Building materials and their fire hazard properties. Parts of buildings and structures and their fire resistance

In order to protect the life, health, property of citizens and legal entities, state and municipal property, legislation Russian Federation stipulates requirements for different types products.

Such requirements are contained in technical regulations.

Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ " Technical regulations about the requirements fire safety»(Hereinafter referred to as the Technical Regulations) established requirements for building materials.

Article 13 of the Technical Regulations establishes the classification building materials on fire hazard.

This classification is based on the properties of materials to form dangerous factors fire.

The fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following properties:

1) flammability;

2) flammability;

3) the ability to spread the flame over the surface;

4) smoke generating ability;

5) toxicity of combustion products.

By combustibility, building materials are divided into combustible (G) and non-combustible (NG).

Building materials are non-combustible with the following values of flammability parameters determined experimentally: temperature increase - no more than 50 ° C, sample weight loss - no more than 50%, duration of stable flame combustion - no more than 10 seconds. Building materials that do not meet at least one of the specified values parameters refer to fuel.

Combustible building materials are classified into the following groups:

Low-combustible (G1), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 135 ºС, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 65%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 20%, the duration of self-combustion is 0 seconds;

Moderately flammable (G2), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 235 ºС, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50%, the duration of self-combustion is not more than 30 seconds;

Normally combustible (G3), having a flue gas temperature of not more than 450 C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50%, the duration of self-combustion is not more than 300 seconds;

Highly flammable (G4), having a flue gas temperature of more than 450 ºС, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is more than 50%, the duration of self-combustion is more than 300 seconds.

At the same time, for materials belonging to flammability groups G1 - G3, the formation of burning melt drops during testing is not allowed (for materials belonging to flammability groups G1 and G2, the formation of melt drops is not allowed). For non-combustible building materials, other indicators of fire hazard are not defined or standardized.

7. In terms of flammability, combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface density heat flow are subdivided into the following groups:

Hardly flammable (B1), having a critical surface heat flux density of more than 35 kW / m 2;

Moderately flammable (B2), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 20, but not more than 35 kW / m 2;

Flammable (B3), having a critical surface heat flux density of less than 20 kW / m 2.

8. According to the speed of flame propagation over the surface, combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface density of the heat flux, are divided into the following groups:

Non-propagating (RP1), having a critical surface heat flux density of more than 11 kW / m 2;

Weakly spreading (RP2), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 8, but not more than 11 kW / m 2;

Moderately spreading (RP3), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 5, but not more than 8 kW / m 2;

Strongly spreading (RP4), having a critical surface heat flux density of less than 5 kW / m 2.

9. According to their smoke-generating ability, combustible building materials, depending on the value of the smoke production coefficient, are divided into the following groups:

With a low smoke-generating ability (D1), having a smoke production coefficient of less than 50 m 2 / kg;

With a moderate smoke-generating ability (D2), having a smoke production coefficient of at least 50, but not more than 500 m 2 / kg;

With a high smoke-generating ability (D3), having a smoke production coefficient of more than 500 m 2 / kg.

10. According to the toxicity of combustion products, combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Low hazard (T1);

Moderately hazardous (T2);

Highly hazardous (T3);

Extremely hazardous (T4).

The purpose of determining the groups of fire hazard of materials is to assess the possibility of their application in specific buildings and structures.

Based on the fire hazard groups of materials, fire hazard classes are determined in accordance with Part 11 of Article 3 and Appendix 3 of the Technical Regulations.

Fire hazard classes of building materials

Fire hazard properties of building materials	Fire hazard class of building materials depending on the groups
Fire hazard properties of building materials	KM0	KM1	KM2	KM3	KM4	KM5
Flammability	NG	D1	D1	G2	G3	G4
Flammability		IN 1	IN 2	IN 2	IN 2	AT 3
Smoke-generating ability		D 2	D 2	D3	D3	D3
Toxicity		T2	T2	T2	T3	T4
Flame spread		RP1	RP1	RP2	RP2	RP4

And in turn, on the basis of hazard classes, the scope of application of decorative and finishing materials, facing materials and floor coverings on escape routes and in halls in buildings of various types is determined. functional purpose, number of storeys and capacity, in accordance with part 6 of article 134 and annexes 28, 29 of the Technical Regulations.

