Diseases of the vine. Diseases of grapes, ways to deal with them

Foreword

If you want to enjoy tasty and juicy berries every year, you must know grape diseases, their characteristics and methods of treatment. This is what will allow you to get a rich harvest from each bush.

The most famous grape diseases and their treatment

To grow a healthy and strong shrub, you need to prepare for complex work pest control. To do this, you need not only to know about the main causes of plant damage, but also about the methods of struggle and protection. Today we will tell you about the most common diseases of grapes, a competent "war" with which is the key to an excellent harvest and development of bushes.

Diseases and methods of treatment may be different, but it is best to remember that the prevention of grape diseases is much more effective than the treatment itself. And all due to the fact that there are some bacteria and fungi, which are very difficult to fight - too quickly the "infection" spreads throughout the plant, destroying both young shoots and the berries themselves.

That is why it is so important to understand the importance of preventive protective measures that can protect your entire garden from the adverse effects of various pathogens.

So, the most common ailments:

Mildew disease,
oidium,
bacteriosis, bacterial cancer,
escoriosis,
anthracnose,
various types of rot and spotting of leaves and berries,
chlorosis,
wood necrosis,
rubella Leaf,
septoria,
alternariosis,
cercosporosis,
shrinkage of shoots.

Examples of some leaf diseases in the photo

Mildew and ways to deal with downy mildew

Mildew's disease appears during the growing season during precipitation and affects not only shoots, but also berries. It first appears as yellow spots in green areas. At elevated level humidity on all inflorescences and diseased leaves appears light plaque. If you do not take up treatment in time, the affected areas of the plant dry out or begin to rot.

The powdery mildew fungus overwinters in the soil or foliage, falling on grapes with raindrops or wind. During the season, it can give up to 20 new generations, and the reproduction of the fungus stops either at low temperatures, or along with the death of the grapes. Prevention of this disease consists in the removal of weeds, in thorough ventilation, spraying of grape leaves with Bordeaux liquid (1%) before the first flowering, immediately after it and when the clusters of berries ripen. It is worth noting that the treatment is not effective enough, and therefore it is better to take all measures in advance to prevent the onset of the disease.

Bacterial canker of vines

Unfortunately, there is no cure for bacterial cancer, which most often affects grape bushes, and therefore it is prevention that will allow you to reduce the risks of the disease. First of all, you need to pay attention to root system seedlings when they are planted - there should be no lumpy tumors indicating the presence of cancer. If you find a diseased plant on your site, you must immediately remove it, and this place cannot be used for planting new plants for several more years.

When conducting, treat the working area of the instrument each time with a solution of potassium permanganate to kill possible pathogens. Most often, cancer cells enter plants during tillage, when shearing through wounds on branches, through grafting and seedlings purchased from a nursery. Gradually, the disease flows to all parts of the plant, and for quite a long time does not manifest itself. Only at elevated temperatures or humidity on the trunk, on the "shoulders", on the root system and at the grafting sites, uneven tumors can appear. The disease first leads to a decrease in yield, a weakening of the development of the bush and its death.

Oidium and methods of dealing with the disease

Oidium or "ashtray" is a rather harmful disease. It got its name due to the dark gray coating with a characteristic rotten smell. Inflorescences affected by the fungus dry up, the berries do not grow, because their skin hardens and cracks. This disease develops well in dark and unventilated areas of the garden when the temperature rises.

In summer, the fungus constantly spreads, and in winter it is found in damaged buds and vines. It is necessary to process the plant when the first signs appear. You can use tools such as Strobi, Vectra, Quadris, Flint, Topaz or use a 1.5% solution of colloidal sulfur. It is necessary to carry out at least four procedures: before flowering, after it, a month later and in the first ten days of August.

We fight black spot (escoriosis)

Huge damage to grape bushes can be caused by a disease such as black spot, which is caused by a fungus that affects the plant. The first signs appear in early summer. So, on young shoots, round dark dots begin to form, which grow and spread throughout the plant, merging into uniform spots. Because of this, the fabric of the vineyard begins to crack. Oval forms of necrosis often “grow” on the leaves, which are surrounded by a lighter border.

If the fungus has infected the berries, they turn dark purple and bad taste. Whitish spots can also appear on mature vines, and the bark, as bacteria germinate into the wood, rots, the “shoulders” of the bush weaken and eventually die. It is impossible to destroy the “infection” even with chemical preparations, but spraying the plant with the help of Euparena, Mikala, and the affected parts of the bush are immediately removed and burned.

Anthracnose or bird's eye

This fungal disease can affect the vine of any grape variety. The disease is caused by the imperfect fungus Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc. Anthracnose affects all organs of grapes above the ground - leaves, clusters, berries, shoots, vines. The first manifestations of the disease can be seen in early spring on young leaves. They wrinkle, then spots of light gray color appear on them. which turn brown over time. The leaf tissue in these places collapses, holes appear, and then the entire leaf disintegrates. Later, a similar picture can be observed on the vines and fruits.

The fungus does not die in winter. It can persist in shoots for up to five years. When the temperature rises, it activates. The fungus can get on the grapes with various damage from showers, hail, inaccurate pruning, and even when watering.

To prevent the disease, grapes must be treated with fungicides after hail falls.

To combat the disease, as soon as it is detected and the height of the shoots has reached 5-10 cm, the grapes are treated with preparations containing copper compounds. Most often it is a Bordeaux mixture. Further, with interruptions of up to two weeks, fungicide treatment is carried out.

Chlorosis

Chlorosis is a disease of grapes in which the production of chlorophyll deteriorates. It can be infectious and develop with the yellow mosaic virus disease. In this case, it is necessary to fight the disease that caused chlorosis. A non-infectious type of disease is caused by a lack of plant nutrition. chemical elements. First of all, iron. Often those plants that grow on air-impervious dense soils with an alkaline reaction often become ill with chlorosis. The excessive application of phosphorus fertilizers or organic top dressing can also provoke the disease.

The external manifestation of the disease is light color young foliage, uniform yellowing and falling of the upper leaves, weakening of the bush, reduced shoot growth.

For the treatment of grapes from chlorosis, first of all, weekly spraying with iron sulphate (foliar top dressing) is used. But the problem can be solved only by eliminating the main cause of the disease - the airtightness of the soil. To do this, they increase its drainage, dig it up to enhance ventilation, and use mulching.

