Each of us needs a family and our own comfortable place for permanent residence. Someone wants to have an apartment in big city, and someone dreams of living where you can grow vegetables and fruits, keep pets, have a house suitable for living, and all the necessary outbuildings. But not everyone can afford to build all the necessary premises from purchased building materials. In this case, we think about whether it is possible to build a house out of hand-made material.

Aerated concrete blocks are a lightweight building material, so there is no need to strengthen the foundation when building a house.

This question was asked by all generations before us, therefore, a sufficient number of ways to obtain building materials from improvised means have long been known.

The most optimal solution in this case is to build housing on your own from what can be obtained directly on the spot.

Elements of the supporting frame: 1 - the first row of blocks based on mortar; 2 - additional cellular blocks; 3 - annular reinforced belt; 4 - reinforced concrete floor slabs; 5 - heat-insulating gasket; 6 - monolithic reinforced concrete distribution belt; 7 - reinforced concrete lintel; 8 - jumper made of concrete; 9 - waterproofing; 10 - base.

The most accessible of the materials that can be found everywhere is the earth, or rather the soil, which is under the fertile layer. Since ancient times, both residential buildings and other buildings were erected from the ground, but more often in those areas where there was little forest. Blocks were made of this material by plastic molding or tamping, as well as with the help of formwork (the soil was simply stuffed very tightly into it).

For example, if the work on building a house with your own hands is planned without a basement, then the soil that was taken out for arranging the future foundation will be enough to build the walls of a house on one floor. If you make a basement, then the house can already be made two-story. For walls, the soil that was taken out during the construction of a pool, drainage or well is also suitable.

Previously, it was not possible to mechanize at least some part of the process of making such a building material, but in our time, of course, you no longer have to mix the necessary ingredients with your feet, because special mechanized devices have been invented for this.

With the advent of special mechanisms, the situation with building with the help of scrap materials has changed significantly for the better. With the help of an electrified tool, material can be produced - mixed and compacted. And the result is no worse than in ancient times, but it takes much less time and physical effort.

The authors of the equipment in question managed to create a tool suitable for compacting concrete and other low-moisture building mixtures and materials, as well as soil masses. And this invention, available to many at a price, will make it possible to manufacture most of the building material and parts directly on the construction site.

Manufacturing technology from soil

With the help of such a machine, it is possible to form wall blocks from local raw materials, incl. from soil using the "zone injection" technology.

The production process of this device is based on the reproduction of a natural effect called "flowing wedge". The main technological feature is that the mold, the molding powdery mass and the blower move simultaneously in it. And all this without any vibration or noise. At the same time, there is no need for such traditional processes as mass dosage, control of the size of the product and the pressure that the punch injects in similar molding factory installations.

In the molding apparatus called "Mini-blower" MH-05, a dense and uniform structure is formed throughout the entire volume of the mold, and the dimensions of the product always correspond to the shape in all respects. When changing to another material, no equipment changeover is required. And in the process, the effects of elastic aftereffect, air entrapment and repressing are excluded.

The sequence of laying blocks: a - single-row dressing system; b - multi-row dressing system; c, d - multi-row ligation system in a mixed way (numbers indicate the sequence of masonry).

The MH-05, which has no analogues in the world, is intended not only for the manufacture of single-format blocks for building needs, with its help it is possible to independently manufacture bricks, and various racks, blocks, slabs for window sills and much more, which is necessary when building a house with your own hands. Various types of soils, and industrial waste, and other materials can be used as raw materials for MN-05.

This molding kit is indispensable for owners of garden and summer cottages, cottages, farmers, landscape designers and architects, as there are endless opportunities for individual creativity both in the construction of a house, and in the improvement of any territories, be it private plot or park.

Everyone has the opportunity to work with this device. You don't need to do anything complicated. And at the same time, the cost of building a house turns out to be several times lower than usual. Here are some parameters of products that can be made on MH-05 (name, size in millimeters and one-time quantity):

• raw brick from a soil block - 65x120x250 - 4pcs;
• concrete block for paving - 65x120x250 - 4 pcs;
• paving slabs 250x250 - 2 pcs;
• concrete gas stone - 65x120x1000 - 2 pieces;
• flat tiles -120x250 - 4 pcs;
• window sill slab - 50x250x1500 - 1pc;
• window lintel - 50x250x1500 - 1pc;
• concrete facing tiles - 250x250x15 - 2 pcs;
• reinforced concrete pillar-post - 65x65x100 - 3 pcs;
• concrete tray - 65x250x100 - 1pc.

The phenomenon of "flowing wedge" makes it possible to obtain unique properties of the material: its density reaches 99%, which does not give rise to elastic stress, transverse delamination and expansion of compacts, since air is not pinched.

Blockform fabrication

It is better to make a mold for making blocks with a removable bottom, so it will be easier to take out the finished blocks.

There are other technologies for making blocks for construction and other building materials for a house with your own hands from scrap materials (clay, sand, lime, sawdust, earth bit) and from cement.

