Often, when building a house or non-residential premises, problems arise with the installation of floor structures, the construction of a foundation for the roof, and flooring. It is in these areas of construction and repair work that one simply cannot do without a cranial block. It is indispensable and absolutely universal building material who found wide application exactly on domestic market.

This is due to its affordable cost and widespread availability. And it is very easy to attach it; even an unqualified specialist can handle such work. Your name this type the material has due to its similarity to the skull. After all, the block is the support on which all materials are laid; it gives the structure incredibly high strength and does not dry out.

How is cranial block used in construction and repair?

The skull block is a long wooden guide that is nailed with ordinary nails to the side surface of the floor beam and thus acts as a basis for laying other materials. The block is usually nailed only one at a time inner surface, but it can also be attached to both internal parties, in case enhanced structural strength is required. The base of the roof is also assembled from the bars, which is then covered with tiles.

What materials is the block made of?

Most often, the cranial block is made from coniferous wood, most often pine trees. Skull block made of pine is the most affordable in cost and has excellent performance characteristics. It is produced in size 40x50. This practical cranial block is very easy to nail along the bottom edge of the beam and lay the necessary rolling material on top. Boards are usually laid on top, less often - metal guides.

If one of the bars, for subjective reasons, becomes unusable, it is simply replaced with a similar one and there is no need to disassemble the entire structure; only the section of the knurled material that was on top of the bar is removed. All products are standardized and interchangeable.

Floors with panel roll. The floor with a panel roll-up consists of beams with cranial bars on which the roll-up panels are laid. The panels are manufactured in a factory and delivered to the construction site in finished form with shingles nailed to the bottom surface, which are then used for plastering. The upper surface of the shield is coated with clay and covered with sand or sifted slag.

In interfloor ceilings, the backfill serves as sound insulation, in attic floors - as thermal insulation.

Panels for floors must be manufactured in accordance with the standard - GOST 1005-49.

Panels with partial support are manufactured in the same way as panels with continuous support. The only difference is that instead of a continuous row of transverse slabs, transverse strips are nailed, with which the shield rests on the cranial bars.

The advantage of this design is that for the manufacture of panels it is possible to use waste wood available at sawmills. The wood of each layer of the shield must be thoroughly antiseptic before assembly. The assembly of panels for rolling up floors is carried out on special workbenches. There are many various designs workbenches for assembling these parts, from which we point to Erokhin’s workbench for assembling rolling boards and partitions and Glushchenko and Gergelevich’s workbench for assembling rolling boards.

Both of the above workbenches have general principle device, consisting in the fact that the workbenches have a number of bars, both removable and permanent, that serve as stops, pads and limiters. These bars are installed once for each part, thereby serving as a template. The workbenches have drawers for tools, nails, etc.

To bend the nails itself, sheet steel is laid on the workbench table. For the same purpose, nails should be placed slightly inclined when driving.

Ceilings with gypsum roll. A more modern design for flooring on wooden beams is a floor with a roll of gypsum blocks.

This overlap consists of wooden beams, on which a roll of hollow gypsum blocks 102 mm thick is laid.

This roll has sufficient sound insulation, so it is used in interfloor ceilings without backfill. In attic floors, insulation made of mineral wool or other lightweight insulation materials is laid over gypsum blocks.

Rolling blocks do not require plaster, their lower surface is only rubbed down; The thickness of the grout layer is 5 mm. Rolling blocks are placed 1-1.5 cm below the bottom plane of the beams so that the beams can be plastered.

A vapor barrier is required along the top of the gypsum bead, for which the bead is lubricated with bitumen.

Gypsum rolling blocks are produced mechanized in special factories.

Overlapping with roll and filing. The oldest type of flooring, which has already become obsolete, but is still used on some construction sites, is the flooring on wooden beams with separate rolling and hemming.