Gray rot

A fluffy grayish coating resembling cotton wool appears on the infected areas, hence the name of the disease. The disease is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers, which overwinters in the ridges and bark of young shoots. Diseases are most susceptible to vine bushes with increased crown density, insufficient ventilation at high humidity, as well as dense clusters with high sugar content of berries.

All green parts of grapes can be affected by the fungus. This can be seen by the brown spots appearing on the leaves and shoots with a grayish bloom that dries in the sun, by the discoloration of the lignified areas of the grapes, by the purple circles on the skin of the berries, which grow over time, and the berry dies.

Prevention of the disease consists in ensuring good ventilation of the bush by thinning it out.

For treatment, early spring spraying with drugs is carried out, the action of which is directed against this fungus (Antrakol, Mikal, Folpan). Such treatment is carried out 1-3 more times per season, alternating preparations.

black rot

Vineyards with constantly high humidity are often affected by black rot caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwellii, which enters the plant during mechanical damage.

Berries are affected by rot. Brown spots appear on them with a white dot in the middle. In the future, the grapes turn black and dry. In rains, the disease takes on the character of wet rot, and in dry berries they shrivel and darken.

Infected leaves are covered with creamy spots of dead tissue, surrounded by a dark green edge. Black strokes appear on the bark of diseased grapes, then ulcers and cracks.

The disease, initially imperceptible, later develops very quickly, and it is not possible to save the plant. Therefore, at the slightest sign of illness, they begin processing the entire vineyard. In the initial stage of the disease, fungicides can give a good result. In the future, mixtures of preparations are selected, taking into account weather conditions, soil type, grape varieties.

sour rot

Sour rot is so named because of the vinegar smell that spoiled berries acquire. It appears as a result of the processing of sugar into vinegar by microorganisms, and their carriers are fruit flies, which lay their eggs in grapes.

A means of combating the disease and its carriers is the treatment of the vineyard with a mixture of insecticide and fungicide. To be sure that the drugs can be used together, their solutions are prepared and mixed immediately before spraying.

Necrosis of wood vessels

This non-infectious disease associated with a violation of the physiological processes of the plant, as a rule, affects seedlings. They become brown and the cells of the vine that are next to the woody vessels die off. The plant is unable to resist the effects of weather conditions.

Scientists believe that one of the fungi causes the disease: Fusarium viticolum or Botrytis cinerea. Infection occurs during storage of seedlings in winter.

You can prevent the disease by storing vines with well-ripened wood for storage. At the same time, they cannot be wrapped for insulation with materials such as polyethylene - moisture-proof. Also, when growing seedlings, strictly observe agricultural technology and feed the grapes with fertilizers containing boron.

rubella leaf

Often this disease appears in the heat or with a sharp change in air temperature. Rubella is infectious and non-infectious.

Non-infectious leaf rubella signals that the plant lacks phosphorus or potassium. In the first case, blush lower leaves and shoots, in the second - the upper ones.

It is not difficult to deal with such a disease. It is necessary to give the plant the fertilizer it needs, remove damaged shoots and leaves, tie up grapes, remove trimmings and fallen leaves, weed out weeds.

Infectious grape rubella is caused by the fungus Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Muller-Thurgau. It spreads rapidly, affecting shoots and fruits, capturing new vines. Affecting the vascular system of a plant, it deprives its organs nutrients- potassium and phosphorus. Plants can die if the fight against the disease is not started in a timely manner.

You can urgently compensate for the lack of potassium by spraying diseased plants with a one percent solution of potassium nitrate. The treatment is carried out every eight days, repeat it five times. So that the disease does not recur in the next season, in the fall the grapes are fed with potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, and the next year's spring pruning is made as short as possible, unloading the weakened plant.

With a lack of phosphorus, superphosphate or similar fertilizers are applied to the soil, after 6 days foliar top dressing is carried out.

Autumn and spring feeding of grapes is an excellent disease prevention.

Drying of shoots

In a dry or, on the contrary, excessively rainy year, vine metabolism may be disturbed. Because of this, the shoots begin to dry out.

The disease manifests itself when the berries are already beginning to pour, and up to 12% of sugar has already accumulated in them. Suddenly, dark spots appear on the branches. If the disease is running, it cannot be defeated. In case of prolonged drought or prolonged rains that can provoke a disease, experienced growers recommend preventing the possibility of a disease and treating plantings with a mixture of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride. The concentration of the solution should be 0.5%. In a similar situation, magnesium sulfate is used, but not for spraying the entire vine, but for treating those places where the disease has manifested itself.

For grape varieties that react negatively to the use of chemicals, the prevention of the disease is the introduction of balanced complex fertilizers.

Alternariosis

The causative agent of this disease of grapes are fungi of the Alternaria species, which are activated in heat or high humidity. In the second half of the growing season, silvery spots appear on the leaves and shoots, similar to the manifestations of the oidymum disease. Over time, they turn brown, then the leaves turn black and dry. On mature berries, the fungus appears as a metallic sheen, which turns into a dark gray coating. The fruits are wrinkled. Their taste becomes unpleasant. The causative fungus overwinters in the bark of diseased plants and in the soil.

Only preventive methods are effective against the disease. Since spring, the vineyard is treated with fungicides containing copper and such as Ditan M-45, Ridomil gold MC, SP, VDG, which include mancozeb. When the berries in clusters close up, every two weeks they are treated with Quadris, Skor, EC, SC.

Armillaria or root rot

This fungal disease is caused by several types of fungi. Gray and dark gray threads appear on the roots. Climbing higher up the plant, the fungus infects the wood, it becomes brown and dies. In 2-3 years, the plant may die.

The external manifestation of the disease is the lack of fruiting, yellowing and a decrease in the size of the leaves. Usually the disease appears in plants growing on heavy soils, where water can stagnate and, in general, high humidity. The disease spreads underground, moving from the roots of one vine to the roots of another.

To prevent the disease, drain wet areas, try not to plant grapes on soil into which air does not penetrate well, loosen the soil as necessary. On the site where root rot was found, grapes are not planted for at least three years.