Scope of decorative and finishing, facing

materials and floor coverings on escape routes

	Number of storeys and building heights	Fire hazard class of material, not more than specified
		for walls and ceilings		for covering floors
			Common corridors, halls, foyers	Lobbies, stairwells, elevator halls	Common corridors, halls, foyers
H1.2; H1.3; F2.3; F2.4; Form 3.1; Ф3.2; Ф3.6; F4.2; Ф4.3; F4.4; Form 5.1; Form 5.2; Form 5.3	no more than 9 floors or no more than 28 meters	KM2	KM3	KM3	KM4
	more than 9, but not more than 17 floors or more than 28, but not more than 50 meters	KM1	KM2	KM2	KM3
	more than 17 floors or more than 50 meters	KM0	KM1	KM1	KM2
	regardless of number of storeys and height	KM0	KM1	KM1	KM2

Scope of application of decorative and finishing, facing materials and floor coverings in halls, with the exception of floor coverings of sports arenas of sports facilities and floors of dance halls

Class (subclass) of functional fire hazard of a building	The capacity of the halls, people	Material class, not more than specified
Class (subclass) of functional fire hazard of a building	The capacity of the halls, people	for walls and ceilings	for floor coverings
H1.2; F2.3; F2.4; Form 3.1; Ф3.2; Ф3.6; F4.2; Ф4.3; F4.4; Form 5.1	over 800	KM0	KM2
	more than 300, but not more than 800	KM1	KM2
	more than 50, but not more than 300	KM2	KM3
	no more than 50	KM3	KM4
H1.1; F2.1; F2.2; Ф3.3; Ф3.4; Ф3.5; Form 4.1	more than 300	KM0	KM2
	more than 15, but not more than 300	KM1	KM2
	no more than 15	KM3	KM4

To determine the fire hazard groups of building materials, tests are carried out according to the methods contained in the national standards included in the List approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 10, 2009 No. 304-r:

Tests for incombustibility are carried out in accordance with GOST 30244-94. Building materials. Flammability test methods (MethodI);

Tests to determine flammability groups are carried out in accordance with GOST 30244-94. Building materials. Flammability test methods (MethodII);

Tests to determine flammability groups are carried out in accordance with GOST 30402-96 Building materials. Flammability test method;

Tests to determine the groups of flame propagation over the surface are carried out in accordance with GOST R 51032-97 Building materials. Flame Propagation Test Method;

Tests to determine groups of smoke-generating ability are carried out in accordance with GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) Interstate standard. Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods of their determination (paragraph 4.18);

Tests to determine the toxicity groups of combustion products are carried out in accordance with GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) Interstate standard. Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination (paragraph 4.20).

The State Budgetary Institution "Center for Expertise, Research and Testing in Construction" includes a Fire Testing Laboratory and a Fire Control Department. At the same time, the Fire Control Department is entrusted with the functions of an inspection body for the selection of samples and assessment of test results. The fire testing laboratory performs the functions of testing product samples, while the test results are sent by means of sample encryption to the Fire Control Department for assessment and assignment of specific fire hazard groups.

The fire testing laboratory of the State Budgetary Institution "Center for Expertise, Research and Testing in Construction" conducts daily tests of building materials.

For 9 months of 2017, 285 tests were carried out, based on the results of which protocols were drawn up containing indicators of materials used directly at new construction sites in Moscow.

The main types of products tested are: facing slabs of facade systems (121 tests), paints (28 tests), insulation (74 tests), linoleums (15 tests), other types of products (59 tests) [varnish, floor coverings, vapor barrier, wallpaper].

It should be noted that a significant number of tests reveal the inconsistency of the materials used with the requirements for them.

