53 days. Adult bugs appear in July, and the largest number is observed in early August.
From the end of August, the bugs leave for the winter. Bedbugs and their larvae suck juice from buds, buds, ovaries, young leaves and berries, which leads to their deformation and drying. The berry bug is polyphagous, found on almost all berry and ornamental plants, on many fruit and deciduous species.
Control measures. Collection and destruction of single individuals. Preventive spraying of plants at bud break and immediately after flowering with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos). Spraying of strawberries is carried out two weeks before flowering and after picking berries, remontant varieties are treated in the summer, taking into account the waiting times for preparations. With a large number of bedbugs on the berries, you can also use Actellik, Aktara, spark, Inta-Vir, Kinmiks preparations.
Weevil silky Polydrosus sericeus Schall. - a green beetle, 5-8 mm long, covered with bright green scales with a metallic sheen on top. The legs and antennae are reddish-yellow, articulated, with a darker club at the end. The proboscis is short, green. Beetles overwinter, feed on leaves in spring herbaceous plants and hardwoods, gnawing them around the edges. The females lay their eggs in the soil. The larvae are thick, legless and feed on plant roots. The weevil is widely distributed on berry bushes, fruit trees, and hardwoods.
Control measures. Preventive annual spraying of gardens at bud break and immediately after flowering with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemiphos, Karbofos) against a complex of pests, including weevils.
Weevil pear leaf Phyllobius pyri L.. - a beetle with a short proboscis, 5-6 mm long. The upper side of the body is covered with narrow scales with a metallic sheen of various shades. Legs and antennae are yellow. The beetles appear in spring and roughly eat the leaves from the edges of the leaf blade. The weevil is widely distributed on fruit crops, berry bushes and deciduous tree species.
Control measures. Spraying all fruit trees and shrubs in the garden before flowering and immediately after flowering with one of the preparations: kinmiks, fufanon, kemifos, actellik, Inta-Vir. Collection and destruction of carrion apples, pears and stone fruits to reduce the number of pest larvae.
nettle leaf weevil Phyllobius urticae Deg. - a beetle 7-10 mm long, with a short thick rostrum, legs and black antennae. Elytra black, covered with golden-green, bluish or brown scales. Old beetles have gray elytra. The beetles hibernate in the soil, come to the surface during the isolation of the buds and strongly eat away the buds and young growing leaves, after which holes remain on them. Beetles cause significant damage to young leaves and can cause the death of oculants. The weevil feeds on fruit, deciduous trees and shrubs, often damaging herbaceous plants.
Control measures the same as against the pear leaf weevil.
Weevil oblong leaf, or fruit weevil Phyllobius oblongus L. ., - a beetle 3.5-6 mm long, shiny black-brown in color with brown elytra. The proboscis is short, black, often yellow-brown at the end, the antennae and legs are yellow. The larva is white, thick, legless, curved and slightly wrinkled, 4-6 mm long, feeds and develops in the soil, damaging the roots of plants. chrysalis open type, pale white with black eyes, is in an earthen cradle. Beetles come out of the soil in spring and feed on buds, flowers and young leaves, gnawing at the last edges of the plates. Weevil damages various deciduous trees and shrubs, severely harms pome and stone fruit crops.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of orchards before bud break and immediately after flowering against a complex of pests with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemiphos, Karbofos) also reduces the number of weevil.
See how these pests look on a pear in the photo, supplementing their description above:
Bukarka.
Bukarka Coenorrhinus pauxillus Germ . - beetle 2-3 mm long, with an elongated curved black rostrum. The elytra are greenish-blue, with a metallic sheen, longitudinal dotted grooves are clearly visible on them. The larva is legless, 3 mm long, yellowish in color. The pupa is pale yellow, 2 mm long. Beetles hibernate in the upper soil layer. In early spring beetles come to the surface, crawl onto trees and shrubs and feed first on buds, and then on buds and young leaves. Towards the end of flowering of apple trees, females lay eggs, placing them one at a time, in gnawed holes in the central vein or on the underside of the leaf. The female's fertility is up to 100 eggs. After 6-8 days, the larvae hatch and feed on the tissues of the petiole and vein, making longitudinal passages in them. Damaged leaves dry up and fall off.