When the first signs of the disease are detected, the grapes are sprayed with preparations that include copper: Copper oxychloride, Abiga-Peak, Bordeaux liquid, Hom, Ordan and others. To limit the spread of the disease, diseased plants are separated from other plantations by deep ditches, the earth from which is laid out on the infected area, and then the soil is disinfected with formalin.

bacteriosis

Bacteriosis of grapes is a group of diseases caused by unicellular organisms - pathogenic bacteria. Most often they occur in plants:

on depleted kidneys;
under adverse weather and natural influences;
in case of non-compliance with agricultural technology of cultivation;
in the absence of protection against insect pests.

Bacterial infections can be seasonal or chronic. The types of the disease are:

bacterial necrosis;
bacteriosis of berries;
Pierce's disease;
bacterial cancer.

For each specific disease, their own methods of disease prevention and treatment have been developed. general recommendation prevention of bacteriosis is the observance of sanitary rules:

Plants that died from bacteriosis are uprooted and burned. No new vines are planted in their place.
In no case should planting material be taken from diseased grapes.
Saplings and chibouks are purchased from trusted nurseries.
Before planting the cuttings, they are heat treated for half an hour in hot water 35ºС.
When cutting grapes, disinfect the tool in alcohol or copper sulfate solution before processing each bush.
Saw cuts are treated with copper sulphate in the form of a 2% solution and sealed with garden pitch.
All agronomic activities should be carried out with extreme care so as not to damage the plant.
During pre-winter preparation, contact of the grapes with the soil is excluded.
Do not overload the plant, so as not to weaken it.
Constantly carry out antifungal prophylaxis.
Do not overmoisten the soil and do not overfeed the plants.

Varieties resistant and resistant to such diseases (photo)

Among the grape varieties there are less susceptible to the effects of pathogenic bacteria and less resistant.

The former include Aligote, Bastardo, Kodryanka, Rapture and others.

Among the most susceptible to bacterial diseases are the white Kishmish, Favorit, Rexavi, Zhemchug Saba, Firstborn Magarach varieties.

There are no grape varieties that are completely immune to diseases caused by bacteria.

Septoria

Small brown spots on the leaves of grapes indicate a disease with septoria. With high humidity, mold appears on the underside of the sheet. Dried leaves, falling off, spread fungal spores. Muscat grape varieties are most susceptible to this disease.

To localize the disease damaged plants and fallen leaves are removed.

Prevention of septoria - spraying the vineyard with a one percent solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Cercosporosis or green mold

Another fungal disease of grapes, cercosporosis, is caused by Hyphomycetales fungi. Old or weakened plants usually get sick with it. The disease occurs in two varieties - spring (May-June) and autumn (July-August) cercosporosis. Other plants are susceptible to the disease, not only grapes.

The first disease affects the leaves of the lower tier, where high humidity and shading contribute to the development of the pathogen. Severe infection is manifested in changes in the leaves and the middle tier.

Visually, cercosporosis can be determined by the appearance of a dark olive coating on the underside of the leaves. Developing, the fungus forms oblong brown spots on the upper surface of the leaf. The leaves do not hold well on the branch and fall off at the slightest touch. On diseased berries, an olive velvety coating also appears, the fruits harden, their color darkens. The fruits then shrivel and fall off easily.

Prevention of cercosporosis consists in strict observance of the procedure and timing of all agrotechnical measures.

If a disease is detected, its treatment is started immediately. For this:

remove and burn all affected leaves;
treat the vineyard with fungicides every two weeks;
strictly observe the irrigation regime once a month with water heated to 15-20ºС.

Preventive procedures as a guarantee of the health of vineyards

For most diseases, simple prevention will help you. First of all, this is a check of seedlings, timely cutting of vegetation residues and removal of diseased bushes. It is better to know grape diseases in pictures than to deal with them later in your garden, since this is a very laborious task, and it does not always have a positive effect. So, preventive spraying of bushes should be carried out before the start of the growing season, that is, before the buds open.

This helps to reduce the “infectious background”, which means it leads to better plant development and higher yields. At the same time, diseases can appear both on “young growth” and on old plants, which means that grapes need to be protected all their lives. In the spring, after removal, the bushes should be treated with a 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. It is best to make it yourself, since the effect of the purchased mixture is an order of magnitude lower. To do this, pour five liters of warm water into a plastic or enamel bowl, in which about 300 g of copper sulfate is diluted. We also pour five liters of water into the second container, kneading 300 g of freshly slaked lime in it.

In this case, it is necessary to pour in a solution of copper sulphate to " milk of lime", otherwise the solution will not be effective for the fight. An indicator for determining the quality of Bordeaux liquid will be an ordinary iron nail. To do this, you need to immerse it in a container with a solution, and then just carefully examine it. So, copper should not settle on the nail. After straining our mixture through a strainer, pour it into a sprayer and water the plants, preferably in calm weather. It is important that the watering solution covers the entire bush completely, including annual vines and perennial wood.

Means of combating diseases of grapes and their purpose

First of all, it should be noted that both biological and chemical agents can be used to protect shrubs. The first type includes drugs such as Lepidocid, Trichodermin, Gaupsin, Aktofit, who seemed to be quite worthy in their work. They have a huge advantage in safety for humans, but there is also a small minus - the need to spray plants weekly and after rains. This is very expensive because of the rather high cost of drugs. In addition, labor costs are not encouraging, especially if you have to work with several hundred vines.

Much more efficient and cost effective to use chemicals or pesticides. They are used either for preventive purposes, or in the fight against pests, weeds and diseases that harm the bushes. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that such products must be harmless to the grape itself, poisonous to bacteria and diseases, and of low toxicity to humans. To choose the right tool, you need to understand how they are classified.

So, pesticides are divided according to the object of use (combined into certain groups depending on the bacteria that have to be fought):

Fungicides - drugs used in the treatment of plants defeated by a fungus;
Bactericides - directed against dangerous pathogens;
Insecticides - insect repellents;
Acaricides - preparations for grape mites;
Herbicides are substances that help control weeds.

In addition, they are divided into contact, systemic and the third type - combined.

