After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in normative documents that establish the design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State building codes oh and the rules:

• DBN (B. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
• SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated temperature of the water in the supply, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating to decide what should be the temperature of the coolant, should be taking into account such factors:

1. The beginning and end of the heating season according to the average daily temperature outside +8 ° C for 3 days;
2. The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public interest should be 20 °C, and for industrial buildings 16 °C;
3. The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85.

According to SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" (clause 3.20), the coolant limit values ​​are as follows:

Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 °C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust begins to decompose and paintwork. For these reasons sanitary norms prohibit more heating.

For calculation optimal performance special charts and tables can be used that define the norms depending on the season:

• With an average value outside the window of 0 °С, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 °С, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 °С;
• At -20 °С, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °С, while the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °С;
• At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowable values. At the supply it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and at the return - 70 ° C.

Optimal values ​​in an individual heating system

H2_2

Heating system helps to avoid many of the problems that arise with a centralized network, and optimum temperature The coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norm includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of ​​​​the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided design features heating appliances.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 °C. 80 °C is considered optimal. It is easier to control heating with a gas boiler, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to adjust the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. At the same time, the control of heating of the coolant is rather conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly adjust the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different norms for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° C, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° C, while the difference between the return and supply should be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a “cold start” is used: that part of the liquid that has passed through the network is again transferred from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature standards for the heating network.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for the correct calculation of the coolant temperature norm and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and the strength of the wind. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows help reduce heat loss. It will also reduce heating costs.

Economical energy consumption in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature diagram, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to the external environment. The value of the values ​​makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.

High-rise buildings are connected mainly to central heating. Sources that convey thermal energy, are boiler houses or CHP. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.

Having passed full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by thermal networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, thermal energy should be regulated so that the consumer receives the required volume.

Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:

1. Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but the temperature is constant.
2. Qualitative. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its flow rate does not change.

In our systems, the second variant of regulation is used, that is, qualitative. W Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment. And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.

Hence, we can say that the temperature curve of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).

Dependency graph may vary.

A particular chart has a dependency on:

1. Technical and economic indicators.
2. Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
3. climate.

High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy.

An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outdoor air:

It is also used, the diagram of the returned coolant. A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled.

The stability of the scheme depends on the design values ​​of the liquid flow high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. Conversely, at a minimum flow, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.

The supplier's interest is, of course, in the flow of return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the flow, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat. The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation of building codes and discomfort to the inhabitants.

What does it depend on?

The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and coolant. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account.

The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23°C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22°C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. These standards are in line with the normal comfortable living in the house.

Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs. Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit.

Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced. The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C.

Temperature chart 95-70:

temperature graph 95-70

How is it calculated?

The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, where one of them considers only heating, the other one considers heating with hot water consumption.

For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.

The initial data for the heat generating station will be:

1. Tnv- the amount of outside air.
2. TVN- indoor air.
3. T1- coolant from the source.
4. T2- return flow of water.
5. T3- the entrance to the building.

We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.

At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.

The results obtained are brought into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:

So we got three various schemes which can be taken as a basis. It would be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we considered the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic features of the region and the characteristics of the building.

To reduce power consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and uniform distribution of heat throughout the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the load of the system does not affect quality work unit.

Adjustment

Heating regulator

Automatic control is provided by the heating regulator.

It includes the following details:

1. Computing and matching panel.
2. Executive device at the water supply line.
3. Executive device, which performs the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
4. boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
5. Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several in a room.

The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.

To increase the flow, there is a booster pump, and the corresponding command from the regulator. The incoming flow is regulated by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some of the liquid that circulates along the circuit is sent to the supply.

Information is taken by sensors and transmitted to control units, as a result of which flows are redistributed, which provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.

Sometimes, a computing device is used, where the DHW and heating regulators are combined.

The hot water regulator has more a simple circuit management. The hot water sensor regulates the flow of water with a stable value of 50°C.