So 73% of tested fiber cement boards for facades are not non-flammable (NG). At the same time, 100% of fiber cement slabs tested for flammability correspond to flammability group G1.

Also, many linoleum samples do not pass tests for the declared flammability groups (B). 83% of linoleum samples correspond to the flammability group B3, while products with higher rates (B1 or B2) should be used.

The paints used at construction sites also often do not correspond to the declared indicators. 100% of the tested paints do not correspond to the non-combustibility index (NG). In terms of flammability (G) - 85% of the tested paint samples correspond to the G1 flammability group and 15% - to the G2 group. In terms of flammability (B), 22% of the tested paint samples do not correspond to the declared values. 78% of them correspond to B1 group, the rest to B2 and B3 groups.

100% tested samples mineral wool insulation correspond to the indicator of incombustibility (NG).

Based on the laboratory protocols, the inspection body of the State Budgetary Institution "CEIIS" issues conclusions containing fire hazard groups of materials, as well as conclusions on the compliance or non-compliance of the materials used with the requirements of design and regulatory documentation.

Tests to determine the indicators of fire hazard of building materials used directly on construction sites is necessary entrance control aimed at preventing fires and reducing damage from fires at new construction sites.

Literature:

1. Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation".

2. Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements".

3. GOST 30244-94. Building materials. Flammability test methods.

4. GOST 30402-96 Building materials. Flammability test method.

5. GOST R 51032-97 Building materials. Flame propagation test method.

6. GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) Interstate standard. Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination.

The text of the article was:

Leading engineer, LOI GBU "TSEIIS" S.V. Rusyaev

Checked:

Head of LOI GBU "CEIIS" N.V. Afanasiev

The most important quality of the material used in construction is its flammability. Flammability is the property of a material to withstand the effects of flame. Therefore, five groups of flammability are legally defined. Four groups of combustible materials and one non-combustible. V Federal law No. 123 they are defined by abbreviations: Г1, Г2, Г3, Г4 and НГ. Where NG stands for non-flammable.

The main indicator in determining the flammability group of a particular material is the burning time. The longer the material can withstand, the lower the flammability group. Burn time is not the only indicator. Also, during fire tests, the interaction of the material with the flame will be evaluated, whether it will support combustion and to what extent.

The flammability group is inextricably linked with other parameters of the material's fire resistance, such as flammability, release of toxic substances and others. All together, the indicators of fire resistance make it possible to judge the class of flammability. That is, the flammability group is one of the indicators of the flammability class assignment, it precedes it. Let's take a closer look at the elements of assessing the fire resistance of a material.

All substances in nature are subdivided into. Let's list them:

Non-flammable. These are substances that by themselves cannot burn in air. But even they can, when interacting with other media, be sources of the formation of combustible products. For example, interacting with oxygen in the air, with each other or with water.
Hardly combustible. Hardly combustible building materials can ignite only when exposed to an ignition source. Their further combustion, when the ignition source stops acting, cannot occur independently, they go out.
Combustible. Combustible (combustible) building materials are defined as capable of igniting without an external ignition source. Moreover, they quickly ignite, if such a source is available. Materials of this class continue to burn even after the ignition source has disappeared.

It is preferable to use non-combustible materials in construction, but not all are widely used construction technologies can be based on the use of products that can have such a remarkable property. More precisely, there are practically no such technologies.

The fire-fighting characteristics of building materials also include:

flammability;
flammability;
the ability to release toxins when heated and burned;
the intensity of smoke formation at high temperatures.

Flammability groups

The tendency of building materials to burn is indicated by the symbols G1, G2, G3 and G4. This row begins with the flammability group of low flammable substances, indicated by the symbol G1. The row ends with a group of highly flammable G4. Between them is a group of materials G2 and G3, which are moderately flammable and normally flammable. These materials, including the group of low-combustible G1, are mainly used in construction technologies.

The flammability group G1 shows that this substance or material can emit flue gases heated to no higher than 135 degrees Celsius and independently, without an external ignition action, are not capable of burning (non-combustible substances).