Systemic drugs are used to fight diseases. The drug you use gets on the surface of the leaf, penetrates inside and, with the help of shoots, spreads to all the “organs” of the bush, protecting, among other things, its new growths. These can be attributed Topaz, Fundazol, Topsin-M, Quadris, Bayleton and Strobi.
Contact agents are used when signs of disease appear on the green elements of the plant. If you missed this moment, and the defeat has become widespread, try to remove the affected leaves by treating the bush with contact fungicides. The most famous drugs in this category include Rovral, Bordeaux liquid, omite.
Combined drugs have the properties of not only systemic, but also contact substances. The most famous is Ridomil Gold.

List chemicals can be continued ad infinitum. Here it is important to reasonably approach their acquisition and use. So, for example, we must not forget that pests get used to the compositions used. That is why they need to be alternated with each other, remembering that the use of drugs of the same group repeatedly is considered undesirable.

If the leaves of the grapes have changed color, spots have appeared on them, this means that a disease develops on the vine, or a pest has wound up. They are the first to react to a change in the state of the vine. Measures must be taken immediately, because the harvest is at risk for the viability of the entire bush. The choice of control measures depends on the type of damage, so every gardener needs to know what means to use to restore health to the vine.

Grape leaflet may be one of the reasons for the discoloration of the leaves

black spot

The causative agent of the disease is a fungus that spreads in places with high humidity. It covers the entire bush as a whole, leaves, branches, berries are affected. Small dark dots form along the veins on the leaves, later they become larger. They are surrounded by a light border, the tension of the sheet becomes uneven, curl appears, and gaps form. Damaged foliage turns yellow and falls off.

The color of the bark changes, the wood cracks along, the berries rot. Helps to avoid disease:

Mildew

The disease of grapes is very common, its other name is downy mildew, the causative agent is a fungus. First, light oily spots appear on the leaves, after a few days on reverse side mycelium grows, in the form of a white fluff. Leaves must be cut off and burned. Fighting mildew is difficult, but you can, you just need to do it regularly.

To prevent the fungus from spreading, events are carried out in early spring:

the soil is fed with phosphorus and potassium;
the bush is abundantly sprayed with Antrakol, Ridomil, Horus, Strobi;
the treatment is carried out when the young shoots reach a length of 15 cm, the next spraying is carried out after the berries have reached the size of a pea;
weeds, fallen grape leaves are harvested and burned in autumn.

If the humidity in the region is high, there is a risk of spreading the disease, it is preferable to choose varieties that are resistant to infection.

rubella leaf

It belongs to the category of fungal infections, it usually appears at the height of summer due to a lack of moisture or due to the poverty of the soil with mineral fertilizers. The development of the disease begins with the lower leaves, gradually rising up. The disease manifests itself in different ways:

white varieties develop yellowish or brown spots;
in red species, there are predominantly shades of dark red or burgundy.

In order to prevent the disease from spreading, all diseased parts are removed and burned. As a preventive measure, the same control scheme is used as against mildew. Rovral, Mikal are suitable for processing.

oidium

It is often found on grapes, at first young shoots are affected, they become light, then a grayish coating similar to dust forms on them, they grow poorly. Gradually, the disease spreads to the entire bush, plaque covers the inflorescences, berries, tops of the shoots.

Creating good air circulation is the first thing to do in the fight against oidium:

excess shoots are removed, weeds are weeded;
bushes are treated with Thiovit, Horus or Strobi.

Alternariosis

The causative agent of the disease is a fungus that spreads in warm and humid weather, affecting all parts of the plant. First, spots form on the leaves with necrotic changes in the center. Then, the leaf darkens, and after the rain it is covered with a gray coating. Later, the fungus migrates to the berries, enveloping them with a film with a metallic tint. Alternariosis in manifestations resembles oidium, the correct diagnosis can be clarified experimentally:

the affected leaf is placed on a saucer;
put a glass on top and place it in a warm place;
after a while, a velvety layer of olive-colored fungus will grow.

In the spring, the bushes are treated with copper-containing preparations, Ridomil is suitable, when the berries begin to close into a bunch, Kvardis is used.

Kvardis - a drug for alternariosis

Chlorosis

The disease is associated with a violation of plant photosynthesis, characterized by a change in the color of the leaves, they lose their bright green color, turn yellow or brighten. It appears in three types:

The non-infectious nature of the disease is associated with a violation of the absorption of iron ions by the roots, which are involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Caused by a lack of this element in the soil, heavy soils or excess alkali interfere with absorption. It is easy to cure a plant if you find out the cause of the disease, and then fix the problem.

Infectious chlorosis is manifested by yellowing of the veins on the leaves, they acquire a mosaic color, therefore chlorosis is called yellow mosaic. The disease is bacterial in nature, it cannot be cured, so the diseased bush will have to be removed.

The edaphic type manifests itself in a stressful situation: it is high humidity, low or high temperatures. With the elimination of negative conditions, the symptoms disappear.

Fusarium

Cold and damp spring for the development of the disease is the optimal environment. The fungus appears on the upper leaves a week before the flowers bloom. First, yellow spots appear on the veins, infected shoots are distinguished by short internodes. The foliage becomes smaller, there are many stepchildren, but they are thin and weak, the growth of the plant is inhibited. This form of the disease is called kottis. By mid-June, all the leaves turn yellow, but if the summer is hot, green coloring returns. Berries on the affected parts of the plant become smaller, their color disappears.

The disease resembles non-infectious chlorosis, in order not to be mistaken in the diagnosis, it is required to cut a thick branch across, but a bole is better, the picture will be brighter. On the cut, dead vessels will become visible, and the wood will have a pink color.

The bush may die if the treatment with Bordeaux mixture is not started.

The mixture is also used for preventive spraying in early spring. The vine reacts well during this period to feeding with ammonium nitrate, it helps to save the bush.

appear on the veins of the leaves yellow spots fusarium

Leaf curl

The disease is common in Europe, often of bacterial origin. Sometimes curls appear on the leaves due to adverse soil or weather conditions. The edges of the leaves begin to curl inward in mid-summer. At first, this happens on the lower branches, after which the upper tiers undergo changes, the color of the green turns pale.

The bush is oppressed, it does not develop as actively as healthy plant, the yield is unstable, the quality of sugar content often suffers. The virus is transmitted by vaccination, so careful selection is the main condition for the health of grapes.

grape pests

The invasion of pests is also a concern for gardeners, some of them are extremely voracious and capable of destroying the entire bush in a few days. It is necessary to start fighting them as early as possible, even in the spring, when the larvae of ticks and caterpillars are just starting to wake up, otherwise it will be more difficult to get rid of them.