With a large number of pests in June, mass leaf fall can be observed, which greatly weakens trees and shrubs. Bukarka larvae continue to feed in fallen leaves, and in July-August they go into the soil to a depth of 4-10 cm, where they pupate. In September, beetles emerge from the pupae, which remain for the winter. Larvae that do not pupate until September remain in the soil until the autumn of the following year. Bukarka damages many fruit trees and berry bushes.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of all trees and shrubs in the garden in spring, at bud break, with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos) and again in June. Collection and burning of fallen leaves damaged by larvae.
Cherry sawfly Priophorus pallipes Lep. (syn. P. padi L „ Cladius pallipes Lep.) - an insect 5-11 mm long, black, with light yellow legs and transparent wings. The larva has 7 pairs of ventral legs, grayish-green, with a dark olive back, sometimes with a reddish tinge, on each body segment it has 3 rows of white warts covered with hairs. The head of the larva is light brown with a large black spot on the crown. The larvae overwinter in the soil, pupate there in the spring, and adult insects soon fly out. The female lays 4-10 eggs on the underside of the leaves along the central vein. After 8-9 days, the larvae hatch and skeletonize the leaves in small areas that resemble membranous transparent windows. Older larvae eat out rounded holes with smooth edges in the leaves. In moments of danger, the larvae curl into a ring and fall to the ground.
Feeding of larvae lasts about three weeks, after which they pupate in cobweb dense light brown cocoons in bark cracks and in leaves. The flight of insects of the second generation is observed at the end of summer. The larvae of this generation, having finished feeding, go into the soil and overwinter. With a large number of sawflies, it causes great harm to fruit trees and shrubs, especially cherries, pears, mountain ash, hawthorn, raspberries, etc.
Control measures. Spraying trees and shrubs immediately after flowering with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos) against a complex of pests also reduces the number of sawflies. With a large number of larvae at the end of summer and in September, spraying with the same preparations is carried out, taking into account the waiting time for each. Fitoverm, kinmiks, actellik, Inta-Vir are also used.
Sawfly cherry slimy
Sawfly cherry slimy Caliroa cerasi L . - a black shiny insect 4-6 mm long, with transparent wings with smoky shading in the middle part, yellowish legs. Larva 9-11 mm long, greenish-yellow, covered with black mucus, thickened anterior margin. The mucus secreted by the larva smells like ink. The pupa is white, in a dense cocoon. A polyphagous pest that damages pome and stone fruit crops, it is widespread on mountain ash, hawthorn, wild rose, etc. The sawfly develops in 1-2 generations. The larvae overwinter in the soil, pupate there in the spring, and adult insects emerge in late May-June.
The females lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves. After 7-15 days, larvae hatch, which are soon covered with mucus. The larvae skeletonize the leaves within 15-25 days. Having finished feeding, the larvae go into the soil and pupate in cocoons. The flight of the second generation of the sawfly and the laying of eggs are observed in late July - early August, and the development of larvae occurs until early October, when they go into the soil for wintering. The number of larvae of the second generation is always much higher and they damage the leaves on trees and shrubs more severely.
Control measures. Spraying trees and shrubs with a large number of larvae with one of the drugs: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Inta-Vir.
Cerati-tis capitata Wied. - a two-winged insect 4.5-7 mm long, with females larger than males. The coloration is mottled. The head is large, whitish-gray, with large red eyes, casting a greenish sheen. The chest is black with yellowish-white lines and spots, and there are white rings on the shoulders. The abdomen is yellow with two transverse lead stripes. The female has a thin sharp ovipositor. The wings are wide with two transverse and one longitudinal smoky-gray stripes, the legs are ocher-yellow. Eggs 0.7 mm long, curved, yellow; larvae white, legless, 7-11 mm long.
The female pierces the skin of the fruit with an ovipositor and lays several eggs, the fecundity of one fly is up to 800 eggs. The hatched larvae feed on the pulp of the fruit and, having completed their development, in two to three weeks they emerge from the fruit and pupate in the soil. After 7-10 days, flies are removed from the pupae and after fertilization, the females lay eggs.