A 4-5 cm thick plank is laid between the beams along the cranial bars; the top is coated with clay and covered with sand or slag. Boards 19-25 mm thick are hemmed underneath the beams, and shingles are nailed to the hem. To avoid warping of the boards and resulting cracking of the plaster, the boards must be split and pegs driven into the crevices.

The disadvantage of this design is the high labor intensity of its manufacture, which significantly slows down the pace of construction, since all processes (filing, splitting, nailing shingles, etc.) are carried out at the construction site. In addition, the air gap between the heel and the hem increases the combustibility of the ceiling.

If long boards are used for lining ceilings, the method of lining ceilings proposed by the innovator Sychev should be used.

The length of the clamp is made in such a way that there is a gap of at least 12-15 cm wide between the top of the suspended beam and the bottom of the beam.

The specified clearance is necessary for the convenience of laying the ends of suspended boards when filing ceilings.

For beams 20-25 cm high, the clamp is made 45-50 cm high.

Hemming of ceilings using Sychev’s device is carried out in compliance with the following rules.

Sometimes (usually wooden buildings) the ceilings are not plastered; in this case, a so-called clean sheet of planed boards is installed. The hemming can be arranged in a run, in a quarter, in a tongue and groove, etc.

The structure of floors and the materials used for their construction fully depend on the design of the building. In buildings with frame or frame-panel construction, the floors are made of wood, since the frame of the house is not designed to withstand heavier loads. Here we can say with confidence that the ceiling is also a fence, with the only difference being that it is located in a horizontal plane. Despite this, the procedure for installing ceilings is somewhat different from wall structures.

Load-bearing frame base wooden floor are ceiling beams, which are included in the scheme power frame buildings. They take the load of their own weight, filling, as well as operational loads, transferring them to the purlins or pillars (Fig. 108).

Rice. 108. :
A - attic floor with a “black” ceiling; B - attic with a suspended plank ceiling and walk-through flooring; B - interfloor ceiling without sound insulation; G - floor with increased sound insulation; D - basement floor with plank lining;
1 - layer of thermal insulation; 2 - vapor barrier layer; 3 - “black” ceiling; 4 - filing; 5 - running flooring; 6 - floor; 7 - beam; 8 - dry backfill; 9 - litter; 10 - elastic lining; 11 - cranial block

Rice. 109. Formation of an I-beam (A) and a hollow box-shaped structure (B) from boards

Rice. 110. :
1 - beams; 2 - run; 3 - bolt; 4 - spike; 5 - stripes; 6 - pillar; 7 - pillow

For the installation of floors, beams are selected whose load-bearing capacity meets the requirements. Beams are made of round timber, processed into four edges, timber or boards 60-80 mm thick, installed on an edge. It is allowed to use paired boards 50 mm thick, which are “stitched” together with nails or metal staples. It’s even better if you form an I-beam or box-shaped structure from the boards (Fig. 109). For large spans, the middle part of the beams is supported by interior walls or on intermediate posts (Fig. 110). In any case, it's your choice load-bearing beams The magnitude of the loads leaves its mark. The permissible sections of beams for interfloor and attic floors depending on the span with a load of 400 kg per 1 m2 are given in Table 19.

Table 19. Permissible sections of beams for interfloor and attic floors depending on the span with a load of 400 kg per 1 m2
Span width, m	Distance between beams, m	Log diameter, cm	Section of bars, cm
2	1	13	12*8
	0,6	11	10*7
2,5	1	15	14*10
	0,6	13	12*8
3	1	17	16*11
	0,6	14	14*9
4	1	21	20*12
	0,6	17	16*12
4,5	1	22	22*14
	0,6	19	18*12
5	1	24	22*16
	0,6	20	18*14
5,5	1	25	24*16
	0,6	21	20*14
6	1	27	25*18
	0,6	23	22*14
6,5	1	29	25*20
	0,6	25	32*15
7	1	31	27*20
	0,6	27	26*15

The loads on the floors consist of their own mass and temporary loads that arise during the operation of the house. The own weight of interfloor wooden floors depends on the design of the floor, the insulation used and is usually 220-230 kg/m2, attic - depending on the weight of the insulation is 250-300 kg/m2. Temporary loads on the attic floor are taken as 100 kg/m2, on the interfloor - 200 kg/m2. In order to determine the total load that falls on one square meter ceilings during the operation of the house, add up the temporary and dead loads, and their sum is the required value. Depending on the load-bearing capacity of the beams, the length of their span and the magnitude of the operational loads, the distance between the beams is chosen, which usually lies in the range of 0.5-1 m.