This smallest aphid is one of the most dangerous pests grapes. It was brought to the European continent from America. First, it came to France, where it destroyed most of the vineyards, capturing the areas of Germany and Spain, then spread everywhere.

Being sucked into the leaves, she drinks their juice, at the site of bites, the damage is clogged with dirt, after which rotting begins, swelling is formed. If phylloxera is not fought, it will destroy the entire vineyard in five years, therefore, as soon as it appears, urgent measures must be taken:

aphids do not tolerate sandy soils, so you can add sand under the bushes;
she does not like importance either, so timely watering is also necessary;
to destroy insects, the bushes are treated with a solution of Hexachlorin.

Phylloxera is manifested by characteristic tubercles on the leaves

spider mite

This pest is a real misfortune for gardeners, the tick settles on many shrubs, and does not bypass grapes. Usually lives in weeds that have grown near the bush, then moves to the underside of the leaves of the vine. It is not difficult to notice a tick by carefully examining the bush; its presence can be determined by a thin cobweb on the back of the leaves. Depending on the variety and color, the foliage of the grapes turns red or yellow, then falls off. The tick sucks out nutrients, as a result, the bush is oppressed, loses productivity, and the quality of berries decreases. The bulk of the shoots do not have time to ripen by autumn.

To combat the tick, take the following steps:

do not allow the growth of weeds:
in the spring they spray with DNOK or Nitrafen;
treatment from a tick is repeated at the end of June.

The main condition for processing is thoroughness, it is important that the drug gets on the inside of the leaf where the tick is located.

The tick disrupts the process of photosynthesis

This is also a tick that prefers to settle on grapes, feeding on its juices, the pest disrupts the process of photosynthesis in the plant. The leaves where it is located are recognized by the curly, tubercles located on the upper side, later they become red or Brown color. If the sheet is unfolded, fleecy depressions will appear inside. Measures to combat grape mites:

must be held in early spring preventive treatment drug DNOC;
at the time of bud break, an insecticide is effective - Phosphamide;
if it was not possible to cope with the tick, the treatment is allowed to be repeated in the summer.

leaf roller

This type of pest belongs to the butterfly family; larvae are dangerous for grape leaves - caterpillars of winged insects damage young shoots, leaves and flowers of the plant. Having rolled the edge of the leaf into a tube, entangling it with cobwebs, the caterpillar creates a shelter for itself, then it braids other leaves as well. They dry slowly, gradually forming brown bundles, a reddish hue. If you open them, you can see the caterpillar.

How to fight:

the old, exfoliated bark is removed and burned in the spring, leaflet pupae are hiding there;
for spraying, Talstar, Fury or Zolon preparations are suitable. They process the bush carefully, trying to get the solution on all the wood, in every crack.

There are many diseases in grapes, but most are easily prevented in the spring, when the vine opens after wintering. Timely processing is the key to the health of the plant, you need to observe the regularity, frequency and dosage of the drug, so as not to harm the vine and yourself. Proper care will complement preventive measures, then the grapes will delight in the fall with beautiful heavy clusters.

Vine plantations suffer from attack by viruses, fungi and infections. They cause diseases that are easier to prevent than to deal with their consequences later. Depending on the severity and neglect of the disease, the vineyard loses up to half of the harvest or all the berries. The fruitfulness of the bushes is reduced, the taste of the crop is falling.

To save the grapes, the owner must recognize the signs of infection in time.

Diseases of the vineyard are divided into infectious, non-infectious.

Grape diseases can destroy both the crop and the bush. In the photo - mildew and grape itch

Infectious varieties

Mildew

Another name is downy mildew. The causative agent is the fungus Plasmopara viticola Berl. et Toni. A common disease that harms plantings and their crops. Appears on green grape organs - leaves, shoots, fruits.

It develops with frequent precipitation, abundant dew. Up to 16 generations of spores develop per season.

Mildew grapes on foliage

The description includes the following features:

oily rounded spots appear on young leaves;
with high humidity, a white powdery coating grows on their inner surface;
necrotic formations develop;
leaf cover falls off;
the comb is covered with bright green wet spots;
buds and blooming flowers dry out and fall off.

Cultivation of resistant varieties of grapes helps against mildew. The soil under the trunk is mulched, fertilized with potassium and phosphorus. For preventive purposes, vineyards are treated with contact and systemic fungicides (Bordeaux mixture, Thanos, Ridomil and copper oxychloride).

Their first treatment is carried out on shoots up to 20 centimeters long, the second - before the flowering period, the third - on young fruits the size of a pea.

oidium

The pathogen is activated at a temperature of +25 degrees and high humidity.

Oidium grapes on leaves and berries

Signs of oidium include:

stunting of shoots in growth, the appearance of a grayish-white coating on their foliage;
later, the plaque becomes dense and acquires a bright color;
the foliage turns yellow, bends;
infected inflorescences die;
mold grows on green shoots;
there is a rotten fishy smell;
grapes dry up or crack - seeds are exposed.

For the fight and prevention, drugs "Thanos", "Topaz" or "Horus" are used. Colloidal sulfur helps. Technical measures are being taken: garter and removal of shoots, pinching, elimination of weeds.

Signs of gray rot:

dusty gray coating on eyes, green shoots and clusters;
the fruits shrivel and wither in hot weather;
inflorescences turn brown and dry up.

Gray rot of grapes on a bunch

The same preventive measures, as in the fight against mildew and oidium. The use of fungicides will prevent the disease.

Apply and folk methods: 30 to 50 drops of iodine per 10 liters of water. With this solution, the green organs of the grapes are washed after precipitation or once every one and a half weeks.

Anthracnose

It is caused by the fungus Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc, which infects the leaves, green shoots, flowers of plants and their fruits. The development of the disease is favored by warm and humid weather conditions. Heavy rainfall in spring period cause the growth and spread of the fungus on green foliage and shoots.

The causative agent endures winter on infected fragments of grapes and remains viable for 5 years. Up to thirty generations of spores appear per season.