The technology, which will now be discussed, has similarities with the technology called "tise" (technology + individual construction + ecology), but this one is modified and universal, since it can be used to make building blocks with voids (sand and cement mortar ), and without them (clay, sand, sawdust, cement, lime, earth bit).

The durability of structures made of blocks using this technology is greater than that of those made traditional ways, - up to 100 years or more. With the help of such blocks, it is possible to erect buildings up to 4 floors.

DIY block making process:

• preparation of a solution (sand-cement or other);
• setting the block-form in an exact horizontal position;
• pouring the solution into the mold (and, if necessary, tamping it);
• after 5-10 minutes, the pins are removed and internal structures for the formation of voids;
• removing the mold from the manufactured structure, further drying the block.

Thus, you can make up to 40 blocks per day with your own hands. And building blocks made in block form gain significant advantages over panel or brick blocks:

• very sensitive reduction in construction costs;
• use of economical equipment;
• no need for heavy lifting and transport vehicles;
• availability of building materials;
• minimal waste;
• ensuring high strength of the structure;
• high thermal insulation of the house;
• environmental safety and a high level of comfort;
• during operation, there are no large maintenance and repair costs.

Wood concrete building blocks

The main composition of the wall blocks is wood chips and concrete.

Wood concrete blocks are lightweight building wall blocks that are made from wood chips (usually from trees conifers), water, sawdust, chemical reagents and cement. In the sixties of the last century, the production of such blocks was carried out by more than 100 factories throughout the country. But after approval panel construction production was discontinued.

Nowadays, it is possible to make blocks of wood concrete for building a house with your own hands, subject to strict observance of all technological requirements. The requirements of GOST, according to which wood concrete was previously manufactured, presupposes the use of wood particles, the size of which is strictly 40x10x5 mm. The number of leaves and needles may not exceed 5% and should not exceed 10% of the bark.

For manufacturing, a considerable amount of cement is needed, which worsens the thermal insulation properties of the material. It is because of this ideal option wood chips are considered the main raw material.

Arbolit - perfect material for the manufacture of walls of a bath or sauna.

Experts recommend using sawdust and shavings, because wood shavings able to serve both for heat and for reinforcement. The ratio of sawdust and shavings can be either 1: 1 or 1: 2. Before use, in order to avoid rotting, sugar must be removed from the shavings and sawdust, and for this it is necessary to keep the material outdoors for 3-4 months. Without this procedure, the blocks may swell in the future.

During aging, it is necessary to periodically shovel the shavings with sawdust, but if this is not possible, then the mixture must be treated with calcium oxide. A solution is prepared at the rate of 150-200 liters of a 1.5% solution per 1 m² of raw materials. The treated mixture is left for 3-4 days with stirring several times a day.

For the manufacture of wood concrete is required. Experts recommend using 400 grade Portland cement, and liquid glass, slaked lime, aluminum sulphate and calcium sulphate as additives.

Additives are prepared in the amount of 2-4% by weight of cement. The best combination of additives is considered to be a mixture of 50% calcium sulphate and 50% aluminum sulphate or in the same ratio liquid glass and calcium oxide.

Process features

If possible, you can prepare both shavings and sawdust with your own hands using special machines and processes, but you can also purchase this raw material ready-made and already processed.

This material is soaked in water with the addition of liquid glass. And to accelerate the process of hardening and mineralization of the material, calcium chloride is added to the mass. In order to carry out disinfection, you need to introduce slaked lime.

And only after all these preparations is the mass mixed in a concrete mixer along with cement and other necessary ingredients. Next comes the filling of the obtained material with special forms, while it is necessary to compact the mixture with a manual rammer, vibropress or pneumatic or electric rammers.

Material shaping

Experts recommend making molds for blocks from boards and upholstering their walls with linoleum in order to make it easier to remove the building blocks. With manual ramming, it is performed in layers, made of wood and padded with iron. After the block is kept for a day, and then removed. Then it is left under a canopy for full fine-tuning to the desired strength. In this case, it should be covered while still wet for hydration.

The optimum temperature and period for this is 15 degrees and 10 days. Lower temperatures will take longer to hold. it is important not to let the mark below zero and do not forget to periodically water the blocks with water.

Expanded clay blocks

You can do it yourself. First of all, for the manufacture of blocks from expanded clay, you need to prepare a special form. You can do it from a regular board. The form is made from a pallet and two halves, resembling the letter "G". Boards must either be treated with machine oil from the inside, or upholstered with tin. At the ends, special closures must be installed that will prevent the form from disintegrating or changing dimensions.

It will be a little more difficult to make a mold with voids for an expanded clay block with voids, but this is offset by the economical consumption of expanded clay mixture. If desired, schemes for them correct manufacture can be found in articles on this topic.

The size of the form can be arbitrary and depend on the assigned construction tasks, but more often they use the following dimensions:

• 39x19x14 cm;
• 19x19x14 cm.