Depending on weather conditions, 2-6 generations develop per year. Optimal for the development of the fly is an air temperature of 20-28 ° C, at a temperature of 12 ° C, development stops. The fruits damaged by the fly rot and fall off prematurely, and with a large number of pests, the pest can completely destroy the fruit crop. The fly damages the fruits of citrus, pome, stone fruits, grapes, many vegetables, more often nightshade.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of gardens before flowering and immediately after its completion with Fufanon or Kemifos preparations. If a fly is detected, spraying is repeated in the summer with the same preparations, taking into account the waiting time.
Leaf gall midge Dasyneura pyri Bouche. - a small pink-gray mosquito, 2-2.5 mm long, with delicate transparent wings and long antennae. The larvae are white, legless, fusiform, which eventually become orange-red and reach a length of 2-3 mm. Females lay their eggs in folded young growing leaves at the ends of the shoots, hatching larvae feed on tissue juice. The damaged edges of the leaves are wrapped up, forming dense tubes, inside of which the larvae are located. Development from an egg to an adult insect lasts 25-30 days and 3-4 generations develop per year. Damaged leaves eventually become yellowish-reddish, and with a large number of young leaves at the ends of the shoots are underdeveloped and curl along the central vein.
Control measures. Preventive spraying before flowering and after flowering with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Spark, Inta-Vir. If necessary, spraying is repeated in the summer with the same preparations, taking into account the waiting time.
codling moth pear Laspeyresia pyrivora Danil. (syn. Carpocapsa pyrivora Dan.) butterfly with a wingspan of 16-21 mm, very similar to the codling moth. The wings are dark gray, with transverse wavy stripes, darker at the base of the wing, and light gray in the middle part. At the top of the front wing there is an oval spot of silver or lead color (in the apple tree - a bronze spot). The eggs are round, flat, from red to pink-gray in color, a dark red yolk is visible through the shell. The caterpillar is 16-18 mm long, off-white, with a yellow-brown head, on the ventral legs there is a corolla of 11-17 short claws. Pupa 11-13 mm long, dark brown, in a hard cherry-black cocoon.
Caterpillars hibernate in cocoons in the upper soil layer, in the spring they pupate there, and butterflies emerge by the end of June. Butterflies fly at dusk, their flight lasts for a month. After fertilization, females lay their eggs on pear fruits, gluing them to the skin. After 7-8 days, the caterpillar hatches, bites into the fruit, makes a direct move to the seed chamber and eats out the seeds. All development and nutrition of the caterpillar takes place in one fruit, and after 20-30 days the adult caterpillar makes a direct exit from the fruit, without leaving a wormhole, and goes into the soil.
At the exit site of the caterpillar, fungal spores enter the wound, and fruit rot develops. Often pear fruits are damaged by the apple codling moth, but it bites into the fruit through the calyx and fills the passage with red-brown excrement (wormhole), which the pear codling moth caterpillar does not do.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of fruit trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after it with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, actellik, spark, kinmiks, Inta-Vir. Directly against the codling moth, spraying with the same preparations is carried out 36-38 days after the end of pear flowering and again 12 days after the first spraying.
Frozen leaf roller Exapate congela-tella Cl. - a small butterfly with pronounced sexual dimorphism. The male has developed wings with a span of 22 mm; rear - gray or brownish-gray. The female has only underdeveloped gray forewings covered with long dense dark hairs, while the hindwings are absent. Caterpillar dirty green with lighter lateral stripes, dark or light spots, yellow-brown head, sometimes with small dark dots. Thoracic shield black or brown. Caterpillars damage the buds and leaves of fruit trees and berry bushes, as well as many hardwoods.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of trees and shrubs in the spring, before flowering or immediately after it, with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, kinmiks, actellik, caviar, Inta-Vir.