Anthracosis of young shoots of grapes

The signs of the disease include:

the appearance on the foliage of brown marks, painted along the edges in an off-white color;
spots further develop into necrosis;
on the shoots - spots of brown-brown and pink-gray color with dark edges and
depressed in the middle;
the bark cracks to the core;
the formation of ulcers, drying out and fragility of shoots;
inflorescences dry up and die;
the appearance of brown and gray spots on the berries, their cracking.

Anthracnose is controlled by planting and breeding disease-resistant varieties of grapes. Treatments are carried out with contact and systemic fungicidal preparations (Bordeaux liquid, Horus, Kuprosat or Ridomil).

Alternariosis

The spread of this fungal disease is affected by hot and humid weather conditions. The disease affects the foliage, shoots and fruits of grapes. External symptoms resemble oidium:

brown or silver spots appear on the shoots;
the foliage is covered with light spots with necrosis in the middle, darkens and becomes moldy;
a film with a metallic sheen forms on the grapes, later a velvety coating appears;
fruits shrivel, their taste deteriorates.

Alternariosis of grapes - leaf dies

To check whether it is alternariosis or oidium, the infected fragment is placed in a damp container, covered with a wet glass on top and placed in heat. In the case of alternariosis, after a few hours the grapes are covered with a velvety olive coating.

The treatment with "Trichodermin" or fungicidal agents ("Ridomil") in the spring helps.

Common in areas with high humidity. The spores are carried by raindrops, wind and pests. It develops on green plant organs and their lignified fragments.

The description of the disease includes signs:

colorless bark, the appearance of spots on the internodes and trunks;
the appearance of black dots in these areas;
the beginning of decay of the affected areas, the development of necrosis;
the foliage turns yellow, the fruits acquire a dark purple color.

Black spot appears on both leaves and wood.

It is difficult to fight a fungus that penetrates deep into wood tissue. Chemical preparations do not give the expected result. Dried sleeves of grapes are cut off, the bushes are thoroughly washed.

Black spot - chronic illness, which cannot be eliminated by repeatedly processing plantings in winter and spring.

Wilt

The second name is verticillium. Fungal disease. Occurs in hot climates a couple of years after planting. The fungus penetrates into their tissue through mechanical damage and root hairs. At first it develops without external manifestations. Then symptoms appear:

shoots fade quickly;
leaves turn yellow and fall;
necrosis develops.

Wilt (verticillosis) of grapes is a sharp withering of healthy shoots

As a preventive measure, weeds are removed.

The treatment course against wilt has not been developed. Bushes recover after 5-6 years or die.

It affects the open organs of the bole. A bubble up to 30 centimeters in diameter appears under the bark, filled with air. Then he breaks the bark and protrudes out. In the autumn-winter period, it bursts.

Bacterial cancer on a bush stem

To prevent the disease, it is necessary to take a number of protective measures:

make sure that the grafting site does not touch the ground;
do not bend the stems during trimming to avoid mechanical injury;
cut off growths when a disease occurs;
burn plant residues, and apply iron sulfate (5% solution) to wounds or
Bordeaux mixture (solution 3%);
use only top dressing based on phosphorus and potassium.

Non-infectious varieties

Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted to other seedlings growing in the vineyard. Such diseases occur under the influence of adverse climatic conditions (hail, drought, high humidity) or improper care, lack of substances necessary for plants.

It occurs due to sudden temperature changes and a sudden increase in humidity during the wintering of grape plantings. Spotted necrosis develops rapidly with wet autumn period and warm winter with frequent warming.

Spotted necrosis appears with poor care

The bark is covered with spots that spread and merge. Sap flow becomes difficult, the plant dries out.

Prevention includes:

collection and burning fallen leaves autumn;
digging the soil around the bush in the fall;
correctly performed pruning, which improves ventilation;
treatment of seedlings during planting with iron sulphate (solution 4%);
storage planting material in ventilated rooms;
high stem plant formations.

It develops during drought on poor rocky soil, in violation of the water balance and lack of nutrients (potassium) in the plantings. A decrease in air temperature at night has a negative effect. Signs of a non-infectious variant of rubella include:

spots of yellow that appear on the foliage between the veins;
edges may be bright green;
leaves dry up and fall off;
the growth of bushes slows down, the inflorescences crumble.

Non-infectious rubella - a disease of cold nights

Means of combating a non-infectious variety - by removing the causes of its occurrence.

A non-infectious variety of chlorosis. Appears with a lack of iron. Grapes and other plantings are sick.

Iron chlorosis on grapes

The production of chlorophyll is disrupted, which leads to disorders in the process of photosynthesis. Foliage turns yellow and white.

Magnesium chlorosis of grapes

With iron chlorosis, the following measures are applied:

spraying the leaves with iron sulphate in solution or other means that contain iron;
the use of the drug "Brexil-chelate" along with the application of fertilizers based on potassium.

Necrosis of wood vessels

It is caused by a physiological disorder in the life of the bush. Mostly seedlings are affected.

With this type of necrosis:

the cell tissue of the vine turns brown and dies;
bushes lag behind in growth;
resistance to adverse weather conditions disappears.

Wood necrosis causes many causes

Vineyards should be planted on light soil, and when caring for seedlings, use boron dressings.

The reason is a metabolic disorder in the bunch skeleton. Contributes to the development of the disease lack of nutrients during a period of drought or excessive humidity.

Grape combs dry out unexpectedly when the sugar accumulation in the fruit has reached 7-12 percent. plant tissue covered with specks or specks that acquire a brown or black color. They penetrate deep into the wood.

Drying of grape shoots in a greenhouse

calcium chloride;
magnesium chloride.

Preventive spraying with magnesium sulfate (5% solution) also helps.

Grapes are often affected by diseases - infectious (viruses, bacteria, fungi) and non-infectious. Dealing with the consequences of these problems is not easy. It is easier to apply preventive measures to avoid health problems in vines.

Grapes are one of the oldest and most popular crops. Thousands of years ago, grapes could be found on the tables of queens, and wine was served at all receptions for noble people. Little has changed today. However, get bountiful harvest every year it gets harder. The reason is that the plant is often affected by bacterial, viral and fungal diseases. You will learn everything about grape lesions, leaf diseases and plant treatment from the article.