In addition to the form, you will need the following tools:

• Master OK;
• shovel;
• buckets;
• container for primary mixing of components with water;
• metal plate for final mixing of expanded clay concrete mass;
• water, sand, expanded clay.

Component ratio

To make a quality mixture, you need to take:

• 1 part binding material- cement grade not lower than M400;
• 8 parts of expanded clay (about 300-500 kg / m³). It should be added that about 5 kg of expanded clay with a fraction of 5 to 20 mm is placed in a 10 liter bucket;
• sand - 3 parts without clay and other components;
• 0-8 - 1 part of water.

Experts advise adding a teaspoon of any washing powder for greater plasticity of the solution.

Correct casting of the mixture

With a trowel or shovel, you need to carefully pour all the components into a container of water and let this mass settle for a while. Then it is transferred to a metal sheet and brought to desired state mixing thoroughly.

After ready mix is put into the mold and vibrated with the help of a special device that creates vibration impulses. You can also do with tapping with a shovel on the sides of the form.

After two days, the rammed block must be carefully released from the mold by unhooking the closures on it, and in this form, leave it to harden for another 26 days.

A standard block of expanded clay weighs from 16 to 17 kg, and it takes about 1.5 kg of cement, 4 kg of sand and 10.5 kg of expanded clay. Making simple calculations, we find that each block costs about 25 rubles, with an average cost of ready-made expanded clay of 30 rubles without delivery.

Aerated concrete blocks

For the preparation of blocks from aerated concrete, the following components are needed:

• Portland cement;
• quicklime;
• sand;
• water;
• a small amount of aluminum powder.

You will also need:

• concrete mixer;
• forms for blocks;
• metal strings, in order to cut off excess mixture from the top of the forms;
• shovel;
• volumetric dishes;
• buckets;
• individual protection means.

The components are taken in the required proportion: quicklime and Portland cement - 20% each; quartz sand - 60%; aluminum powder - less than 1% and slightly more than 9% - water. All this is mixed in a mixer until the consistency of sour cream.

Experts advise purchasing molds for aerated concrete casting in finished form, giving preference to metal and plastic molds. And now the finished mixture is poured into such forms, filling it in half, since gas formation will raise the mixture to the rest of it for some time. And if the mixture rises above the edges, then the excess is cut off with strings.

The mixture in the forms is kept for 6 hours. In this state, the blocks will already be ready for cutting into smaller pieces after removing the formwork from the precast molds. Cutting requires the formation of grip pockets and finger grooves.

Further, in an industrial environment, the blocks are placed in an autoclave for curing, but these installations are very expensive, therefore, when self-production the blocks will gain strength under natural conditions.

The removed and cut blocks are kept in the conditions of the room for another day before they can begin to be stacked one on top of the other. Such material can be used for building a house only after 28-30 days, when the blocks gain their final strength.

Whatever method is chosen for preparing material for building a house with your own hands, in any case, the construction of buildings from it will come out cheaper, and in some cases it is also much more environmentally friendly, stronger and more comfortable than using industrial material.

Colossal potential modern technologies and a wide range of building materials provide almost unlimited opportunities for the professional and private sectors of construction. Wall blocks are a budget analogue of expensive bricks and imply a significant simplification of installation work.

The production of wall blocks allows you to implement any construction projects without significant financial costs, while meeting all the requirements of construction at different sites under any conditions.

Production

The production process of wall blocks involves the use of concrete mixtures, followed by the addition of special solutions to them, the composition of which determines the characteristics of the future material. The manufacturing process may involve various technologies(casting, vibropressing).

To a large extent, the formation of the properties of concrete blocks is influenced by temperature conditions and the pressure indicators at which the material solidifies and takes on its final shape. At different conditions mixtures of the same composition have different characteristics of strength and homogeneity. For example, with spontaneous hardening of a concrete mixture under natural conditions, the material will have lower properties than when creating optimal temperature indicators and using an autoclave.

Today there are several types of wall blocks, each of which has special properties:

• Expanded clay concrete blocks - building material, focused on the construction of both small buildings and industrial facilities. The composition of the concrete mix contains high-strength clay granules, which leads to high heat-saving properties and sufficient strength indicators. Wall blocks based on expanded clay do not freeze, condensation does not collect on their surface, fungi and mold do not spread.
• Polystyrene concrete blocks are a composite material, in the production of which concrete mixtures based on polystyrene granules are used. They can be produced directly on construction sites, since manufacturing process does not imply the creation of certain conditions for hardening. Polystyrene concrete has good heat and sound insulation properties, but is extremely vulnerable to fire.
• Foam concrete blocks are a type of lightweight wall blocks, in the production of which standard concrete mixtures are used based on a strong foaming agent. The manufacturing process is quite simple, does not require the use of hard-to-reach components and creation special conditions for hardening. The material does not differ in high strength indicators and requires additional finishing of the erected walls.
• Aerated concrete blocks are a durable and homogeneous material from the category of lightweight cellular blocks, in the production of which autoclaves are used. High strength, excellent heat and sound insulation properties, fire resistance and frost resistance are the main advantages of gas blocks. Objects erected from aerated concrete blocks practically do not shrink.

