These experiences may be associated with internal or external conflicts, states of anxiety or discomfort. Ultimately, the action of protective mechanisms is aimed at maintaining the stability of a person's self-esteem, his ideas about himself and the image of the world.

crowding out

This is the elimination of unacceptable desires and experiences from consciousness. This is the so-called "motivated forgetting". For example, a person who has had a negative experience with someone may not remember it at all. However, the memory of the repressed events continues to live in the unconscious and periodically breaks "out" in jokes, reservations, etc.

Projection

This is a subconscious attribution to other people of their own repressed motives, character traits and experiences. This defense mechanism is a consequence of repression. Through repression, the instincts are suppressed and driven back inside: but this does not disappear anywhere and continues to exert their influence. Eradicating your desires is too painful, so they are projected onto others. So, for example, an old maid granny will vehemently condemn the mores of today's youth. But even more severely she will treat her neighbor on the bench - the same old maid. Say, she has a bad character, so no one married and did not marry. The projection is directed at someone whose situation is similar to that of the projector. A person whose projection works is prone to dishonorable acts, although he finds this dishonesty in others, he is prone to envy, to the search for negative reasons for the success of others.

Negation

This is the desire not to accept as reality events that are undesirable for oneself: both real and long past. For example, many people are afraid serious illnesses. A person who has a denial mechanism will not notice the presence of obvious symptoms of the disease. The mechanism of denial allows you to ignore the traumatic manifestations of reality. Denial is common in family relationships when one of the spouses completely ignores the existence of problems with a partner.

Rationalization

It is finding acceptable reasons and explanations for unacceptable thoughts or actions. Rational explanation as a defense mechanism is aimed at relieving stress when experiencing an internal conflict. by the most simple example rationalization can be justified explanations of a student who received a deuce. Admitting to yourself that you yourself are to blame for not finishing your lesson is too painful for pride. Therefore, the student explains his failure by the bad mood of the teacher.

Sublimation

This is the most common defense mechanism, when we, trying to forget about the traumatic event (experience), switch to different kinds activities acceptable to us and society. A variety of sublimation can be sports, intellectual work, creativity.

Regression

This is a return to more primitive ways of emotional or behavioral response that a person had in more early age. For example, pout, turn away and be silent all day.

Jet formations

This behavior is exactly the opposite of what you want. A classic example is the boyish teenage "courtship" of girls, which boils down to hitting harder, pulling the pigtail, etc. This is due to the fact that in adolescence, tenderness is perceived as something shameful. Therefore, boys try to reduce their manifestation of feelings to actions, in their opinion, completely opposite to courtship.

To resolve an internal conflict, a person usually uses several defense mechanisms at once. But they all serve the same purpose: to preserve the integrity of ideas about oneself and about the world.

Psychoanalysis. Defense reaction of the psyche

According to A. Freud psychological ways defenses are motivated by the three main types of anxiety to which the ego is subject - instinctive anxiety, objective anxiety, and anxiety of consciousness.

1. Superego anxiety in adult neuroses.

The basis of neurosis in adults is formed by a protective situation, which consists in the fact that some instinctive desires seek to penetrate consciousness and, with the help of the ego, achieve satisfaction. "The ego does not oppose it, but the superego protests. The ego obeys higher education and obediently enters into a struggle against the instinctive impulse, with all the consequences that such a struggle entails. Characteristic of this process is that the ego itself does not consider the impulse it is fighting against as dangerous.

The motive prompting the defense is not originally his own. The instinct is seen as hostile because "the superego forbids its gratification, and if it reaches its goal it will surely cause difficulties in the relationship between the ego and the superego."

Therefore, the ego of the adult neurotic is afraid of instinct because it is afraid of the super-ego. His defense is motivated by superego anxiety.

2. Objective anxiety in childhood neurosis.

The study of defense in childhood neurosis tells us that the superego is not at all a necessary fact in the formation of a neurosis. Little children do the same with their instinctive impulses so as not to violate the prohibitions of their parents. "The ego sees the instincts as a danger because those who raise the child have forbidden their satisfaction, and the intrusion of the instinct entails restrictions and punishment or the threat of punishment. The child's ego is afraid of the instincts because it is afraid of the outside world. Its defense against them is motivated by fear before the outside world, that is, objective anxiety.

3. Instinctive anxiety (fear of the power of instincts).

"By this I mean that the Ego is friendly to the instincts only as long as it is little differentiated from the Id. When the Ego passes from primary to secondary processes, from the pleasure principle to the reality principle, it becomes, as I have already shown, hostile to instincts as territory. Its distrust of their demands always remains, but under normal conditions it is hardly noticeable. The ego turns its gaze to the much more bitter struggle that the superego and the outside world are waging in its territory against the impulses of the id. However, if the ego feels that his higher defenses have deserted him, or if the demands of the instinctive impulses become excessive, his silent hostility to the instincts rises to a state of anxiety. Robert Welder describes this as the danger that the whole organization of the ego may be destroyed. Defense mechanisms are set in motion against the instincts, with all the already familiar results in the formation of neuroses and neurotic characteristics.