Rice. 111. :
1 - plasterboard sheets; 2 - floor panel made of tongue-and-groove boards; 3 - waterproofing layer; 4 - sound insulation layer; 5 - beam; 6 - lag; 7 - floor boards; 8 - cranial bars beams

Sheet flooring is used for non-residential premises, since the noise-absorbing and heat-insulating properties of such flooring are quite low. The essence of the ceiling is that a flooring of boards is sewn between the load-bearing beams, which serves as the floor of the attic. Sheet ceilings are most often used in country houses attic type, which are used seasonally, and there are no high requirements for the thermal insulation properties of the ceiling. The essence of the ceiling is that a flooring of tongue-and-groove boards is attached to both sides of the beams. The noise-absorbing layer is laid directly on the bottom boards (Fig. 111). The lower flooring serves as the ceiling of the lower floor, and the upper floor serves as the floor of the attic. In cases where the lower flooring, which serves as the ceiling of the first floor, is planned to be plastered, the boards should be taken non-grooved and a gap should be left between them. To prevent cracks from forming in the flooring boards when the plaster dries and causing them to warp, splits are made along the entire length into which wooden wedges are driven. False ceilings are plastered using shingles.

Rice. 112. :
A - with insulation: 1 - beams; 2 - cranial bars; 3 - subfloor; 4 - glassine; 5 - insulation; 6 - glassine; 7 - floor boards;
B - roll on cranial bars with sound insulation: 1 - beams; 2 - cranial bars; 3 - ceiling lining; 4 - roll-up shields; 5 - soundproofing; 6 - glassine; 7 - floor boards;
B - roll on beams without cranial bars: 1 - beams; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - glassine; 4 - insulation; 5 - rough floor; 6 - finishing floor

Rice. 113. :
A - from scraps; B - from bars; B - reinforced with metal brackets; G - using longitudinal samples

Backfill on the bottom deck boards can pull the boards away from the joists, so its weight is limited. When installing such ceilings, you can only use backfill with a low volumetric weight (sawdust, husks, etc.). Floors with a rolling device are built for residential buildings when the requirements for the insulating properties of the enclosing structure are increased. This type of flooring more fully meets soundproofing and heat-saving requirements. To do this, a ramp is installed along the load-bearing beams (Fig. 112), which serves to absorb the load from the insulating layer and to transfer it to the beam. Rolls can be in the form of shields assembled from longitudinal or transverse boards. The shields rest on holes (cranial bars) nailed to the side edges of the beams (Fig. 113). Installation of the floor begins with the installation of load-bearing beams. Wooden beams are laid, as a rule, along a short section of the span, as parallel to each other as possible and with the same distance between them. In this case, the distance between the beams must correspond to the distance between the load-bearing posts of the load-bearing frame of the walls. The beams are laid using the “lighthouse” method - first the outer beams are installed, and then the intermediate ones. The correct position of the outer beams is verified with a level or spirit level, and the correctness of the intermediate beams is checked with a lath and a template. Beams should not have any defects that affect their strength characteristics ( large number knots, cross-layered, twisted, etc.). Beams are subject to mandatory attestation and fire impregnation.