Autumn moth, or autumn larence Larentia autumnata Bkh., syn. Oporinia autumnata Bkh, - a gray butterfly with thin, delicate, developed wings. Body length 12-13 mm, wingspan 36-38 mm. The forewings are silvery gray with numerous transverse wavy lines. The hindwings are ash-gray, lighter, with an inconspicuous transverse wavy line and clear dark longitudinal veins. Antennae thin, long. The caterpillar is bright green, velvety, 25-30 mm long, lives and feeds in young leaves folded and fastened with a cobweb, which it gnaws at the edges. After the end of feeding, it goes into the soil, pupates and overwinters. Moth damages fruit and deciduous trees and shrubs. Distributed everywhere.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of bushes in the spring before flowering and immediately after it with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Kinmiks, Aktellik, Spark, Inta-Vir. With a large number of pests, spraying is repeated in the summer with the same preparations, taking into account the waiting time.
Gray pocket moth, or gray moth, or greenish bird cherry moth Chloroclystis rectangulata L . , - a butterfly with a wingspan of 20 mm. The wings are wide, greenish-gray, have dark wavy transverse lines, the color varies greatly. The caterpillar is green with reddish longitudinal stripes on the back and a yellowish line on the sides; body length is 15-16 mm. Older caterpillars overwinter in cobwebs under the leaves. In spring, they leave their cocoons and in April-May they actively feed, eating buds, flowers and leaves, slightly braiding them with cobwebs. On pome crops, the caterpillars fasten the leaves along the entire length from the petiole to the top in the form of a pocket. In June, caterpillars pupate, and in late June - July, butterflies fly. One generation of the pest develops. It severely damages apple, pear, bird cherry, and many berry bushes.
Control measures. Spraying all fruit trees and shrubs in the spring, during bud break, with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos).
Scoop dark gray early Orthosia gracilis Schiff. (syn. Taeniocampa gracilis F.) - a butterfly with a wingspan of up to 52 mm. The forewings are reddish-brown with a gray tint. The annular and kidney-shaped spots are large, gray with light edges, the hindwings are light gray with a gray fringe and with a gray median spot. The caterpillar is bluish-green, on the back there are 3 whitish lines and one yellow, on the sides a strip limited from above by black. The pupae are brown. Pupae hibernate in the upper layer of soil, butterflies emerge in spring, the flight of which is observed from March to May. After fertilization, females lay their eggs on opening buds and young leaves. Caterpillars feed and develop in June-July, after which they go into the soil and pupate. The scoop damages pome and stone fruit crops, and causes particular harm to young trees in nurseries.
Control measures. Preventive spraying of gardens in the spring before flowering and immediately after flowering with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Spark, Inta-Vir.
Scoop pyramidal Amphipyra pyramided L. - a large brown-red butterfly with a wingspan of 50 mm. The front wings are dark brown, with light transverse lines and denticles, with black edges. Wavy line across the wing, light with dark wedge-shaped spots. Ring-shaped spot light with a dark center, located at the base of the wing. The hindwings are reddish-brown, brownish-gray at the anterior margin.
Caterpillar up to 50 mm long, green with a tint that varies from yellow-green to bluish-green. The head is small, green, up to 3.5 mm in diameter. The body is thick, narrowed towards the head; on the eleventh segment of the abdomen, a pyramidal protrusion of the same color as the whole body stands out from above. Caterpillars gnaw out leaves and fruit ovaries in May and until early June. They pupate from the beginning of June in loose white cobweb cocoons between leaves glued together with cobwebs. Butterfly flight is observed from late July to autumn. Develops in one generation. The cutworm damages the leaves of fruit crops, forest hardwoods, black currants, and pear fruits everywhere.
Control measures the same as against the early dark gray cutworm.
Shooter psi Acronicta psi L. (syn. Apatele psi L.) - a butterfly with gray wings, which are 36-40 mm in span. The forewings have a brownish tint and black strokes at the base and on the outer field, the hindwings are gray-brown, darker at the edges. The caterpillar is black, up to 40 mm long, has a long, pointed bump on the fourth segment, and a small tubercle on the eleventh segment, the back is light yellow, white-gray stripes with short red stripes on the sides, the foot line is white. The cone is covered with short black hairs, and the whole body is covered with sparse gray hairs. Butterflies fly in July-September, caterpillars feed on the leaves of fruit trees and shrubs, as well as hardwoods.