So, let's continue the description of defense mechanisms.

Regression is a decline to more primitive ways of responding (behavioral, emotional). A person regresses to the personality or psychological structures that he had at an earlier age, when life was supposedly more satisfying. This is mainly manifested in stressful situation. Most often, this type of defense is characteristic of infantile people of the neurotic type, who are prone to regression to the oral phase of psychosexual development, i.e. to get comfort from eating, drinking, smoking, sucking, etc. They seek to involve loved ones, people around them in solving their problems, shifting responsibility for this onto them as older ones.

Reactive formations - behavior opposed to desire. The appearance of a reactive formation is initiated by a conflict between a desire and a ban on its satisfaction on the part of the Super-Ego. Censorship forbids even thinking about this desire, all work is aimed at ousting the object of satisfaction of desire. Thus, an explicit or unconscious inversion of desire appears, the behavior is replaced by the opposite, with the opposite sign. An example of this is the display of "tenderness" towards girls by teenagers. On the one hand, such behavior is ridiculed, at the same time, adolescence is the time of first love. That is why, according to the mechanism of reactive formation, the love and tenderness of a teenager is transformed into behavior that is outwardly opposite to falling in love, such as pulling pigtails.

Isolation is the separation of a traumatic situation from the emotional experiences associated with it. The replacement of the situation occurs, as it were, unconsciously, according to at least unrelated to their own experiences. Everything happens as if with someone else. The isolation of the situation from one's own ego is especially pronounced in children. Taking a doll or a toy animal, a child in the game can allow her to do and say everything that he himself is forbidden: to be reckless, sarcastic, cruel, swear, make fun of others, etc.

Sublimation is the most common defense mechanism by which libido and aggressive energy are transformed into various activities acceptable to the individual and society. A variety of sublimation can be sports, intellectual work, creativity. Sublimated energy, according to Freud, creates civilization.

Introjection is the process by which what comes from outside is mistakenly perceived as happening inside. So, young children absorb all sorts of positions, affects and behaviors of people significant in their lives, later passing it off as their own opinion.

As we can see, "defense mechanisms are the way in which the ego protects itself from internal and external stresses." These mechanisms, in Freud's understanding, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neuroses. The neurotic syndrome is the result of a failed defense process. Psychoneurosis is a manifestation of the protection of the conscious part of mental life from unacceptable experiences and aspirations. With the mechanisms of displacement, in particular, Freud associates some symptoms of hysteria, impotence, frigidity, psychosomatic diseases (bronchial asthma, stomach ulcers). For obsessional neurosis, the mechanisms of isolation and reactive formation are characteristic.

Difficult situations, problems... Who among us does not ask ourselves the questions "how to be?" and "what to do?" We ask. And often. And we are trying to somehow resolve the existing difficulties. And if it doesn’t work, then we resort to the help of others. No money - we will get it, no work - we will look for it. But it's all on the outside. But with internal problems it is more difficult. Often I do not want to admit to them even to myself. Painfully. And unpleasant. But self-blame and self-flagellation will not help anyway.

People react differently to their inner difficulties. Some suppress their inclinations by denying their existence. Others “forget” about the traumatic event. Still others are looking for a way out in self-justification and condescension to their "weaknesses". And the fourth try to distort reality and engage in self-deception. And all this is so sincere: they sincerely “don’t see” the problem, they sincerely “forget” about the reasons ... But no matter what method people resort to, protecting their psyche from painful stresses, defense mechanisms help them in this.

What are defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms- a system of such mechanisms that try to minimize negative, traumatic experiences for a person. These experiences are mainly associated with internal or external conflicts, states of anxiety or discomfort. Defense mechanisms help us maintain the stability of our self-esteem, ideas about ourselves and the world. They can also act as buffers, trying to keep too close to our consciousness too strong disappointments and threats that life brings us. In cases where we cannot cope with anxiety or fear, defense mechanisms distort reality in order to preserve our mental health and ourselves as individuals.

So, let's look at some types of defense mechanisms.

crowding out- the most universal means of avoiding internal conflict. It is the conscious effort of man to consign frustrating impressions to oblivion by shifting attention to other forms of activity. In other words, repression is arbitrary suppression, which leads to a true forgetting of the corresponding mental contents.

One of the clearest examples of displacement can be considered anorexia - refusal to eat. This is a constantly and successfully carried out repression of the need to eat. As a rule, "anorexic" repression is a consequence of the fear of gaining weight and, therefore, looking bad. In the clinic of neurosis, sometimes there is a syndrome of anorexia nervosa, which girls aged 14-18 are more likely to suffer from.

In puberty, changes in appearance and body are clearly expressed. The emerging breasts and the appearance of roundness in the hips of a girl are often perceived as a symptom of beginning fullness. And, as a rule, they begin to fight hard against this "fullness". Some teenagers cannot openly refuse food offered to them by their parents. And according to this, as soon as the meal is over, they immediately go to toilet room, where and manually cause a gag reflex. On the one hand, this frees you from food that threatens to replenish, on the other hand, it brings psychological relief. Over time, there comes a moment when the gag reflex is automatically triggered by eating. And the disease is formed. The original cause of the disease has been successfully repressed. The consequences remain. Note that such anorexia nervosa is one of the most difficult to treat diseases.