For completely non-combustible building materials, fire safety characteristics are not investigated and standards are not established for them.

Of course, the G4 group of materials also finds its application, but due to its high propensity to combustion, it requires additional fire safety measures. An example of such additional measures may be a floor-by-floor fire cut-off made of steel inside the structure of the ventilation facade, if a windproof membrane with a flammability group G4, that is, combustible, was used. In this case, the cut-off is designed to stop the flame inside the vent gap within the same floor.

Application in construction

The use of materials in the construction of buildings depends on the degree of fire resistance of these buildings.

Main classification building structures by fire safety class it looks like this:

To determine which materials of which flammability are acceptable in the construction of a particular facility, you need to know the fire hazard class of this facility and the flammability group of the building materials used. The fire hazard class of the facility is established depending on the fire hazard of those technological processes that will take place in this building.

For example, for the construction of buildings for kindergartens, schools, hospitals or nursing homes, only materials of the NG flammability group are allowed.

In fire hazardous buildings with fire resistance of the third level, low fire K1 and moderate fire K2, it is not allowed to perform outer cladding walls and foundations made of combustible and hardly combustible materials.

For curtain walls and translucent partitions, materials can be used without additional fire hazard tests:

constructions made of non-combustible materials - K0;
structures made of materials of the G4 - K3 group.

Any building structures must not spread latent combustion. In the partitions of the walls, in the places of their connection, there should be no voids that are separated from one another by continuous fillings of combustible materials.

Confirmation of the class and degree of flammability

3 Classification of premises for fire safety

In accordance with the "All-Union Standards for Technological Design" (1995), buildings and structures in which production facilities are located are subdivided into five categories (Table 5).

	Characteristics of substances and materials located (circulating) in the room
explosion-proof	Combustible gases, flammable liquids with a flash point of not more than 28 ° C in such an amount that they can form explosive vapor-gas-air mixtures, when ignited, the calculated excess pressure of the explosion in the room is exceeding 5 kPa. Substances and materials that can explode and burn when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or one with another in such an amount that the calculated overpressure explosion in the room exceeds 5kPa.
explosive	Combustible dusts or fibers, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 ° C, flammable liquids in such an amount that they can form explosive dust or vapor-air mixtures, when ignited, the calculated excess pressure of the explosion in the room, exceeding 5 kPa, develops.
fire hazardous	Flammable and hardly combustible liquids, solid combustible and hardly combustible substances and materials that can only burn when interacting with water, air oxygen or one with the other, provided that the premises in which they are available or used do not belong to categories A or B
	Non-flammable substances and materials in a hot, incandescent or molten state, the processing of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames, flammable gases, liquids and solids that are burned or disposed of as fuel
	Non-combustible substances and materials in a cold state

Category A: workshops for the processing and use of metallic sodium and potassium, oil refining and chemical industries, warehouses for gasoline and cylinders for combustible gases, premises for stationary acid and alkaline storage systems, hydrogen stations, etc.

In accordance with SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures", the fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following indicators:

flammability;

the spread of the flame over the surface;

smoke-generating ability;

toxicity of combustion products.

By combustibility, building materials are divided into non-combustible (NG) and combustible (G). Combustible building materials are classified into four groups:

G1 - slightly flammable;

G2 - moderately flammable;

G3 - normally flammable;

G4 - highly flammable.

According to their flammability, combustible building materials are divided into three groups:

81 - hardly flammable;

82 - moderately flammable;

83 - flammable.

According to the spread of the flame over the surface, combustible building materials are divided into four groups:

RP1 - flame retardant;

RP2 - weakly spreading flame;

RP3 - moderately spreading flame;

RP4 - highly spreading flames.

The group of building materials for flame propagation is established only for the surface layers of the roof and floors (including for carpets).

According to their smoke-generating ability, combustible building materials are divided into three groups:

D1 - with low smoke-generating ability;

D2 - with moderate smoke-forming ability;

D3 - with high smoke-generating ability;

According to the toxicity of combustion products, combustible building materials are divided into four groups:

T1 - low-hazard;

T2 - moderately dangerous;

T3 - highly hazardous;

T4 - extremely dangerous.