Control measures. Collection and destruction of single caterpillars. With a large number, spraying is carried out with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Kinmiks, Aktellik, Inta-Vir, taking into account the waiting time.
Ursa rural Arctia villica L. - a large butterfly with a wingspan of 55-60 mm. The forewings are black, with eight large white spots, the hindwings are orange, with black spots near the outer edge and at the apex, sometimes merging into one large black spot. The head and thorax are black, the abdomen is yellow-red, with three rows of black spots, black below, with a red longitudinal stripe.
The caterpillar is thick, black, with dense brown hairs and a dark red head. The pupa is black, in a white-gray cocoon. Caterpillars overwinter in the grass and under fallen leaves, pupate there in the spring, and butterflies come out in June-July. After fertilization, the females lay their eggs on the leaves, and the hatched caterpillars feed until autumn, nibbling the leaves of plants. The rural bear damages pome crops, raspberries, strawberries, yarrow, chickweed, and is often found on shrubs. Caterpillars are single and do not cause much harm.
Control measures. Catching butterflies with the help of light traps, with a large number of caterpillars, they are sprayed with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Iskra, Inta-Vir, taking into account the waiting time.
Diseases and main pests of pears are found in conditions home gardening quite often, and the fight against them must necessarily be carried out in a timely manner and as correctly as possible. Damage to fruit trees not only reduces yields, but in the most severe cases causes the death of the plant, which is why it is important to correctly determine the harmful factor and choose best option treatment.
Pear protection features
Which are organized based on the needs and botanical characteristics of the fruit crop.
When choosing a method for protecting and treating fruit plantations in the garden, preference should be given to the safest methods for humans and the environment, which can be agrotechnical, mechanical, biological and chemical. Reliable protection and treatment of an adult garden and seedlings can only be obtained as a result of a skillful combination of complex measures.
Pears: varieties of diseases (video)
The main types of pests
There are a significant number of pests that can cause significant harm to fruit plantations and can even cause the death of a plant.
| Name of the pest | Damage | Folk remedies fight | Chemicals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hawthorn | Damage the foliage, causing the branches of the fruit tree to dry | Manual collection butterflies, followed by spraying with garlic infusion | In the spring, spraying "Antio", "Zolon", "Karbofos" or "phosphamide" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brown fruit mite | The foliage affected by the pest on the plant dries quickly enough | Collection and destruction of fallen leaves, digging the soil under the plants | In early spring, the preparations "Acartan", "Antio", "Zolon", "Karbofos", "Metaphos" or "Phosfamide" are used | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flower beetle | Beetles gnaw out narrow holes in the kidneys, and the larvae glue the buds and the pear does not bloom | At the stage of swelling and dissolution of the kidneys, shake off the pests on the spread bedding | Processing with Fufanon, Aktellik, Corsair, Karbofos and Vofatoks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gall mites | It feeds on vegetable juice with the formation of swellings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pear itch | It feeds on plant sap with the formation of swellings, as a result of which the leaves curl | Branches and leaves with severe damage should be cut and burned. | At the stage of bud exposure, spraying with a solution of colloidal sulfur diluted at the rate of 100 g per bucket of water | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pear leaf midge | Small pests feed on the leaves, making them brittle, yellow and curled. | Destroy twisted leaves, shake larvae from the tree onto the litter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pear fruit midge | Damaged ovaries become deformed | Regular collection and destruction of damaged ovaries | spring processing"Antio", "Zolon", "Karbofos", "Metaphos" or "Chlorophos" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pear codling moth | Pear fruits and seeds are damaged | Digging the soil in and burning fallen leaves | Single treatment with "Benzophosphate" or double spraying with "Chlorophos" or "Rovicurt" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pear sawfly | Collection and destruction of spider web nests with pest larvae | Spring processing "Antio", "Zolon", "Karbofos", "Metaphos" or "Chlorophos" |
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| Pear tube turner | Damaged foliage curls up and serves as food for larvae | Deep digging of soil in trunk circles | Crown processing with Actellik, Ambush, Corsair or Karbofos
Diseases of pear treesThe place of localization of pathogenic pathogenic microflora can be fruits, foliage, as well as the bark of a fruit tree. When the first signs of the disease are detected, it is necessary to correctly determine the type of damaging factor and, based on this, develop the most effective treatment regimen for garden plantings.