Rationalization is finding acceptable reasons and explanations for acceptable thoughts and actions. Rational explanation as a defense mechanism is not aimed at resolving the contradiction as the basis of the conflict, but at relieving tension when experiencing discomfort with the help of quasi-logical explanations. Naturally, these "justificatory" explanations of thoughts and actions are more ethical and noble than true motives. Thus, rationalization is aimed at maintaining the status quo life situation and works to hide the true motivation. Protective motives are manifested in people who, on the one hand, do not seem to admit real motives to consciousness, but, on the other hand, allow these motives to be realized, but under a beautiful, socially approved facade.

The simplest example of rationalization is the exculpatory explanations of a schoolboy who received a deuce. After all, it’s so insulting to admit to everyone (and to yourself in particular) that it’s your own fault - you didn’t learn the material! Not everyone is capable of such a blow to self-esteem. And criticism from other people who are significant to you is painful. So the schoolboy justifies himself, comes up with "sincere" explanations: "It was the teacher who was in a bad mood, so he gave everyone twos for nothing", or "I'm not a favorite, like Ivanov, here he gives me twos and puts me for the slightest flaws in answer." He explains so beautifully, convinces everyone that he himself believes in all this.

Projection- subconscious attribution of one's own qualities, feelings and desires to another person. This defense mechanism is a consequence of repression. Due to the repression, the instincts are suppressed and driven back inside. But here they do not cease to exert their influence. This internal conflict persists, which means that there is a possibility that this conflict will break out, be "publicized". And to beat yourself, to crush your desires is difficult and painful. In this case, the desires repressed in oneself are projected onto another. And the individual, "not noticing" his desires, sees them in others, ardently condemns and resents their presence in another person.

Projection is more easily carried out on someone whose situation is similar to that of the projector. So, a neighbor - an old maid - will ardently condemn dissolute youth (especially girls) with their sexual addictions (after all, she herself is just deprived of this, and desires and passions roam somewhere in the depths of her soul). But even more ardently she will condemn her own “friend on the bench”, as lonely as herself: “Her character is so terrible that no one married didn’t take it, and she doesn’t have any real friends, so she’s been cuckooing all her life alone.

According to the same projection mechanism, a wife who is actually internally ready to cheat on her husband will be jealous of him for every skirt. And she would rather declare her husband a womanizer than admit to herself in her hidden desire to have an affair on the side. It is not for nothing that the most terrible suspects of everyone and everything are just walking persons.

A person using the defense mechanism of projection is often convinced of someone else's dishonesty, although he himself is secretly prone to this. Sometimes he regrets that he did not deceive people when there was such an opportunity. He is prone to envy, to the search for negative reasons for the success of colleagues and others. It is about such people that they say: "He notices a speck in someone else's eye, but he does not see a log in his own."

Negation is an attempt not to accept as reality events that are undesirable for oneself. Remarkable is the ability in such cases to “skip” unpleasant experienced events in their memories, replacing them with fiction. As a defense mechanism, denial consists in diverting attention from painful ideas and feelings, but does not make them completely inaccessible to consciousness.

So, many people are afraid of serious diseases. And they would rather deny the presence of even the very first obvious symptoms than go to the doctor. And so the disease progresses. This same defense mechanism kicks in when someone married couple"does not see", denies the existing problems in married life. And such behavior often leads to a break in relations.

A person who has resorted to denial simply ignores painful realities and acts as if they do not exist. Being confident in his own merits, he tries to attract the attention of others by all means and means. And at the same time he sees only a positive attitude towards his person. Criticism and rejection are simply ignored. New people are seen as potential fans. And in general, he considers himself a person without problems, because he denies the existence of difficulties / difficulties in his life. Has high self-esteem.

Identification- unconscious transfer to oneself of feelings and qualities inherent in another person and not available, but desirable for oneself. This mechanism helps the assimilation of social norms, in understanding a person by a person, in empathy with each other. So, this mechanism works when a teenager wants to be like the Hero of his choice. He identifies the actions, character traits of the Hero with his own.

A certain role is played by identification in the Oedipus complex. Little kids grow up little by little. And the most illustrative examples adults from whom you can copy behavior, mannerisms, etc. - are close. Thus, a girl unconsciously tries to be like her mother, and a boy tries to be like his father.

Regression- this is a decrease to more primitive ways of responding (behavioral, emotional). A person regresses to the personality or psychological structures that he had at an earlier age, when life was supposedly more satisfying. This is mainly manifested in a stressful situation. Most often, this type of defense is characteristic of infantile people of the neurotic type, who are prone to regression to the oral phase of psychosexual development, i.e. to get comfort from eating, drinking, smoking, sucking, etc. They seek to involve loved ones, people around them in solving their problems, shifting responsibility for this onto them as older ones.