Rice. 114. :
1 - plinth; 2 - beam (60x180 mm); 3 - tongue and groove floorboards (40 mm); 4 - filling with expanded clay; 5 - layer of roofing felt or roofing felt; 6 - roll from boards (25 mm); 7 - cranial block (50x50 mm); 8 - tarred board (200x50 mm); 9 - drain board (200x50 mm); 10 - waterproofing (2 layers of roofing felt on hot bitumen mastic); 11 - tarred board 100x40 mm; 12 - flooring made of boards 30 mm thick; 13 - filing made of boards (25 mm); 14 - tongue and groove boards (30 mm); 15 - logs 80x40 mm every 400 mm; 16 - gasket 25 mm thick every 500 mm; 17 - layer of cement-sand mortar 20-50 mm thick; 18 - boardwalk (40 mm)

The floor beams are cut into the bars of the upper frame of the wall frame above the load-bearing posts of the frame (Fig. 114). The ends of the beams extend beyond the walls to form a cornice overhang, which will protect the walls from precipitation. Skull bars are nailed to the sides of the beams, leveling them bottom part in the same plane as the beams. To do this, they usually take bars with a cross section of 40x40 or 40x50 mm from coniferous wood. The fastening of the cranial bars must be reliable in order to withstand the weight of the insulating backfill. Instead of cranial bars, you can nail down angle steel, on one of the shelves of which roll shields are installed. As a reel, you can use single-layer panels made of bakelized plywood, boards, slabs, fiberboard, gypsum slag and other sheet materials that can withstand the weight of the backfill, etc. The knurling plates fit tightly to one another. Most often, a quarter is chosen at the ends of the underlying boards so that their lower surface is in the same plane as the surface of the beam. When constructing the ramp and flooring, it should be remembered that the more wooden elements present in the ceiling, the greater the likelihood of their vibration under load increases, which becomes an additional source of noise. To reduce this probability, it is advisable to connect all the elements of the roll and flooring into a tongue and groove.

A layer of roofing felt or glassine is laid along the roll, on which thermal insulation material is laid: mineral wool, granulated slag, perlite, expanded clay or another type of insulation, the properties of which we have already considered. When insulating the attic floor, porous bulk materials (slag, expanded clay, etc.) are treated on top with a liquid sand-lime mortar to form a crust. The crust will serve protective layer from dust. The type of insulation and its thickness are determined depending on the calculated outside temperature air, using table 20 for this.

Table 20. Backfill thickness attic floor depending on outside temperature
Material	Volumetric weight, kg/m3	Backfill thickness (mm) at outside temperature, °C
		-15	-20	-25
Wood sawdust	250	50	50	60
Wood shavings	300	60	70	80
Agloporite	800	100	120	140
Boiler slag	1000	130	160	190

The ceiling is hemmed with boards, sheet materials(fibreboard, chipboard, plasterboard) or one of the types decorative panels entering the modern retail chain. Lining with plasterboard sheets increases the fire resistance of the structure. It is better to make the top flooring double. First, 20 mm thick boards are laid, cardboard is laid on them, and only after that the floor of the second floor is laid. In attics that are not intended to be used, the top flooring may not be installed. Instead, boards are installed in the places where the emergency passage is supposed to pass. This type of flooring is called walk-through boards.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTK)

CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS FROM WOODEN BEAMS WITH SHIELD ROLLS

I. AREA OF APPLICATION OF THE CARD

The technological map has been developed for the installation of an interfloor floor consisting of wooden beams with a panel roll with an area of ​​30 m in a wooden two-story building.

Rice. 1. Details of the interfloor ceiling with a panel roll

a - node for supporting the beam on the wall; b - cross section of the ceiling;

1 - plinth; 2 - floor; 3 - lags; 4 - beam; 5 - backfill or mineral wool; 6 - clay lubricant or roofing felt layer; 7 - shield roll; 8 - cranial block; 9 - block for fixing the beam; 10 - insulation.

The map provides for the work to be carried out using a light mobile crane MBTK-2.