We offer you to learn about common diseases of grapes and methods of struggle

Grapes: diseases and their control, photo

Fungal diseases are one of the most dangerous for grapes. Every year, common diseases lead to the death of more than 50% of the total crop. Given such trends, it is important to pay due attention to the prevention of fungal diseases and, if necessary, take decisive action aimed at treating the plant.

In the photo mildew

Mildew- pseudo powdery mildew or downy mildew. This fungal disease very often affects plantings and is well known to winegrowers of the world. With insufficient prevention, it leads to severe damage to the bushes and the loss of the entire crop.

It is not difficult to determine the defeat of leaves by fungus spores and you should pay attention to the following symptoms:

clarification of a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe sheet;
whitening of young shoots and whiskers;
drying of inflorescences;
shriveling of fruits;
premature leaf fall.

In the photo, grapes affected powdery mildew

According to the observations of specialists, it became obvious that mildew spreads especially actively if the weather is warm and humid for a long time. It creates ideal conditions for reproduction and distribution of peronosporosis spores. If timely measures are not taken to protect the grapes, all clusters may disappear.

Contribute to the defeat of dense plantings of grapes, overgrowing rows of tall weeds, improper or insufficient pruning of grapes in the spring. Unfortunately, when the first signs of the disease appear, the bushes can only be saved with copper-containing preparations or potent fungicides, for example, copper sulfate, dichlofluanid, cinos. With these funds, it is necessary to spray not only the affected area, but also those shoots that still look healthy outwardly.

oidium Powdery mildew, or ashtray, is caused by a fungus that loves warm and humid weather. In a short period, all grapes affected by powdery mildew are covered with a white, velvety coating. The mushroom picker infects the entire leaf, shoots and throughout the entire time it produces spores that are carried around with drops of rainwater or wind.

In the photo, oidium grapes

With the advent of autumn, the oidium grows and the plaque becomes gray. When the berries are affected, the latter crack, and their contents flow out of the fruit along with the seeds. With significant lesions from the grapes begins to emanate bad smell rotten fish.

Vine growers use sulfur or preparations based on it to treat infected plants. TO good results leads Topaz, Byleton.

Diseases of grapes and their treatment with photos, videos

Anthracnoseor grape pox is another fungal disease that is widespread in the Black Sea regions, in Moldova and the Caucasus. The anthracnose fungus is able to remain on the branches for several years, tolerates any adverse climatic conditions well. Having overwintered on grapes, the fungus begins to multiply intensively with the arrival of the first spring warmth and rains.

In the photo anthracnose grapes

You can suspect infection of grapes with anthracnose when the following signs of the disease appear:

appearance on fruits and leaves brown spots surrounded by a white corolla;
cracking of tissues and the formation of deep lesions;
drying out of inflorescences.

In areas where anthracnose is quite common, it is better to plant grape varieties resistant to the disease. For prevention, it is necessary to treat the shoots with fungicides. For this purpose, Kuproksat, Horus, Acrobat are used.

In the photo, black spotting or escoriosis

black spotor escoriosis is the death of grape shoots due to the defeat of their dangerous fungus. The woody branches are mainly affected, as a result of which they become discolored, covered with black spots. After a long development, the affected areas rot, crack, and the grape sleeve dies off completely. Affected leaves dry out and fall off, and the berries acquire a rich purple hue.

Infection is facilitated by the formation of wounds, cracks, breaks on the branches of the entrance gate of infection. Spores of the fungus fall into these areas and after a while the infection spreads to the entire plant.

Unfortunately for growers, the treatment of black spot with drugs is ineffective. The only way protection is the annual prevention. To do this, the plant must be sprayed with copper preparations, pruned regularly.

Grapes: leaf diseases and treatment, photo

cercosporosis - a fungal disease of a plant. Green mold appears on the leaves, which is easy to remove. The affected area may be surrounded by a dark border. Leaves infected with cercosporosis dry out and fall off. Plaque can also germinate on berries, which become hard and spontaneously crumble.

In the photo, cercosporosis is a fungal disease of grapes

According to the observations of biologists, the growth and development of spores of the fungus depends on the level of illumination. In shaded areas of the vine, the fungus grows faster. The target of cercosporosis is the lower leaves and shoots located close to moist and heated ground.

When starting the treatment of cercosporosis, the first thing to do is to correctly form the vine when pruning, do not abuse watering and do not thicken the planting of the crop. In autumn, it is recommended to dig up the soil, and tie the overgrown branches to the trellis. Fallen leaves should be collected and burned, and when the first signs of damage appear, spray the branches with fungicides.

In the photo, bacterial cancer of grapes

bacterial cancer - one of the incurable and fairly common diseases. As you can see in the photo, bacterial cancer disfigures the bushes. Having found sleeves with growths characteristic of cancer, you need to cut them out and burn them. The resulting stump must be treated with a potent pesticide such as DNOC or copper sulfate. The tool that was used when removing the sleeve must be disinfected. The soil under the vine with bacterial cancer should also be treated with copper sulphate.

The favorite crop of many is grapes, leaf diseases and its treatment at home, especially actual topic. In some regions, it also suffers from pests. However, it is possible to preserve the crop and prevent the occurrence of diseases if you follow important recommendations, advice from owners who have already dealt with them.

To obtain good harvest grapes, it must be looked after. But this is far from a guarantee that you can enjoy the taste of its fruits in the fall. The reason for this can be grape diseases, and there are quite a few of them, as well as their treatment, we will provide you with a description of all the most common problems, with a photo and video description. We hope that in this way we can help keep the vine growing on your site in good health, stay with us.

The best cure for disease is, of course, prevention. To do this, with the onset of spring, even before bud break, the bushes must be sprayed with a 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. Recipe: Mix 300 grams of copper sulfate in 5 liters of warm water, stir everything thoroughly. In parallel, in another container, stir 300 grams of slaked lime in five liters of warm water. After that, pour the copper sulfate solution into the lime, and you can go spray your bushes. Unfortunately, this procedure cannot completely protect against all grape diseases, for this you can read our article and do it on your own. The main thing is to correctly identify this or that problem, or ailment, and also to know what to do in this case.