Regulator benefits:

1. The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
2. Exclusion of liquid overheating.
3. Fuel economy and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Table with temperature graph

The operating mode of the boilers depends on the weather of the environment.

If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey building and a private house, all will have an individual heat chart.

In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:

Outside temperature	Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline	Temperature of network water in the return pipeline
+10	70	55
+9	70	54
+8	70	53
+7	70	52
+6	70	51
+5	70	50
+4	70	49
+3	70	48
+2	70	47
+1	70	46
0	70	45
-1	72	46
-2	74	47
-3	76	48
-4	79	49
-5	81	50
-6	84	51
-7	86	52
-8	89	53
-9	91	54
-10	93	55
-11	96	56
-12	98	57
-13	100	58
-14	103	59
-15	105	60
-16	107	61
-17	110	62
-18	112	63
-19	114	64
-20	116	65
-21	119	66
-22	121	66
-23	123	67
-24	126	68
-25	128	69
-26	130	70

SNiP

There are certain rules that must be observed in the creation of projects on heating network and transporting hot water to the consumer, where the supply of water vapor must be carried out at 400°C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. The supply of heat from the source is recommended to be released to the consumer with values ​​of 90/70 °C or 115/70 °C.

Regulatory requirements should be followed for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory coordination with the Ministry of Construction of the country.

From a series of articles "What to do if it's cold in the apartment"

What is a temperature chart?

The water temperature in the heating system must be maintained depending on the actual outdoor temperature according to the temperature schedule, which is developed by heat engineers of design and energy supply organizations according to a special methodology for each source of heat supply, taking into account specific local conditions. These schedules should be developed based on the requirement that during the cold season in living rooms the optimal temperature* equal to 20–22 °C was maintained.

When calculating the schedule, heat losses (water temperatures) in the area from the heat supply source to residential buildings are taken into account.

Temperature graphs should be drawn up both for the heating network at the outlet of the heat supply source (boiler house, CHPP), and for pipelines after the heating points of residential buildings (groups of houses), i.e. directly at the entrance to the heating system of the house.

From heat supply sources to heat networks is supplied hot water according to the following temperature charts:*

• from large CHP plants: 150/70°С, 130/70°С or 105/70°С;
• from boiler houses and small CHP plants: 105/70°С or 95/70°С.

*the first digit is the maximum temperature of the direct supply water, the second digit is its minimum temperature.

Other temperature schedules may be applied depending on specific local conditions.

So, in Moscow, at the exit from the main sources of heat supply, schedules of 150/70°С, 130/70°С and 105/70°С (maximum/minimum water temperature in the heating system) are used.

Until 1991, such temperature charts annually before the autumn-winter heating season were approved by the administrations of cities and other settlements, which was regulated by the relevant regulatory and technical documents (NTD).

Subsequently, unfortunately, this norm disappeared from the NTD, everything was given to the owners of boiler houses, thermal power plants, and other factories - steamships, who at the same time did not want to lose profits.

However regulatory requirement on the obligation to draw up temperature schedules for heating was restored by Federal Law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On Heat Supply". Here is what is regulated in FZ-190 according to temperature chart(the articles of the Law are arranged by the author in their logical sequence):

“... Article 23. Organization of the development of heat supply systems for settlements, urban districts
…3. Authorized ... bodies [see. Art. 5 and 6 FZ-190] should develop, statement and annual update* * heat supply schemes, which should contain:
…7) Optimal temperature chart…
Article 20. Checking readiness for the heating season
…5. Check readiness for heating period of heat supply organizations ... is carried out in order to ... readiness of these organizations to fulfill the schedule of heat loads, maintaining the temperature schedule approved by the heat supply scheme…
Article 6
1. The powers of local self-government bodies of settlements, urban districts for the organization of heat supply in the respective territories include:
…4) fulfillment of requirements, established rules assessing the readiness of settlements, urban districts for the heating period, and readiness control heat supply organizations, heat network organizations, certain categories consumers for the heating season;
…6) approval of heat supply schemes settlements, urban districts with a population of less than five hundred thousand people ...;
Article 4, paragraph 2. To the powers of the fed. organ isp. authority authorized to implement the state. heating policies include:
11) approval of heat supply schemes for settlements, mountains. districts with a population of five hundred thousand or more ...
Article 29. Final provisions
…3. Approval of heat supply schemes for settlements ... must be carried out before December 31, 2011.”