For a preventive purpose, it is also possible to treat a cultivated horticultural crop with a solution based on the drug Ecoberin or Zircon, which will increase the resistance of pear plantations to diseases and adverse external factors. Such prevention should be done before pronounced signs of disease damage appear. How to treat a pear from rust (video)
Prevention of damage by fungal infections is carried out:
Also, to maintain the immunity of the plant on high level it is necessary to observe the pear cultivation technology.
Problems due to improper careQuite often, a pear tree grows very poorly or withers prematurely, as well as practically does not bear fruit with the following care errors:
Bacterial burn: methods of struggle (video)
In home gardening, it is very important to make the right choice of variety, giving preference to varieties with high rates of resistance to major diseases and pests. Carrying out competent and timely treatment, as well as the use of preventive measures, help protect the fruit crop, and contribute to the restoration of fruiting as soon as possible. |
Greetings, dear friends!
To get good and regular pear harvests, you need to make sure that the tree is healthy. And for this you need to know what diseases this culture is affected by, how they manifest themselves, how to deal with them and what preventive measures exist. So, let's talk about pear diseases and their treatment on the site.
pear scab
If this disease appears on the tree, then black-greenish spots with a velvety coating form on the leaves. Pretty quickly, the spots get bigger, the leaves dry up and then fall off. With scab, dense hard spots form on the fruits, the flesh under which cracks heavily.
Also, young shoots are affected by scab, which are bent, and the bark on them is covered with cracks. Often such shoots dry up.
The causative agent of this disease lives on the fallen infected leaves, the bark of diseased branches and the remaining fruits. Scab spreads especially quickly in regions with high rainfall, which occurs in spring and summer. This disease is found almost everywhere, except for the arid zone.
Control measures:
1. Mandatory cleaning and destruction (burning) of fallen leaves.
2. Treatment with Bordeaux liquid or preparations containing copper. The first time spraying is carried out before flowering, when the buds just burst, but did not release the first leaf (green bud cone). The second spraying - at the end of flowering, and the third time - 10-12 days after the second. In seasons with high rainfall in spring, the number of treatments is increased: the first - by the kidneys, the second - when the buds turn pink, the third - after flowering and the fourth - after 10-12 days.
3. In regions where scab appears every year, it is advisable to treat pears every spring with Bordeaux liquid (4%) over bursting buds. applied on fruit crops, with such spraying, it protects against infection with scab until the end of flowering, and therefore the second spraying can be carried out only at the end of flowering.
4. Also, to combat this disease, fungicidal preparations such as Strobi, Skor, Popiram-DF, Gamair are used.
"Strobi" process pears during the growing season twice with a gap of two weeks. Spray solution is prepared from 10 liters of water and 2 grams of the drug.
The preparation "" is sprayed with trees before and after flowering. Between spraying should take at least 10-12 days. In 10 liters of water, dilute 2 grams of the drug.
5. Prevention of this disease is the selection of varieties resistant to scab. Among them, the following varieties can be distinguished: Marble, Michurinskaya Beauty, Otradnenskaya, Lyra, Svetlyanka, Yakovlev's Memory, Tenderness, Central Russian, Chizhovskaya and others.
Fruit rot or moniliosis
This disease begins with the appearance of a brownish spot of a small size. Usually such a spot is formed on the fruit in places of damage by insects. The pulp of the pear becomes loose, and yellowish-gray swellings appear in the shape of a circle on the skin. These swellings consist of a large number of fungal spores, which cause the disease moniliosis (fruit rot). In the future, the infected fruits dry out and turn black. If such fruits are not removed in time, then the spores from them will be carried by the wind, raindrops and insects to healthy pears that can get sick.
Control measures:
1. Regular cleaning of fallen and rotten fruits in the garden, and after harvesting, the mandatory collection of all black and rotten fruits that remained on the pears. You also need to ensure that during the collection of fruits they are not subjected to mechanical damage.