Rice. 2. Floor installation

1 - tubular valve MBTK-2; 2 - beam with cranial bars; 3 - mounting tables; 4 - installation of beams on the first plot

When linking the map to specific repair conditions, the scope of work, mechanization scheme, calculation of labor costs, process schedule and technical and economic indicators are clarified.

II. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Labor intensity for the entire scope of work:

standard 8.1 person-days

accepted 7.3 people-days

Labor intensity per 100 m of flooring:

standard 27.1 person-days

accepted 24.4 people-days

Average output per worker per shift:

standard 3.7 m floor

accepted 4.1 m floor

III. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

1. Before starting work on the floor installation, the following must be completed:

a) dismantling the roof over the area where the floors are being replaced;

b) dismantling old floors (preserving the old beams one at a time);

c) replacement of rotten wall crowns;

d) dismantling or hanging partitions.

Rice. 3. Wooden beams with cranial bars for floors

a - general view;

b, c - cross sections of beams of type BD and BO (dimensions in mm);

1 - fastening the bars to the beam

3. The overlap is installed in the following order:

a) install scaffolding from inventory elements on the floor of the first floor;

b) cut using motorized or electric chain saw rotted sections of the crowns near the beam supports and seal the holes from the removed beams;

c) according to preliminary markings, rectangular sockets are cut out and sawed out in the outer wall to support new beams; Through nests are cut out in the middle wall.

In some cases, in the absence of a middle wall, through nests are cut out in one of the outer walls. The width of the through socket should be 5 cm greater than the corresponding cross-sectional size of the beams;

d) before laying, the ends of the beams, except for the ends, are coated with resin and wrapped in antiseptic felt;

e) the beams are brought to the place of decline using a crane, one end is brought into the through socket, the other end is lowered and pushed into the socket in opposite wall; in a through socket, the beam is firmly secured by: driving in wedges; The horizontal laying of beams is checked with a level; The gaps between the end of the beam and the walls of the nest are tightly filled with tow. The beams are supported when going around chimneys using crossbars and metal pockets suspended from the beams.

Rice. 4. Supporting beams on crossbars

f) as new beams are laid, remove the beams left temporarily to ensure the rigidity of the building, replacing them with new ones;

g) laying of roll-up panels is carried out following the laying of beams from a temporary flooring made of boards laid over the beams;

h) after laying the bevel, lay a layer of roofing felt and fill the floor with calcined sand (slag, expanded clay). Bulk materials are filled using containers with a capacity of 0.5 m with an opening bottom;

i) bulk materials delivered to the newly constructed wooden floor must be carefully leveled in a layer of thickness in accordance with the design solution

4. When carrying out work, the following must be observed safety rules:

a) access to the premises where work is being carried out must be closed;

b) ceilings should not have unprotected openings;

c) it is prohibited to overload the floors construction waste, materials from disassembly;

d) it is prohibited to work on the roll-up, as well as stack materials on the roll-up;

e) it is prohibited to stand on the ceiling lining after removing the bead.

5. Requirements for the quality of work

a) the work performed must comply with the project and not have deviations exceeding the following values:

in cross sections of beams ±10 mm

in distances between beams ±10 mm

at the bottom faces of the beams:

per 1 m length 2 mm

10 mm for the entire room

b) the manufacturer’s passports must be presented to the acceptance commission for laid factory-made structures.

IV. ORGANIZATION OF WORKERS' LABOR

1. Composition of workers (3 people):

installers (carpenters):

5 digits - 1 2 digits - 1

3 digits - 1

2. Distribution of work between performers:

a carpenter of the 5th category marks the places for laying new beams, prepares beams and rolling panels for laying in the ceiling, participates in laying beams and rolling panels, lays the insulating layer;

a carpenter of the 6th category cuts out holes and nests in the walls for laying beams (if old ones are not used), participates in laying beams and rolling panels;

A 2nd category carpenter seals holes from disassembled beams, participates in laying panels, arranges clay lubrication or spreads roofing felt, and pours insulation.