Concrete is distinguished from inexpensive composite materials based on sawdust... Such blocks have high environmental friendliness, are distinguished by good thermal insulation and fire resistance. The disadvantages of sawdust concrete include a long drying period and increased water permeability.

Advantages of the production of expanded clay concrete blocks

The production process of expanded clay concrete blocks involves the use of special concrete mixtures based on environmentally friendly expanded clay and clay granules, fired in a special way. The correct ratio of the components of the solution and the use of special equipment make it possible to obtain light and high-strength blocks for the construction of walls at the output.

Expanded clay blocks, manufactured in accordance with the established standards, surpass some types of wall blocks both in chemical indicators and in operational characteristics. Of the advantages composite material on the basis of expanded clay are distinguished:

• high coefficient of thermal conductivity;
• active air exchange and vapor permeability;
• universality of use in any climatic conditions;
• fair durability;
• corrosion resistance;
• fire resistance;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of storage and transportation;
• relatively low cost.

Expanded clay blocks speed up the process of wall erection by 4-5 times, which allows you to significantly save time without losing quality. Installation of wall blocks based on expanded clay is quite simple and does not require special professional skills.

It is not difficult to organize a business for the production of cinder blocks: the technology is simple, the raw materials are cheap. However, a careful calculation of profitability is required. This niche cannot be called free, which means that the products must be competitive in quality and price.

 

Cheap wall materials are in demand in the construction of summer cottages, garages, utility buildings, and sometimes industrial facilities. The production of cinder blocks as a business is attractive due to the simple technology, the cheapness of raw materials and the breadth of the sales market. Currently, not only slag, but other fillers are used for their manufacture. The outdated name is strongly associated with the low-grade building material of the Soviet era, from which it was customary to build mainly cowsheds. Modern blocks have little in common with it, they are often called according to the composition of the main components or manufacturing technology.

Raw materials, varieties, certification

In fact, any cinder block is an artificial building stone obtained from concrete mortar... 80 - 90% composition: boiler slag, metallurgical waste, crushed granite and screenings, bricks, sand. Modern environmentally friendly components are becoming more and more popular: expanded clay (expanded clay), arbolite (wood pellets, sawdust), polystyrene (porous plastics). Depending on this, a wide variety of names arise. finished product... The bonding mass is represented by cement, sometimes with the use of plasticizing additives that accelerate the hardening process (Table 1).

When planning the production of cinder blocks, you need to have answers to three main questions:

1. what materials are available for use as filler;
2. what types of stone are in demand in a particular area;
3. what is more profitable to use as an advantage: price or quality of products.

The most interesting thing is that the cinder block is not subject to mandatory certification. Unlike the constituent components: cement, sand, gravel, chemical additives - they must comply with established standards. If desired, the manufacturer can voluntarily pass it in any appropriate laboratory. The products will be checked for compliance with GOST 6665-91 "Concrete wall stones. Technical conditions". This will require:

1. certificate of state registration (OGRN, INN);
2. technical conditions, if any (TU);
3. application and details of the enterprise.

The absence of a Gost, on the one hand, unties the hands, and on the other, it gives rise to certain problems. Buyers are critical of the seller's unfounded statements, and the presence of a certificate is a convincing argument when choosing a building material. The use of industrial waste is especially not encouraged - such products can hardly be attributed to environmentally friendly materials.

Cinder block production technology

The full cycle of manufacturing building stone includes:

• kneading the original semi-rigid mixture in a mixer or concrete mixer;
• loading concrete into a matrix (with or without a void former);
• leveling the mixture, compacting the corners (with manual loading);
• compacting the solution by vibration (from 2 to 30 sec) and clamping;
• demoulding by lifting the die; the block remains on the floor or pallet;
• transportation of finished products to the final drying site.

The hard solution does not allow the block to crumble after pressing, and to lose its shape after drying. The temperature in the working room must be at least 1 ° C. Solidification to a degree that allows handling takes place within 1.5 - 4 days. When adding special plasticizers, it can be reduced to several hours. The final ripening is carried out on shelves, or outdoors, at natural temperature for a month. The humidity should be high, sometimes steaming is used.

Common types of equipment

The principle of operation, as well as the performance, of most mechanical, semi-automatic machines differs little from each other. Rather, when choosing, attention is paid to the reliability of materials, design features, ease of use. They can be conditionally subdivided into three groups:

• simple mechanical lathes using manual labor (popularly known as "vapyrki"); with or without low-power vibrators;
• semi-automatic vibrating presses equipped with additional work-facilitating elements: lifting mechanism, rollback, etc .;
• automatic lines, including compulsory concrete mixers, buckets with batchers, conveyors, vibropresses in one process.

If we talk about small business, then most of them use mechanical machines and vibropresses. For example, at one of the largest Internet shops, 175 offers for the sale of equipment for the manufacture of cinder blocks were presented. Consider what manufacturers offer.