But first, let's look at what types of diseases are found:

Infectious. They spread very quickly, spreading from one plant to another, the causative agent is a virus, pathogenic bacterium, or fungus. Sometimes, the infection can destroy not one bush, but the entire vineyard as a whole. Therefore, as soon as one plant falls ill, it should immediately be isolated and quarantined, and the agrobackground should be increased throughout the vineyard.
Non-infectious. Such diseases occur due to: adverse weather conditions, soil oxidation, and possibly acid-base imbalance. As a rule, such ailments are manifested in the weak development of the vine, the drying of the color of the comb, and the shoots have short nodes. +

Let's now take a closer look at each problem individually.

Oidium (ashpelt or powdery mildew).

The causative agent is a fungus, as a result, shoots, leaves, fruits and inflorescences suffer. The symptoms are very characteristic, therefore it is quite easy to identify the oidium by a gray coating on the leaves, after a short time they begin to dry quite quickly.

The mushroom picker can easily endure the winter on the plant, and with the onset of summer, begin its subversive activities, at which time the fungus has spores, and they scatter over all neighboring plants. As a result, the growth of shoots slows down significantly, the berries begin to rot or dry. The breeding process continues all summer and the warm part of autumn, so it is necessary to constantly carry out the preventive measures described above.

Mildew (downy mildew).

high humidity ideal conditions for the development of downy mildew

Very dangerous disease, not only affecting the entire bush, but also formidable for the entire plantation. The first symptoms, as a rule, are the yellowing of the leaf, and the appearance of a dark coating on them, more like machine oil, in which for some reason a bush is smeared. Further, the shape of the sheet is deformed. Mildew progresses with a summer rise in temperature, at which time a gray, cobweb coating appears on the lower part of the leaf, then they change their color, dry and fall off. The same symptoms appear on other parts of the plant. Interestingly, the larger the fruit, the less likely it is to be affected by downy mildew.

The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves, and with the advent of heat it revives, so it is important to always collect all the foliage in the fall and destroy it.

Control and prevention methods:

Lowlands, with constant humidity, an unsuitable place for planting grapes;
In the area where the vine grows, it should be sunny and have enough fresh air;
spraying Bordeaux liquid spring.

Anthracnose.

A fungal disease common in the south, on the Black Sea coast and in Moldova. Almost the entire bush as a whole is affected. Able to live in the form of mycelium up to five years. Anthracnose overwinters in the affected parts of the vine, and with the advent of spring, more and more new colonies appear, which take up their business in new areas. The first symptoms of grape disease will be the appearance brown spots on the foliage, inside these spots begin to dry and the fabric falls off. Further spots appear on the vine, shoots, after it grows, the structure of the vine begins to dry out and die. More than half of the crop will die.

Fighting methods: Treat with contact and systemic fungicides. The first time it is necessary to process the vineyard at the moment when the length of the young shoots is about 20 centimeters, process the second time before flowering, the third - after.

How to process: Bordeaux liquid, copper oxychloride, ridomil, anthracol.

Chlorosis.

Chlorosis occurs as a result of metabolic disorders. Chlorophyll is created with failures, because of this, a violation of the process of photosynthesis occurs, it slows down significantly. The main symptoms will be inhibited growth of the vine, as well as yellowing of the grape leaves. Chlorosis can be bacterial or non-bacterial. In the first case, not only the bush will suffer, but also all nearby growing plants.

Most often, this disease occurs as a result of an excess of lime in the soil, or a lack of minerals. Therefore, improve the quality of the soil, and if it is too wet, be sure to pump out excess moisture using drainage.

White rot.

A fungal disease that affects grape leaves after heavy sunburn, as well as mildew. The stalks are the first to suffer, then the problem spreads to the fruits. Unfortunately, the entire crop can be destroyed in this way, since all berries affected by white rot become practically tasteless, and their appearance repulsive.

The fungus lives in old, fallen grapes, so the main means of prevention will be the cleaning of all fallen waste from the bush.

Gray rot.

Symptoms: in damp wet weather, it begins to manifest itself in the form of a plaque on young shoots and opening eyes, in early spring. If the grapes grow in a poorly ventilated area, the entire breast is covered with a gray coating. If you carried out one-sided fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers, you significantly increased the chances of developing gray rot. As a result, the bunch can turn into a kind of porridge.

How to fight: as a preventive measure, treat the bushes with fungicides.

Black rot.

Symptoms: brown spots appear on the berries, then they change their color to purple and grow, then the grapes completely blacken and fall off.

Control methods: spraying the bushes with Bordeaux liquid.

Acid rot.

Fruit damaged fruit fly Drosophila, are subject to acid rot. The fact is that in order to eat the pulp, the pest will release acid, which softens the skin, and thus eats it already soft and processed. But the process spreads to other, neighboring grapes.

The struggle consists in breaking off the damaged berries.

Escoriosis (black spot).

The disease manifests itself in early summer, the appearance of black dots on the shoots. Then they increase in size and begin to fade, and spread to the inflorescences. This chronic disease is difficult to treat, but it is necessary to constantly spray as a preventive measure with the drugs mentioned at the beginning of the article.

Necrosis or dry arm.

As a result of exposure to this disease of grapes, the vine dries and dies. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to detect it in time, since the spots are under the bark and, therefore, they are not visible until it is too late. It occurs most often due to improper shelter of grapes for the winter, so do not cover the vine with earth, it is better to use other covering materials, such as cellophane, spruce branches.

bacterial cancer.

The causative agent is a pathogenic bacillus. It appears as white growths on the vine. Gradually, they increase and change their color to a darker one. As a rule, such an outgrowth occurs at the sites of damage and unsuccessful vaccinations. The plant stops its growth, and may even die.

Fight: remove the build-up completely down to healthy tissue. Treat the cut sites with a 5% solution of copper sulphate.

Rubella leaves.

Colored grape varieties are affected by this disease. Most often, it manifests itself in June-July, in the form of reddening of the leaves, then they begin to thicken and become more and more fragile, as a result of tissue death.

The most common causes of grape leaf rubella are: lack of potassium in the soil, prolonged drought without watering.

How to get rid of:

Spraying bushes with potassium nitrate.
Soil enrichment with potassium fertilizers.

As you understood from the article, the best remedy grape disease control is timely prevention. Inspect the bushes regularly, take care of the quality of the soil, as well as timely watering, if the weather is dry, then nothing will threaten your crop and you can cook.