The work organization diagram is shown in Fig. 5.

Rice. 5. Work organization scheme

1 - tubular valve MBTK-2; 2 - roll-up shields; 3 - beams; 4 - wooden beds for crane movement; 5 - insulation;

b - clay solution;

I-IV - successive stages of installation

V. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

Table 1

		Name	Unit of measure
	Materials, semi-finished products, building parts and structures
		Beams are made of third grade timber, beam length 4.5 m.
		Tar paper nails
		Roll-up shields ready
		Nails 90 mm
	Machinery, equipment, power tools, inventory and fixtures
		Light mobile crane MBTK-2
		Chainsaw "Friendship"
		Claw Hammers
		Shovels
		Containers with a capacity of 40 - 50 l

VI. Schedule of work for the installation of floors made of wooden beams with a panel roll over an area of ​​30 m

Table 2

Name of work

Profession, and quantity

Hourly work schedule

Installation of inventory scaffolds

Laying wooden beams

Carpenters: 5th category - 1 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 1

Laying panel flooring

Backfilling with sifted slag

Dismantling the scaffolding

Total as per norm

Accepted taking into account exceeding production standards by 16%

VII. Calculation of labor costs for the installation of floors made of wooden beams with a panel roll

Table 3

	Base to accepted ENR standards	Scope of work			per unit measurements,	Profession, and quantity	Price per unit measurements, rub. - kop.	scope of work,	Price labor costs scope of work,
		Laying wooden beams on chopped walls25,500,125	Carpenters: 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 1
		Backfilling with sifted slag and applying lubricant
		Sealing holes from disassembled beams				Carpenters: 5th category - 1 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 2
		Moving timber on site to a given distance of 50 m		Moving slag, roofing felt, resin on the site over a given distance of 50 m				1st category - 1

Wooden floors in most cases consist of load-bearing beams, floor, inter-beam filling and finishing layer of the ceiling. Sound or heat insulation is provided by the flooring, which is called coasting. Beams most often represent wooden beamsrectangular section. For roll-ups it is advisable to use wooden boards. To save wood boardwalks can be replaced coasting from ribbed or hollow gypsum or lightweight concrete blocks. Such elements are somewhat heavier wooden rolls, but they are non-flammable and do not rot.
To ensure better sound insulation from airborne sound transfer along the roll, a clay-sand lubricant 20-30 mm thick is made, on top of which slag or dry calcined sand 6-8 cm thick is poured. porous material absorbs part of the sound waves. IN wooden floor structure includes flooring made of planed tongue-and-groove boards, nailed to the joists, plates or boards, which are laid across the beams at intervals of 500-700 mm.

Load-bearing elements beam floors are wooden beams rectangular section with a height of 140-240 mm and a thickness of 50-160 mm, laid at intervals of 0.6; 0.8; 1 m. Section of wooden floor beams depends on the load, filing ( roll forward) with backfill, and a plank floor laid over the joists as directly over the joists. As a material for making wooden floor beams apply conifers wood, cleared of bark and antiseptic in mandatory. Most often, the ends of the beams are inserted into sockets specially left for this purpose in brick walls ah directly during the masonry process, or are cut into the upper crown of log, cobblestone and frame-panel walls. The length of the supporting ends of the beam must be at least 15 cm. Laying beams leads in a “beacon” way - first the outer beams are installed, and then the intermediate ones. The correct position of the outer beams is checked with a level or spirit level, and the intermediate beams with a lath and a template. The beams are leveled by placing tarred scraps of boards of different thicknesses under their ends. It is not recommended to place wood chips or trim the ends of beams. Wooden floor beams are laid as a rule, along a short section of the span, parallel to each other as much as possible and with the same distance between them. The ends of the beams resting on the outer walls are cut obliquely at an angle of 60 degrees, antiseptic, burned or wrapped in two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt. At sealing wooden beams In the nests of brick walls, we recommend treating the ends of the beams with bitumen and drying them to reduce the likelihood of rotting from moisture. The ends of the beams must be left open. Spatial niches at sealing wooden floor beams fill around the beam with effective insulation (mineral wool, polystyrene foam). When the thickness of brick walls is up to 2 bricks, the gaps between the ends of the beams and the brick wall are filled cement mortar. You can also, as an option, insulate the ends of the beams with wooden boxes, having previously tarred them. In thick walls (2.5 bricks or more), the ends of the beams are not covered, leaving ventilation holes. This protects the ends of the beams from moisture condensation.