1 Machine tools with low power vibrator.

They occupy about half of the total supply - 80 pieces at a price of up to 50,000 rubles. About 40 models are sold at a price of up to 25,000 rubles (RMU-1, Strom-unique, 1X Universal, Mars, M3 K). The principle of operation of "simplified" vibration is that it allows you to shape a semi-rigid concrete mass using a matrix.

Most of these devices (Fig. 1) have a capacity of 200 - 1000 blocks per day. Mixing of mortar, feeding into molds, leveling - are done manually. They differ in the power of the electric motor, the number of matrices (from 1 to 4 pieces), the design of the lifting mechanism, the possibility of rolling back the machine. Working on them is hard physical labor, it is difficult to maintain the geometry of the products.

This category also includes some of the machines with enhanced vibration costing 50,000 - 100,000 rubles (Fig. 2). The number of proposals is about 30. In principle, they do not differ from their low-powered counterparts. Usually they have a larger number of dies (up to 8 pieces), some models have a table, others have wheeled mechanisms, and so on.

According to concrete practitioners, an increase in the number of matrices does not lead to a direct increase in efficiency. Productivity is a relative concept when it comes to manual or semi-mechanized labor. Such machines are more difficult to maintain, at least two people must work on them. They practically do not reduce costs, but they are more expensive.

2 Semi-automatic hydraulic vibrating presses.

This group includes machine tools, devices costing from 170,000 to 470,000 rubles (Stroy-Profi-4, Sirgis-3, Rifey, Skala 15ML, Mastek-Meteor, Universal). Usually they are designed for the production of 3 - 4 blocks per cycle, the pressure on the concrete mass is 2,000 - 5,000 kg, the pressing time is up to 30 seconds. A significant advantage (in addition to facilitating physical labor) is the high quality of products. Shaping equipment (die, punch) provides precise geometry. The capacity is positioned as 120 - 180 pieces / hour, that is, from 1,000 to 2,000 per shift.

Peculiarities:

1. automatic, semi-automatic control; minimum manual labor;
2. high quality, good geometry of products, different types block;
3. additional equipment for the production of curbs, paving slabs;
4. unloading bins, belt conveyors; shock-absorbing springs;
5. the ability to connect to a line with other equipment;
6. release of blocks with decorative surface: smooth, grooved, stone-like.

3 Mini-factories for the production of cinder blocks.

The price of automated lines that implement a full production cycle from forced mixing of the initial mass in a concrete mixer, with automatic feeding, pressing and drying (steaming) - from 2 to 5 million rubles. They are distinguished by high productivity, giving out up to 400 finished blocks (80 pallets) per hour, as a rule, they are completed with a set of replaceable modules for the production of other types of concrete products (up to 350 pieces). The set includes forced-action concrete mixers, high-power vibrating presses, vibrating tables, overpasses. Such mini-factories are produced by LLC Mastek and some other manufacturers (Fig. 3).

Investment, return on investment, profitability

Slag blocks are small-piece concrete products along with cellular concrete (foam and gas blocks). The main advantage is the low price. A special feature is seasonal demand, because they prefer to build construction in the summer. In addition, stone wall materials are not uniformly in demand across regions. It is possible to indirectly estimate the need by the distribution of the main competitor - bricks (Fig. 5).

The amount of investment depends on the type of equipment purchased, the availability of filler (mainly local materials), and the cost of cement - this is the most expensive part of the raw material.

As an example, we will give the calculation of the cost of costs for 1 cinder block at the prices of the Middle Urals in 2015.

• cement - 9.28 rubles. (3.5 kg);
• screening of granite - 1.12 rubles. (9.3 kg);
• sand - 3.16 rubles. (9.3 kg);
• e / energy - 0.44 rubles;
• salary - 2.18 rubles.

Total: unit costs are RUB 16.17. A year ago, it was approximately at the level of 12, 24 rubles.

For 9 months of 2015, the average price for cement increased by 1.9% and amounted to 3,931 rubles / ton in October (2,858 rubles for the same period in 2014). And its consumption decreased by 11% (Fig. 6).

The cost of one standard cinder block ranges from 27 to 29 rubles per piece, expanded clay block is more expensive: 37 to 39 rubles. At first glance, the profitability seems high, but it is still necessary to add the cost of equipment, rental of premises for production and storage.

Other things to consider when planning:

• building materials are characterized by inelastic demand - a decrease in price has little effect on sales volumes; the buyer prefers quality, since the period of use is long;
• do not rely on the equipment performance parameters specified by the manufacturer; in reality, it is usually 15-20% lower;
• at the beginning of work, time will be spent on the selection of the optimal ratio of components, development of the technology - the quality of the product strongly depends on the equipment used and the composition of the mixture.

Summary

It is impossible to say unequivocally whether the manufacture of cinder blocks is profitable or not. In each case, a huge number of local factors must be taken into account: demand, access to cheap (or even free) filler, the number of competitors, the cost of labor in the region, its organization, delivery cost, product quality. It all depends on what the entrepreneur's goal is: to earn a living for the family, or to reach a certain business level.