Jet formations- behavior opposed to desire. The appearance of a reactive formation is initiated by a conflict between desire and a ban on its satisfaction on the part of the internal "censor". The "censor" forbids even thinking about this desire; all work is aimed at ousting the object of satisfying the desire. Thus, an explicit or unconscious inversion of desire appears, the behavior is replaced by the opposite, with the opposite sign. An example of this is the display of "tenderness" towards girls by teenagers. On the one hand, such behavior is ridiculed, at the same time, adolescence is time. That is why, according to the mechanism of reactive formation, the love and tenderness of a teenager is transformed into behavior that is outwardly opposite to falling in love, such as pulling pigtails.

Insulation- this is the separation of a traumatic situation from the emotional experiences associated with it. The replacement of the situation occurs as if unconsciously, at least it is not associated with one's own experiences. Everything happens as if with someone else. The isolation of the situation from one's own ego is especially pronounced in children. Taking a doll or a toy animal, a child in the game can allow her to do and say everything that he himself is forbidden: to be reckless, sarcastic, cruel, swear, make fun of others, etc.

Sublimation- this is the most common defense mechanism when, trying to forget about a traumatic event (experience), we switch to various activities that are acceptable to us and society. A variety of sublimation can be sports, intellectual work, creativity.

introjection is a process by which what comes from outside is mistakenly perceived as happening inside. So, young children absorb all sorts of positions, affects and behaviors of people significant in their lives, later passing it off as their own opinion.

As we can see, defense mechanisms are the way we protect ourselves from internal and external stresses. They are formed initially in interpersonal relationship, then become our internal characteristics, that is, certain protective forms of behavior. It should be noted that a person often uses more than one defensive strategy to resolve a conflict or reduce anxiety, but several. But despite the differences between specific types of defenses, their functions are similar: they consist in ensuring the stability and immutability of the individual's ideas about himself.

Briling Elena Evgenievna, psychologist

Comment on the article "Protection mechanisms of the psyche - why do we need them?"

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Discussion

I decided that - no matter what happens, I will report every day.
Yesterday was not very good, but not entirely bad either :) And all because we have 3 days of holidays, and they, like weekends, unsettle ...
h: coffee with m 3 loaves of bread 120 g of cottage cheese
p: 500 g strawberries
about?: squid, lettuce. white wine 250g
y: nuts almonds, coffee with milk, apple
for the night: three breadsticks with sesame cola-zero

I will not report in detail, but there were a lot of violations, tomorrow there will be an increase. But KD entered the peak, I have these 2 most difficult days.

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Discussion

Why is this happening? In order to understand this, it is necessary to analyze what happens to a child who is not deprived of maternal care. Mom takes care of the child, she protects him, responds to his crying and smiling, consoles him when he feels bad. The most important, basic principles of their relations are stability and security. Based on these principles, the child develops a basic trust first in the mother, and then in people in general. After all, if a person does not trust his own mother, he cannot fully trust anyone at all. Confident in his own safety, the child can move forward, develop, he will be easier to endure difficulties and cope with them. So, a child deprived of a mother, and therefore a stable relationship, loses a sense of security. He loses his sense of support, loses basic trust in people and the world as a whole. Deprived of a sense of security, the child cannot develop harmoniously.

But most importantly, he does not form a model of close relationships based on love and trust, which he could later transfer to his adult relationships and relationships with his children. At the early stages of development, the child has not yet formed either characterological features or ways of interacting with people, therefore, the earlier the forcible intrusion into the mother-child relationship occurs, the more serious the consequences for the child's personality.

What happens to schoolchildren?
Their reactions depend on how they perceive the fact of adoption. If they are removed from the family, if they perceive adoption as something violent, threatening, humiliating, causing the loss of their parents, then these children experience very serious problems. psychological problems. Researchers point to severe emotional disturbances, depression (suicidal intent is detected in some children), increased anxiety and reduced self-esteem. In fact, all the symptoms described are manifested in people who have become victims of violence and have received severe psychological trauma.

According to the American psychiatrist David Brodzinsky, who studied children in foster families, they are 4 times more likely to have intellectual, behavioral and emotional disorders than children growing up in their own families. When adopted children grow up, they are much more likely than ordinary children to become criminals, and drug addiction is also much more common among them.

The picture is unpleasant, but, nevertheless, one can often hear the question: what if the family is so bad that the children even need to be taken away? What if the parents yell at the child, spank him? What if they don't earn enough to feed him delicacies and dress him nicely? And this happens all the time. When people hear about juvenile technologies, about the fact that children are taken away from such and such parents, they often think like this: “Probably, these were very bad parents. Probably, the children in the orphanage will be better, because they will be well fed and clothed there, dad will not come home drunk, mom will not make a scandal. To answer these questions, it is appropriate to return to the mother-child relationship model, the presence of which is the main condition for human socialization. Yes, in the case of inharmonious relationships, the model is also formed inharmonious, distorted, but still this is a model of permanent, long-term, close parent-child relationships. In the case of placing a child in an orphanage, such a model is not formed at all. In fact, we are dealing with emotionally disabled people. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the vast majority of graduates of orphanages cannot create a family, cannot find a permanent Good work, often abandon their children themselves (i.e., they cannot create permanent stable relationships). It is no coincidence that in the United States one of the arguments in favor of the removal of a child is that the mother or father themselves lost their parents in childhood.