2. In spring and summer, Bordeaux liquid, Abiga-Peak, Skor and other fungicidal preparations are treated. The first time the trees are sprayed with Bordeaux liquid 3-4 days before flowering, the second time - during the first carrion, and the third - 10-12 days after the second. Fungicides are used according to the instructions.
3. Compulsory control of harmful insects, as they help the penetration of the moniliosis fungus through the damaged skin of the pear. And insects such as goose bring spores into cracked and damaged fruits.
4. Prevention of this disease is also the planting of pear varieties resistant to fruit rot. These pears include: winter Michurina, Cure, Bere, Saint-Germain, Oktyabrskaya and Aurora.
Black cancer
Talking about pear diseases and their treatment , it is impossible not to mention the "Black Cancer". This disease is caused by a fungus that settles on fruits, leaves, on the bark of the trunk and large main branches of the crown. Cortical disease is considered especially dangerous. First, a slightly depressed spot is formed on the bark, painted in dark color, after some time, small black swellings appear on the bark, then the bark strongly cracks and dries out. As a result of black cancer, shoots located above the affected area die off quickly. If the spots are circular on the trunk, then the whole tree dies.
The fungus that causes this disease enters the tissues of the tree through various damages (mechanical, frost holes, sunburn).
Most of all, black crayfish is found in the North Caucasus and other regions, where strong temperature fluctuations occur in springtime, leading to damage to the bark.
On the fruits of pears, this disease appears in the form of black rot. At the same time, small blackish swellings form on the surface of the skin. Black cancer on the leaves forms small spots.
Control measures:
1. First of all, you need to create best conditions for growing pears. It is impossible to plant this crop in the lowlands and at the bottom of the southern slope, where temperature drops are especially strong. Also unsuitable areas for growing pears are places with stagnant water and a lot of lime in the soil.
2. Fat shoots should be left on the sides of the pruning wound to help inflow nutrients and thus speed up wound healing.
3. To protect the bark on the trunks and branches from sudden changes in temperature, they are covered with milk of lime. Whitewashing should be done in autumn.
4. To prevent the appearance of black cancer, you need to protect the tree from sunburn and mechanical damage.
5. Damaged bark is first removed with a scraper or other tool. Then the wood is cleaned and treated with a solution of copper sulfate (1%), and then covered with drying oil or oil paint.
Cytosporosis
This disease is quite common in the central part of Russia and more 
its northern regions. Signs of cytosporosis resemble those of black cancer. It appears as slightly sunken spots of a brown-red tint on the trunk and large main branches. Where the diseased tissue borders on healthy tissue, strong cracks form, and the cortical tissues soften.
Small black swellings, in which spores of the cytospore fungus are stored, are randomly arranged along the pear bark. This fungus mainly settles on skeletal branches that have mechanical damage or frost holes.
Control measures:
1. Timely pruning and mandatory burning of diseased branches. It is also necessary to whitewash the trunks and main branches with lime mortar in the fall to prevent damage from strong temperature changes.
2. Treatment of affected branches is carried out only when the wood under the bark is not damaged. In this case, the diseased bark is carefully removed, treated with a solution of copper sulfate and covered with oil paint.
pear rust
This common disease appears on the upper surface of the leaves as roundish orange-reddish spots. Places of accumulation of rust spores have the shape of a small cone. They appear on the underside of the leaves in July.
This disease can affect not only leaves, but also shoots. If a pear is heavily infected with rust, then it does not grow, and the fruits fall off ahead of time.
Control measures:
1. Treatment of trees with a solution of colloidal sulfur (1%) or Bordeaux liquid (1%) before and after flowering, as well as 10-15 days later. Nice results are obtained by spraying with Bordeaux liquid (4%) at the very beginning of the growing season (when the buds just burst).
2. You can also treat pears with the preparation "Skor", which is an extended action fungicide. Two sprayings are carried out: before flowering and after it ends.
I hope the article pear diseases and their treatment will help you in maintaining the health of the garden. See you soon, dear friends!