The most difficult thing in this business is to find a niche in the sales market. Business is more successful for those who leave "on the shoulders of builders" - that is, they start work, having secured certain guarantees. For those who rely on the end consumer, it is more difficult. Although right now, during the crisis, they have begun to order less services and build more on their own.

Construction is perhaps the most developed industry. Naturally, specialists are constantly developing new equipment, as well as different materials... Thanks to this, it is possible to reduce the cost of the building process and make it more productive. Wall blocks are a very popular material. You will find out what it is below.

Advantages of blocks and features of their use

So, the presented building elements are very popular, especially in the construction of low-rise buildings. In this case, you can implement almost any project.

The production of wall blocks can become profitable business... For the manufacture of such elements are used natural materials: sand, cement, lime. Naturally, various plasticizers and additives are used to improve the properties of such products. Anyway this material has the following advantages:

Reasonable cost and inexpensive production;

Various ingredients for crafting;

Good strength and other technical characteristics of finished blocks;

High speed of building construction;

Excellent thermal insulation of the premises.

Varieties of elements

Before choosing equipment for the production of wall blocks, you need to figure out what they are. So, there are these types of building materials:

1) aerated concrete - made from cement, water, sand and lime, in addition, a plasticizer is added to the composition;

2) slag - this material has strength and lightness, it has a porous structure, which helps to make the house more energy efficient;

3) expanded clay concrete - an excellent material for the construction and arrangement of thermal insulation of the premises;

4) foam block - made from a standard solution with the addition of a foaming agent.

In principle, the equipment used for the production of all these types of wall blocks is the same. The corresponding parameters are simply set.

What hardware do you need to work?

Now let's figure out what kind of equipment for the production of wall blocks is needed. So, you need to purchase:

Vibrating table;

Vibropress;

Ingredient mixing device;

Forms for filling.

In principle, only one vibrating press is sufficient. It can be equipped with removable or non-removable molds. If necessary, you can purchase other equipment for the production of wall blocks, which will perform additional functions. You also need machines for stacking and storing finished products.

Features of use and types of vibropresses

The presented device is the most important part of the line, so it is worth talking about it in more detail. Such equipment for the production of wall blocks has a very simple principle of operation: a semi-dry mixture is poured into molds and, through the constant movement of the press, is rammed, forming a finished block that must dry.

Now let's consider what a vibrating press is for the production of wall blocks.

1. Whenever possible movement:

Stationary;

Mobile.

2. By the degree of functionality:

Specialized;

Universal.

3. By the degree of automation:

Automated.

It should be noted that the presented equipment for the production of wall blocks allows you to make a very durable building material. It's all about the ratio of water and cement. The less liquid you use, the stronger the block will be. Such hard concrete cannot be prepared using a concrete mixer, therefore a vibrating press is used.

Another advantage of this device is that all work is performed automatically, without human manual labor. The operator only has to control the process using the remote control.

How do you choose efficient equipment?

In order for the manufacturing procedure to be continuous, and the equipment to work for a long time without breakdowns, it is necessary to choose it correctly. First of all, pay attention to the performance of the units. The higher it is, the faster you can produce the required volume of goods. In addition, you should decide on whether the device will be stationary or mobile. If you are making blocks at the construction site, then it is better to give preference to a mobile device.

The machine for the production of wall blocks must be multifunctional and of high quality. You should buy the presented device only at certified points where you can get a guarantee from the manufacturer.

Of course, you need to take into account your financial capabilities. If you do not have enough funds, then try to purchase equipment that has already been in use. Over time, you will be able to replace it.

Building blocks are a common material for the construction of structures for various purposes. They differ in size, constituent components, manufacturing method, but all are popular wall structural materials. Building blocks are manufactured industrially, concrete products and cinder blocks are also made in the household, which requires a do-it-yourself installation for making building blocks. According to the material of manufacture, these products are divided into the following types:

• slag concrete;
• concrete;
• aerated concrete;
• fiber-reinforced concrete;
• polystyrene concrete.

Cinder blocks as a building material

The cinder block belongs to standard concrete products, only instead of heavy gravel and crushed stone, an aggregate in the form of waste slag is used. Such a replacement gives the material lightness in comparison with concrete and additional thermal insulation properties, since slag in terms of thermal conductivity compares favorably with heavy and dense crushed stone.

The production of cinder blocks provides for the exact dosage of the components in the solution, namely:

• cement grade not lower than 400 or 500, one part of it is taken (bucket);
• quarry sand, 3 parts are mixed (buckets);
• slag, burnt-out brick, expanded clay, this material is added in the amount of 5 parts (buckets);
• water.

To obtain cinder blocks of the same quality as in the factory, use a solution of medium viscous consistency. Liquid solution will reduce the strength of the blocks, and thick will create uncontrolled voids inside when solidifying.