Of course, there are severe pathological parent-child relationships (for example, systematic sadistic torture or sexual abuse) that destroy the child's psyche more than the loss of an object of affection. It is very important to distinguish between physical punishment and sadistic torture. In the case of the latter, causing pain and humiliation becomes the central, most important component of the relationship, an end in itself. As a result of such “education”, a person with very serious mental disorders is formed. However, such pathological relationships are quite rare, like any sharp deviation from the norm. In all other cases, the loss of a mother causes a child much more damage than living with very sometimes problematic parents. It becomes clear why children who run away from orphanages return to their parents (and it does not matter that they are, at times, alcoholics or emotionally unbalanced people). Because the most important fear, following the fear of death, for a child is the fear of losing parents.

There is a great temptation to explain all the described emotional, intellectual and personality disorders in children from foster families and orphanages, genetics. To conclude that dysfunctional, maladaptive children inherited their traits from their dysfunctional parents. However, symptoms of behavioral and emotional disturbances are also found in children who have lost so-called "prosperous" parents as a result of accidents.

So, children who have lost their natural parents cannot subsequently build their relations with society, they adapt with difficulty in it. This happens because the most important relationship, which is the base on which all further relationships are based, the model on which children learn to love and form attachments, was attacked or destroyed (in the case of children who lost their parents at school age) or did not have time to completely harmoniously formed (in the case of children aged from several months to 3-4 years). This allows us to conclude that the safest place for a child, contributing to its harmonious development, is a traditional family consisting of natural parents.

However, we see that it is the traditional family that is now under massive attack. Juvenile technologies appeared and were developed in the West, but now they have come to us. Despite the assurances of officials that we will not have juvenile justice, it is, nevertheless, already here. On the this moment The State Duma is considering a law on social patronage. This is a completely juvenile law, untying the hands of officials, greatly facilitating the removal of children from their parents. This law has not yet been adopted, but in the pilot regions children are already being taken away quite actively. The trend is obvious: instead of strengthening the institution of the family, another tool is being created to destroy it. And here the question arises by itself: will we not get in the future a society of disparate individuals who are not able to love, think and work? How long will such a society last?

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Discussion

I largely agree with the author of the article. I can say that indeed, a lot depends on the mother and her condition. And also from those who educate (caregivers, teachers, grandmothers) Here you can learn a little more about raising children: www.prozwetanie.ru/pp/2076p.php

No mom! And the protective mechanisms of the psyche did not have time to form to the new conditions.

Do not think that not everything was all right with our experiences, it’s just that the defense mechanism of our psyche probably worked, so to speak. After all, we ourselves, better than anyone else, know how to help ourselves!

As a protective natural mechanism for procreation, along with caution. Indeed, it looks like a clear deviation in the development of the psyche. I thought, but there must be serious reasons for this, perhaps ...

Discussion

It is not he who is egocentric, but you are narcissistic. Transferring your feelings and experiences onto yourself is one of the manifestations of empathy, CO-feeling and CO-experience. But you just demand not this, but the cult of your "selfhood" - these are my feelings, and no one else's, but you and yours do not bother me.
This is what your desire to control everything says. Husband's humorous hints that he feels like a "child" next to you are the first bells, this can lead to conflict. however, if this role model suits everyone, then you will live like this all your life "I am both a woman and a man", periodically lamenting how weak and helpless he is, but secretly proud of his achievements and nurturing them.

They absolutely don’t care what happened BEFORE THEM
as a minimum, interested in the present, as a maximum - the future
they are also dreamers
I think you and your daughter are from different groups
it's normal, you just have to be aware of it))

Didn't have time to read the entire thread, so maybe I'll repeat myself. It seems to me that if Sveta's inadequate response relates only to this one, painful area for her, then you should not worry. I also think that this is a protective mechanism of the psyche, and there is no need to interfere with its work. 16 years is a difficult age, and smart child- especially. The injustice of the world in general is very painfully perceived, and the injustice towards you is even more so ... And sometimes it is easier to mentally correct this picture of the world than to come to terms with the existing state of affairs. This is just a stage of mental work on growing up, accepting yourself.

He does not draw conclusions, but the protective mechanism of the psyche works. Children very often use this technique, they closed their eyes or hid behind their mother and it seems that there is nothing terrible and unpleasant in the world.

Discussion

What a pity for the boy! Looked at your photos what a lovely child. And you - hold on and do not despair! Who knows what will happen in 2 years? And doctors can be wrong in their predictions and miracles in the world happen (although there is not enough for everyone). You need to believe in the best. In any case, live happily now, do everything that is necessary for the child. And you don't need to prepare it for anything. Even if the worst forecasts come true, this will not happen in one day, the boy will gradually understand everything himself. The main thing is that he feels that he is still loved. And maybe during this time gradually instill in him an interest in something that does not require active movements, so that in the future the child could somehow realize himself. You yourself must have positive attitude for the future, whatever it may be. Good luck to you.