Fire and explosion hazard conditions when using substances and materials

To ensure the fire and explosion safety of the processes of production, processing, storage and transportation of substances and materials, it is necessary to use data on the indicators of the fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials with the safety factors given in table. 3

Method of preventing fire, explosion	Regulated parameter	Fire and explosion safety conditions
Preventing the formation of a flammable environment


Limiting the flammability and combustibility of substances and materials	Flammability of the substance (material)	The flammability of the substance (material) should not be more regulated
Prevention of education in
combustible environment (or introduction into
her) ignition sources

The reproducibility of the method for determining the fire hazard indicator at a confidence level of 95%;

Safe temperature, ° С;

Flash point, ° С;

Flash point in a closed crucible, ° С;

Flammability group Is a classification characteristic of the ability of substances and materials to.

When determining the fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials (), distinguish :

gases- these are substances whose saturated vapor pressure at a temperature of 25 ° C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa exceeds 101.3 kPa;
liquids- these are substances whose saturated vapor pressure at a temperature of 25 ° C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa is less than 101.3 kPa. Liquids also include solid melting substances, the melting point or dropping point of which is less than 50 ° C.
solids and materials- these are individual substances and their mixed compositions with a melting or dropping point of more than 50 ° C, as well as substances that do not have a melting point (for example, wood, fabrics, etc.).
dust Are dispersed solids and materials with a particle size of less than 850 microns.

One of the indicators of the fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials is flammability group.

Substances and materials

According to GOST 12.1.044-89, the flammability of substances and materials are divided into the following groups ( excluding construction, textile and leather materials):

Non-flammable.
Flame retardant.
Flammable.

Non-flammable Are substances and materials that are incapable of burning in air. Non-flammable substances can be fire-and-explosive (for example, oxidizing agents or substances that emit flammable products when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen, or with each other).

Flame retardant - these are substances and materials that can burn in air when exposed to an ignition source, but are unable to burn independently after its removal.

Combustible - these are substances and materials that can ignite spontaneously, as well as ignite when exposed to an ignition source and burn independently after its removal.

The essence of the experimental method for determining the flammability is to create temperature conditions promoting combustion, and assessing the behavior of the investigated substances and materials under these conditions.

Solid (including dust)

The material is classified as non-combustible if the following conditions are met:

the arithmetic mean change in temperature in the furnace, on the surface and inside the sample does not exceed 50 ° C;
the arithmetic mean of the weight loss for five samples does not exceed 50% of their mean value of the initial weight after conditioning;
the arithmetic mean of the duration of stable combustion of five samples does not exceed 10 s. The test results of five samples in which the duration of stable combustion is less than 10 s are taken equal to zero.

According to the value of the maximum temperature increment (Δt max) and weight loss (Δm), materials are classified:

flame retardant: Δt max< 60 °С и Δm < 60%;
combustible: Δt max ≥ 60 ° C or Δm ≥ 60%.

Combustible materials are subdivided, depending on the time (τ) of reaching (t max), into:

hardly flammable: τ> 4 min;
medium flammability: 0.5 ≤ τ ≤ 4 min;
flammable: τ< 0,5 мин.

Gases

In the presence of concentration limits flame propagation gas is referred to as combustible ; in the absence of concentration limits of flame propagation and the presence of a self-ignition temperature, the gas is referred to slow-burning ; in the absence of concentration limits of flame propagation and self-ignition temperature, the gas is referred to non-combustible .

Liquids

In the presence of a flash point, the liquid is classified as combustible ; in the absence of an ignition temperature and the presence of a self-ignition temperature, the liquid is classified as slow-burning ... In the absence of flash points, ignition, self-ignition, temperature and concentration limits of flame propagation, the liquid is referred to the group non-combustible ... Flammable liquids with a flash point of not more than 61 ° C in a closed crucible or 66 ° C in an open crucible, phlegmatized mixtures that do not have a flash in a closed crucible are classified as flammable . Particularly dangerous are called flammable liquids with a flash point of not more than 28 ° C.