Concrete blocks

Building blocks made of cement, sand and crushed stone are used for the construction of wall and other structures, if increased strength is required. The ratio of the components for standard concrete is taken in a ratio of 1: 3: 6, other options for the concrete mix are described in the builder's handbooks and depend on the cement grade used, the size of the aggregate and the type of sand.

Building sawdust blocks

For the construction of residential buildings, summer cottages, cottages, they use a light and warm wall material from sawdust, sand and water. Lime acts as an astringent component in the solution. The amount of material added to the solution changes the properties of the final product. An increase in sawdust mass leads to an increase in thermal insulation properties, but contributes to a decrease in strength. With an increase in the amount of sand in the solution, an increase in strength occurs, while the frost resistance limit increases, which increases the operational properties of the material. Blocks are widely used in private housing construction as cladding for thermal insulation of structures.

The main advantages of the blocks are the availability of materials and low price, long term of use without destruction, environmental friendliness of the material, ease of production. Installation for the production of building blocks with your own hands is available in the manufacture and is popular among DIYers. Sawdust concrete is different increased time drying, therefore, several through holes are made inside the product to improve air flow.

The sizes of sawdust blocks are not strictly regulated, their width is taken as a multiple of the wall thickness. If we talk about standard sizes, then the blocks are made according to twice the thickness of the brick (140 mm - 65x2 + 10 cm). In the manufacture of sawdust stones, dry components are first mixed, then water is added, mortar mixers are used for work.

Aerated concrete building blocks

Their preparation includes a complex process of saturating a solution with gases, which is difficult to reproduce at home. Aerated concrete building blocks are distinguished by their lightness, high noise-insulating, heat-insulating properties.

Fiber-reinforced concrete products for masonry

Fiber-reinforced concrete is essentially an environmentally friendly wall material containing sand, foam and cement. High-tech building block machines spray foam into the mass of mortar, it forms uniform enclosed particles of space. To increase the strength of the blocks, manufacturers apply polyamide fiber reinforcement throughout the mass. Such wall material is very durable, does not rot, lightweight and durable.

Their fiber-reinforced concrete blocks are produced in various sizes. For load-bearing walls use 20x30x60 cm, which weighs 22 kg. To erect a wall of brick of the same size, 18 stones will be required, they will weigh 72 kg. Blocks of smaller thickness (10 cm) are used in the construction of walls inside a building, partitions, they are used to insulate floors and walls. The thermal conductivity of fiber-reinforced concrete is less than that of bricks, 2.7 times and 2 times less than that of cinder concrete and shell rock.

Large block sizes reduce the use of cement-sand mortar for masonry by 20 times compared to the construction of a wall from small-sized stones. Fiber-reinforced concrete does not burn when exposed to high temperatures does not change shape and does not emit harmful impurities when heated.

Polystyrene concrete blocks

The material belongs to the next type of lightweight concrete wall blocks. It differs from standard concrete in better performance and reduced production costs. The innovative wall material surpasses all known lightweight concretes in weight, even foam concrete is one and a half times heavier than it. Thanks to this indicator, houses are built without the usual massive foundation, and the cost of transporting material is reduced.

The production of expanded polystyrene blocks involves a careful combination of cement, sand, expanded polystyrene particles and special additives to keep air in the bulk. All other physical characteristics of the material put it one step above the usual materials. Low water absorption and vapor permeability make expanded polystyrene concrete resistant to repeated freezing and thawing, which affects the durability of the structures under construction. After erecting the walls from standard materials there is a slight shrinkage throughout the year. In the case of blocks of expanded polystyrene, such a time is not expected.

Installation for the production of building blocks with your own hands

For the manufacture of building structures apply special device operating on the principle of a vibration processor.

Such a vibrating table or vibrating table is designed independently. An installation for the production of building blocks, made by hand, significantly reduces the cost of blocks, respectively, and the walls of the house.

Preparation of the solution

The solution is prepared from sand, cement, water and aggregate, which are used as various materials as written above. To check the consistency of the solution for fluidity, a small amount is thrown onto the ground. A high-quality mixture does not spread in watery streams; when squeezed in a fist, it sticks together into a lump.

The production of cinder blocks involves a thorough cleaning of slag from foreign debris; chips, unburned parts of coal are not allowed to enter the solution. Sometimes gypsum is added to the solution. In this case, three parts of slag and one part of gypsum are mixed, at the same time water is introduced. This solution is quickly used as the gypsum hardens in minutes. The slag is preliminarily soaked with water before mixing. To improve the quality of products at the outlet, modern plasticizing additives are added to the solution. Their action increases the frost resistance, water resistance and mechanical strength of the blocks.

Depending on the purpose, two types of concrete blocks are made - solid and hollow. The first ones are used for the construction of solid structures, load-bearing walls, foundations. The second type of blocks is used as a material for partitions; it insulates well from cold and extraneous sounds.