Maybe now you shouldn't tell him anything until he asks? After all, such knowledge would not help him in any way at the moment. That's when the time comes and he thinks and asks, then tell him that scientists around the world are now looking for ways to cure this disease. A neuropathologist professor told me about this. He said that he had no doubt that this problem would be solved in the coming decades. He also said that the search for methods of treatment is being carried out in many gene laboratories of the world. We have it in the laboratory of molecular diagnostics of the Institute of Medical Genetics in Moscow, as well as in Tomsk and St. Petersburg. A temporary effect was given by the transplantation of muscle cells of the embryo - this is in the USA. But in a radical way gene therapy will become, when a fragment of a gene capable of producing a normal muscle protein is introduced into each muscle. All the main work in this direction has already been done - the gene for muscular dystrophy has been found and activated, its molecular nature has been established, it has been cloned. So in the laboratory, such treatment has already been modeled. The last task remained unresolved - how a normal gene can get into the human body, so much so as to take root in it and begin full-fledged work. They tried to "introduce" it on an adenovirus, the gene took root, but when a person recovered, the virus was destroyed along with the producing gene. But scientists keep looking. Excuse me, I myself don’t understand much about this, I just recounted our conversation to you - perhaps this will help you in some way.

Ecology of life. Psychological protection acts against the will of a person when something threatens his mental balance, his mental security, self-image. Let's consider in more detail the protective mechanisms of our psyche.

Psychological protection acts against the will of a person when something threatens his mental balance, his mental security, self-image.
Let us consider in more detail the protective mechanisms of our psyche.

1. Repression.

The displacement mechanism was the first to be discovered. With the help of repression, unacceptable experiences, circumstances or information that are traumatic for a person are removed from consciousness and held in the unconscious. Many cases of forgetting are associated with repression, allowing not to remember something that could shake the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe self.

An example of the operation of the repression mechanism can be represented as follows: if I feel a sense of shame for an act committed by me in relation to another person, but this experience quickly “evaporates” from my memory, then I begin to evaluate myself without taking into account this unworthy act. But another person who is hurt by my behavior will remember well that I "already forgot." And my self-esteem without taking into account the opinion of another about me will be incomplete. Therefore, disturbing, not very clear experiences, it is desirable to realize and analyze in order to correct your self-esteem based on them.

2. Rationalization.

When a thoughtless move leads to backfire a person seeks to justify his act. This is not done intentionally, but subconsciously, to maintain self-respect at the proper level. For example, if one person, for no apparent reason, was rude to another and was called to account for this, then he then tries to find the reasons for his incontinence so that his behavior looks like quite normal and the only acceptable in this situation. Such self-defence, without sufficient grounds, is opposed to an objective assessment of one's behavior. And such behavior in psychology is called the rationalization of the motive.
Rationalization is a psychological defense mechanism, similar to the sweet shell of a bitter medicine.. Explanations, descriptions “envelop” the traumatic fact in such a way that it begins to be perceived as of little significance or as evidence of strengths personality, valuable and fair.
The rationalization mechanism is well described in famous fable A. Krylov "The Fox and the Grapes". The mechanism of depreciation of an inaccessible, but strongly desired object, phenomenon is described there very accurately, but if rationalization becomes the rule for a person, then the contradictions between self-esteem and real behavior will grow, which will inevitably lead to serious conflicts. Therefore, any event to which you are directly or indirectly related must be evaluated without rationalization of motives so that your participation in the event is not diminished or exaggerated. This can be painful for self-love, but good for self-knowledge.

3. Projection.

This protective mechanism of the psyche provides a person with the preservation of a satisfying idea of ​​himself, of his psychological integrity by attributing his own feelings, desires, ideas that are unacceptable for one reason or another to others.
Every person has positive and negative traits character. If we are aware of our qualities and accept them in ourselves, then we will be loyal to other people who have similar traits. For example, if a person admits that at times he is quick-tempered, then he will forgive the same quick temper to another. A person is prevented from knowing himself by the fact that, having some “negative” qualities, personality traits that he does not like in himself, he is not ready to fully accept them. Then in his mind these qualities are projected onto other people and he turns his anger and rejection on them. Such a deceptive feeling allows you to maintain self-respect, and therefore is not rejected.

4. Substitution.

This is an action directed at some object, actually provoked not by it and not intended for it, but caused by another, inaccessible object. When a person is very aroused, for example, due to an unpleasant conversation with a colleague, but he himself cannot express all his feelings about him, he often “let off steam” on another, unsuspecting person. An explosion of mood, strong excitement associated with failure, resentment or some other trouble, sharply narrow the consciousness of a person, that is, make him more stupid than he really is. In this state, few people are able to evaluate their actions, regulate their behavior, taking into account the requirements of self-respect.