When supporting beams on internal walls, two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt are placed under their ends.
Every third beam embedded in the outer wall is secured with an anchor. Anchors are attached to the beams from the sides or bottom and embedded in brickwork.
If there is no timber of a suitable cross-section, you can use boards knocked together and placed on edge, and the total cross-section, compared to the whole beam, should not decrease.
To enhance load-bearing capacity of the floor can be used cross diagram of installation of power beams. When using this scheme, the ceiling rests on all the walls of the building along the contour. The intersection nodes of the beams are tightened with clamps or twisted wires. Cross floor scheme used extremely rarely, since it is much easier to reduce the pitch of the load-bearing beams and make an ordinary ceiling, but making cross slabs less amount of lumber is consumed than traditional ones, with the same load-bearing capacity of floors.
Structural differences in floors are observed when they are insulated. Interfloor overlap are not insulated, the attic (with a cold attic) is insulated with the installation of a lower vapor barrier layer, and the basement is insulated with the installation of an upper vapor barrier layer.

The next step in the construction of floors is reel flooring. To attach it to the beams, nail cranial bars with a cross section of 5 x 5 cm, directly on which they are laid reel boards. Plates roll forward fit tightly to each other, removing all the gaps between the individual boards. Strive to ensure that the bottom surface roll forward was in the same plane as floor beams. For this it is necessary to boards select a quarter (rebate). For run-on structures It is not necessary to use full-fledged boards; they can be replaced with a slab. A lining of boards 20-25 mm thick is secured with nails driven in at an angle. They consider it economical covering, consisting of wooden shields with one-sided and double-sided cladding, which absorbs vertical loads together with the shield frame. The sheathing can perform a load-bearing function only if it is firmly connected to the edges of the board frame boards. The ribs and sheathing firmly connected to each other have a high load-bearing capacity. Chipboard and construction plywood are used as cladding. However, even under regulatory load overlap sags, which can be felt even when walking on it. To avoid these unpleasant sensations floor deflection should be no more than 1/300. This means that with a span width of 6 m, overlap may bend under regulatory load(even if it occurs only in exceptional cases) by no more than 2 cm.
Overlap, naturally, can bear a load no more than that allowed by loaded walls, lintels and supports. Overlap gives the building additional rigidity. Wind loads acting on the building through the roof, gables and external walls, through overlap transmitted to the entire building structure. To compensate for these loads, the upper skin is strengthened floors. When laying individual floor beams Sheathing slabs (usually made of chipboard) are placed with mutually offset seams and attached to the beams. When using ready-made elements floors, which is common in the construction of prefabricated houses, they are firmly connected to each other, and at the edges - to the load-bearing support (walls, partitions). If the size of the building on any of the facades exceeds 12.5 m, additional load-bearing partitions are required to give it the required rigidity. These walls must again be connected to overlap. Unlike thermal insulation interfloor covering, which is of secondary importance, it soundproofing pay special attention. Structures with good strength, unfortunately, do not always meet the requirements for noise protection. In special protection from climate influences wooden structures outer wall, flat roof, there is no need to cover the attic (technical) floor or attic with sloping walls if the roof is in good working order. Wood protection interfloor covering important only in “wet” rooms (as a rule, in the shower area, bathrooms, laundries and baths). In the ventilation overlap does not need it at all, and therefore should not be taken into account.