Production of concrete blocks without vibration table

Of the two technologies, the use of a wooden mold, which is designed for natural spreading of the mortar without vibration, is in constant demand. The solution is placed in the prepared form in several stages. First, the container is poured with a solution by a third, after which the walls of the mold are carefully tapped with a hammer around the perimeter for high-quality shrinkage of the concrete solution. In the next two stages, the solution is poured according to the original technology until the form is filled. The manufacture of building blocks with voids provides for a technique when two plastic bottles with water, which, after setting, remove it.

The forms are left to dry for 2-5 days. Then the blocks are carefully removed from the collapsible structure and laid out on pallets until completely dry. with this method of production, no purchase is required.

Of the tools and devices you will need: a sieve for sifting sand, molds for mortar, a mixing trough or concrete mixer, a hammer for tapping, a bucket, a shovel, a trowel, drying trays.

Method for making blocks using a vibration machine

For this, a vibrating machine for cinder blocks is purchased or manufactured independently. A special metal shape is installed on the plane of the machine, and concrete mix with slag filler is poured into it by one third. After that, the vibration table is connected to the action for up to 20 seconds, which allows you to remove all unnecessary air bubbles from the solution, and the cement will receive good shrinkage. The solution is poured into the mold three times. The blocks are removed from the mold in the same way as in the vibration-free manufacturing method.

The cinder block does not tolerate overdrying in hot weather in the open rays of the sun, therefore, on hot days, it is sprayed with water and covered with oilcloth or cellophane so that moisture does not evaporate so actively. Formed, completely dried concrete blocks gain 100% strength on the 28th day, and after that they are ready for use in construction.

Features of the manufacture of cinder blocks

The forms are made independently, using metal or wood for this, boards in width are taken at least 190-200 mm. They are connected into a prefabricated structure, the side parts of which are detached to remove the finished block. In a common structure, no more than 6 cells are combined for placing concrete. The finished structure is installed on a dense waterproof material, for example, an oilcloth that forms the bottom of the mold.

If wood is chosen as the material for the form, then it is pre-treated with impregnations or primers to increase moisture resistance. The molds are made from dry wood. These conditions are met, otherwise, in the process of work, the tree will lead from the water, and the geometric size of the block will change. Standard sizes stones are considered 400x200x200 mm, but each private manufacturer makes blocks for their own construction.

For metal matrices, sheets with a thickness of no more than 3-4 mm are taken. When welding a structure, all welds are made from the outside so as not to round off the corners of the block. The voids inside the cinder block are made using segments metal pipes suitable diameter, for example 80 mm. The distance between the pipes and the distance from the walls are controlled, the composition is welded with strips for rigidity and fixation.

If equipment is made for the production of building blocks, then when the vibrator is attached to the table, after tightening the nuts, they are still slightly welded by welding. The motor must be covered with a protective casing made of any material against splashes of solution, water, dust.

Production technology of sawdust concrete blocks

Available materials are not pre-processed, but you can buy them at any hardware store, therefore, the manufacture of blocks from sand, lime and sawdust begins immediately after purchase. To mix the mortar, use a concrete mixer or mortar mixer, since it is difficult to manually mix wood waste.

Dry sawdust, passed through a coarse sieve, is mixed with sand and cement. Lime or prepared clay dough is added to the solution. The resulting mixture is well mixed and only after that water is added, gradually pouring it in in small portions. To determine the readiness of the solution, it is squeezed in the hand, after which fingerprints should remain on the lump, which indicates the correct proportions.

Before filling the molds with a solution, they are lined with a thin layer of sawdust. Internal holes in the blocks are made using wooden plugs of about 70-80 mm in size, which are installed in the matrix before pouring the solution. The material of the building blocks is tightly packed into the mold using a special rammer. The container is filled to the top and left to dry for three days. After the end of this period, the solution gains about 40% of the required strength.

The molds are disassembled, and the blocks are dried for another four days, after which the strength becomes 70% of the prescribed limit. Finished goods transferred to pallets and protected from direct sunlight. Drying of blocks is faster if you leave gaps between products during storage. It is advisable to place the pallets in a draft or use a fan for forced blowing.

Sawdust concrete blocks gain 100% strength after drying for 3 months, but they can be used after a month of airing. At this time, their strength is 90%.

Machine tools and equipment

To make the number of blocks required for construction, a ready-made vibro-forming machine is purchased. The TL-105 brand is distinguished by good performance. And although its power is only 0.55 kW, it produces about 150 concrete blocks with different aggregates per hour. Its approximate cost on the market is approximately 42,800 rubles. Modern manufacturers machine tool equipment produce many types of machines for the production of blocks with additional functions... The prices for the machines are different, and the cost of building blocks directly depends on this.

For small private construction, the vibrating machine 1IKS is suitable, it costs about 17,000 rubles, the power is only 0.15 kW, it produces such equipment 30 blocks per hour. When buying a machine, take into account the level of production of blocks for the needs of construction.

In conclusion, it should be noted that making building blocks with your own hands will greatly save money on the production of products. The cost price does not include wages that is paid to the employee. Overhead and production costs, taxes and other deductions are not added to the cost of the block, therefore, to make the building material cheaper at home.