5. Denial.

If a person does not want to notice really traumatic events, does not want to hear information that disturbs him, then he has another powerful psychological defense, which is called denial (exclusion of reality).

It is aimed at not accepting as reality events that disturb consciousness. Denial can be reflected in an escape to fantasy, to an imaginary world where all our desires are fulfilled, where we are smart, strong, beautiful and lucky. Some remain alone in the dream world, others fantasize out loud, publicly talking about their "famous" acquaintances, etc. At the same time, the main purpose of using such a "positive self-presentation" is to increase the value of a person in the eyes of others.

6. Jet formation.

If a boy gives a girl a lot of trouble (pulls her pigtails, distracts from lessons, etc.), then most likely he is not indifferent to her. Why is the boy behaving this way?

The child begins to be disturbed by a feeling of sympathy - a feeling, the essence of which he does not yet understand. But he himself feels that this is “something bad,” for which he will not be praised. From this arises behavior that is completely contrary to feeling, the opposite reaction. In the same way, a student who constantly disrupts lessons (shouts at them, distracts other students) actually wants to attract attention to himself, which he clearly lacks.
This doesn't just happen to children. This type psychological defense is also present in adults, who also sometimes show opposite reactions.

The isolation mechanism is the separation of the anxiety-producing part of the situation from the rest of the soul realm. There is a kind of separation of reality, in which traumatic events almost do not cause an emotional reaction. For example, a child feels good in the family, but he is severely punished for "bad" behavior. As a result, the child "isolates" events that humiliate his feelings dignity, continues to have a positive attitude towards parents: he can behave “good” in front of them, but demonstrates prohibited behavior in front of toys: he beats and crushes them.

All of the above psychological defenses do not contribute to the personal development of a person. Only one psychological defense can be called successful. This is sublimation.

7. Sublimation.

This is a psychological defense, which consists in directing the energy of a sexually aggressive nature to other goals: creativity, science, art, development of the intellect, sports, professional activity, collecting. This protection is considered constructive, as it has positive results and gives the person a sense of satisfaction. published

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Hello dear readers.

Let's talk about psychology again today. It will be devoted to the defense mechanisms of the psyche, the founder of which is Freud, and will be of interest to those who want to improve their psychological competence or just remember the basics of psychology.

First of all, it is worth saying that it is normal and correct to have defensive reactions.

Protection helps to cope with resistance, relieve tension, anxiety, it regulates behavior and balances the psyche.
The defense mechanism is the weapon of your Ego, which should extinguish the conflict between “can” and “cannot”. Between a small child, with his requirements and requests, and an adult, accomplished personality, with all the accompanying requirements, norms and restrictions.
Defense mechanisms are most often triggered by stress. But it also often happens that the stress has passed, but the defense mechanism remains. And this is no longer the norm. In this case, the mechanism no longer protects, but prevents a person from living and developing. (That is, the question is how long and how correctly a person uses this or that protection).
Also, defense mechanisms can be pathological. For example, when mental illness.
It is very important to note that all defense mechanisms are subconscious. You can't use the defense mechanism intentionally. It's going to be called something else.)

There is no clear classification of defense mechanisms. Here we will consider the main, one might say the most popular, used in psychological counseling.

Psychological defenses are conditionally divided into 2 levels. The first level is more primitive defenses, first-order defenses. The second level includes secondary defense mechanisms that are more difficult to diagnose and operate.

Let's look at some of the first level defenses first.

The defense mechanism familiar to a person from early childhood is primitive insulation. A person moves away from interaction with reality when there is too much load, a strong excited state, when it is necessary to retire in order to regain peace of mind and balance. From the outside, it looks like thoughtfulness, daydreaming, detachment.
The advantage of such protection is that a person does not distort reality, he simply leaves it for his fantasy world, as for another reality, less problematic and restless. Example: a student "counting crows" in class.
The downside is the desire to hide from solving some issues or communication by staying in own world.
A person can also achieve a state of primitive isolation by changing his psychological state, for example, with the help of alcohol.
Some researchers have come to the conclusion that this defense mechanism is expressed in hypersensitive people.
Another first level defense mechanism is projection. A very common form in which a person attributes to another those qualities that he does not accept in himself. The mechanism seems simple, but it is very difficult to apply it to yourself.
Every person has positive and negative sides his personality. It is easy and pleasant to accept positive things, but it is difficult to agree with your shortcomings. If a person agrees with his shortcomings, then he is more loyal to the same qualities in others.
A person rejects his negative sides, because. it seems to him that this preserves his self-respect. He eradicates his shortcomings in others under the guise of protection.
In the end, it just reduces anxiety, reduces danger, which is what is required of a defense mechanism.

Negation- easy-to-understand protection. The name speaks for itself. If some information, thoughts, events, actions are not acceptable, are painful, problematic, pose a threat to either the psychological or physical state, then they are denied. They simply don't exist. The person does not even try to understand them. It's convenient, isn't it?))
The disadvantage of this protection is that in the real world the situation has remained and has not disappeared anywhere.
For example, a person can deny for a long time to dare a loved one, but sooner or later this fact will have to be recognized.
Denial involves a person's denial of the need to adjust or readjust. And in a situation where a person removes the defense of denial, it is important to simply support him.