Classification of building materials

Determination of the flammability group of a building material

The fire hazard of construction, textile and leather materials is characterized by the following properties:

The ability to spread a flame over a surface.
Smoke-generating ability.
Combustion products toxicity.

Building materials, depending on the values of the flammability parameters, are divided into groups into non-combustible and combustible (for flooring carpets, the flammability group is not defined).

NG (non-flammable)

Non-combustible building materials, according to the test results according to methods I and IV (), are divided into 2 groups.

Building materials are classified as non-combustible group I

the temperature rise in the furnace is no more than 30 ° C;
duration of stable flame combustion - 0 s;
combustion heat no more than 2.0 MJ / kg.

Building materials are classified as non-combustible group II with the following arithmetic mean values of flammability parameters according to methods I and IV (GOST R 57270-2016):

the temperature rise in the furnace is no more than 50 ° C;
weight loss of samples is not more than 50%;
the duration of stable flame combustion is not more than 20 s;
combustion heat no more than 3.0 MJ / kg.

It is allowed to refer without tests to non-combustible group I the following building materials without painting their external surface or with painting the external surface with compositions without the use of polymer and (or) organic components:

concrete, mortars, plasters, adhesives and putties, clay, ceramic, porcelain stoneware and silicate products (bricks, stones, blocks, slabs, panels, etc.), fiber cement products (sheets, panels, plates, pipes, etc.), with the exception of in all cases, materials made with the use of polymer and (or) organic binder fillers and fibers;
inorganic glass products;
products from alloys of steel, copper and aluminum.

Building materials that do not meet at least one of the above mentioned values of the parameters of I and II incombustibility groups belong to the combustible group and are subject to testing according to methods II and III (GOST R 57270-2016). For non-combustible building materials, other indicators of fire hazard are not determined or standardized.

Combustible building materials, depending on the values of the flammability parameters determined by method II, are divided into four flammability groups (G1, G2, G3, G4) according to the table. Materials should be attributed to a certain flammability group, provided that all the arithmetic mean values of the parameters set by the table for this group are consistent.

G1 (slightly flammable)

Low flammability - these are materials with a flue gas temperature of not more than 135 ° C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 65%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 20%, the duration of self-combustion is 0 seconds.

G2 (moderately flammable)

Moderately flammable - these are materials with a flue gas temperature of not more than 235 ° C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50%, the duration of self-burning is not more than 30 seconds.

G3 (normally combustible)

Normally flammable - these are materials with a flue gas temperature of not more than 450 ° C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is not more than 50%, the duration of self-burning is not more than 300 seconds.

G4 (highly flammable)

Highly flammable - these are materials with a flue gas temperature of more than 450 ° C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage by the mass of the test sample is more than 50%, the duration of self-combustion is more than 300 seconds.

table

Flammability group of materials	Flammability parameters
Flammability group of materials	Flue gas temperature T, ° C	Length of damage S L,%	Damage by weight S m,%	Duration of self-burning t c.g, s
D1	Up to 135 inclusive	Up to 65 inclusive	Up to 20	0
G2	Up to 235 inclusive	Up to 85 inclusive	Up to 50	Up to 30 inclusive
G3	Up to 450 inclusive	Over 85	Up to 50	Up to 300 inclusive
G4	Over 450	Over 85	Over 50	Over 300
Note. For materials belonging to flammability groups G1-G3, the formation of burning drops of melt and (or) burning fragments during testing is not allowed. For materials belonging to flammability groups G1-G2, the formation of melt and (or) melt drops during testing is not allowed.

Video what is a flammability group

Sources: ; Baratov A.N. Combustion - Fire - Explosion - Safety. -M .: 2003; GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) Occupational safety standards system. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination; GOST R 57270-2016 Building materials. Flammability test methods.