Mechanism displacement already belong to the group of the second order. It is somewhat similar to the mechanism of denial. The difference is that with denial, a person does not even try to realize things that are unpleasant for him, but with repression, this is assumed. The result of repression is an indifferent attitude to the situation.

Distinguish between complete displacement and partial. With complete repression, a person completely forgets his experiences, because. they were too traumatic. For example, psychotrauma. But, despite this, traumatic events continue to affect the life, destiny, health of a person, influence his actions and behavior.

With partial repression, a person tries not to think about his experiences, but he cannot completely forget, and under certain circumstances they pop up in the form of violent emotions.

Regression. This mechanism brings the person back to an earlier and more primitive way of responding. In the people it is called "fall into childhood."
This is an escape to safety, because most often it is childhood that many associate with safety. This is the position of a weak person, demanding pity, concessions, unable to cope with something due to his "small age".
Regression can be expressed in the denial of someone else's point of view, despite the arguments and arguments. At the moment of regression, childhood habits may return: nail biting, thumb sucking, nose picking, stuttering, etc. A person can dress out of age, want a favorite childhood treat, just get sick.
Regression always occurs as an unconscious reaction, and this is his main feature. (Otherwise, it's just a simulation.) And most often, regression is associated with some kind of achievement.
For example, professional achievements. Man got new position, but became fussy, irritable, inattentive, excitable, bites his nails, sleeps at home in flannel pajamas with a soft toy)) - signs of regression.
Regression is very common in the sexual realm. For example, onanism. A person leading an adult sexual life solves the problem in a more primitive childish way. For him, this is easier than establishing contact with a partner.
Finally regression can be compared with 2 or 3 one year old baby who proclaims his independence from his mother, is eager to comprehend the world and repeats his “I myself!”, But in case of difficulties (fear, pain ...) he runs to hide behind his mother’s skirt.
In general, regression as a defense mechanism is quite common and is a relatively simple defense mechanism. May be corrected. But it's more efficient to work on the problem that caused this defensive reaction, i.e. with stress.

The next defense mechanism is rationalization. A person unconsciously tries to justify and explain his wrong or even absurd behavior. The true state of affairs is so painful that it wraps itself in a sweet shell of excuses, where a person remains “white and fluffy” in his eyes. An example of rationalization is Krylov's fable "The Fox and the Grapes."
Rationalization can be conscious or unconscious. True reason can be deeply hidden from the person himself, like the core of an onion.
Work on this mechanism consists in removing one layer after another. Each subsequent layer can be more painful than the previous one. Painful for self-love, but good for self-knowledge.

Another second order mechanism is inversion or reactive conversion. A person replaces thoughts, feelings, actions with diametrically opposed ones. Everything has two poles. If one pole poses a threat or danger, then the person is transferred to another, more convenient one. At the same time, the dangerous pole ceases to be realized.
For example, a boy is in love with a girl. If he reveals his feelings, then he may be ridiculed, insulted, misunderstood, scolded, etc. (From love to hate one step). He makes an inversion of his feelings and understands love as hatred or irritation. He starts pulling the girl's pigtails, calling names, pushing and reading "tenderness".
In inversion, a person may want one thing, but talk about another, or experience indifference to who (or what) represents great importance.
If something is a hyper-value for a person, then the opposite value is sure to hang at the other end, no less significant, but more problematic.
If a person constantly and very clearly emphasizes that he has no competitors, then do not hesitate, he has them everywhere.
To remove this mechanism, you need to change your needs, reduce the importance of one pole. Then separation will happen naturally.

Resistance. The closer to the problem, the brighter the person's resistance. Resistance can be a sign that the problem is urgent and painful, as well as that the person is not ready to solve it. Sharp and strong pressure is not always justified. It is not known how the human psyche can react to such interference. The task of a consultant or psychologist, in this case, is not to press, but to highlight the problem so that a person does not feel danger or threat, because he still does not know how to live in a new way.

Sublimation. Perhaps the most common and acceptable way. It can even be very successful if implemented correctly. It involves the transformation of forbidden desires into other activities that are allowed in society (perhaps approved and encouraged by it).

If something cannot be done, then a person does what is possible.

A very common example of the sublimation of personal problems can be found in creativity and in art. Poems written by unfortunate lovers, canvases that amaze with their images, music that causes goosebumps ... All this can be praised by people, a person can gain fame, honor, respect, but .... But sublimation is not a solution to the problem, so a person can remain unhappy all his life, remaining a genius for everyone.

The solution is working on the real problem.

In astropsychology, the concept of sublimation is very often mentioned. This is one of possible solutions for problematic planets, whose functions suffer and make any sphere of human life extremely limited.

From an astropsychological point of view, we can say that most of the protective mechanisms are expressed in the chart by the opposition of the planets to each other. Resistance can be represented by quadrature. Sublimation can be thought of as the fortunate resolution of tense planets into a trine.