And here is what is said about the temperature graphs of heating in the "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock" (approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170):

“…5.2. Central heating
5.2.1. System operation central heating residential buildings should provide:
- maintaining the optimum (not below the permissible) air temperature in heated rooms;
- maintaining the temperature of the water entering and returning from the heating system in accordance with the schedule for the quality regulation of the water temperature in the heating system (Appendix N 11);
- uniform heating of all heating devices;
5.2.6. The premises of the operating personnel should have:
... e) a graph of the temperature of the supply and return water in the heating network and in the heating system, depending on the outside temperature, indicating the working pressure of the water at the inlet, the static and maximum allowable pressure in the system; ... "

Due to the fact that a heat carrier with a temperature not higher than can be supplied to house heating systems: for two-pipe systems - 95 ° С; for single-pipe - 105 ° С, at heating points (individual house or group for several houses), before water is supplied to houses, hydraulic elevator units are installed in which direct network water having high temperature, mixed with chilled return water returning from the heating system of the house. After mixing in the hydraulic elevator, the water enters the house system with a temperature according to the "house" temperature chart 95/70 or 105/70 ° С.

The following, as an example, shows the temperature graph of the heating system after heating point a residential building for radiators according to the top-down and bottom-up scheme (with outdoor temperature intervals of 2 °C), for a city with an estimated outdoor air temperature of 15 °C (Moscow, Voronezh, Orel):

WATER TEMPERATURE IN DISCHARGE PIPELINES, deg. C

AT DESIGN OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE

current outdoor temperature,	water supply to radiators
"upwards"	"top down"
server	back	server	back

Explanations:
1. In gr. 2 and 4 show the values ​​of the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating system:
in the numerator - at a calculated water temperature drop of 95 - 70 °C;
in the denominator - with a calculated difference of 105 - 70 °C.
In gr. 3 and 5 show the water temperatures in the return pipeline, which coincide in their values ​​with calculated differences of 95 - 70 and 105 - 70 °C.

Temperature graph of the heating system of a residential building after a heat point

Source: Rules and Regulations technical operation housing stock, adj. twenty
(approved by order of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1997 No. 17-139).

Since 2003 they have been operating "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock"(approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170), adj. eleven.

Current temperature- outdoor tour	The design of the heater
radiators	convectors
water supply scheme for the device	convector type
		"top down"
water temperature in distributing pipelines, deg. C
	back	serving	back	serving	back	serving	back	serving	back
DESIGN OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE

To calculate the heat loss of a house, it is necessary to know the thickness of the outer walls and the building material. The calculation of the surface power of the batteries is carried out according to the following formula: Psp \u003d P / Fact Where P is the maximum power, W, Fact is the radiator area, cm². Dependence of heat output on outdoor temperature According to the data obtained, a temperature regime for heating and a heat transfer graph depending on the outdoor temperature are compiled. To timely change the heating parameters, a temperature heating controller is installed. This device connects to outdoor and indoor thermometers. Depending on the current indicators, the operation of the boiler or the volume of coolant inflow to the radiators is adjusted. The weekly programmer is the optimal temperature controller for heating. With its help, you can automate the operation of the entire system as much as possible.

Temperature chart of the heating system

Regulator benefits:

1. The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
2. Exclusion of liquid overheating.
3. Economy of fuel and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Table with temperature graph The operating mode of the boilers depends on the ambient weather. If we take different objects, for example, a factory room, a multi-storey building and a private house, all will have an individual thermal diagram.

Energy Blog

Attention

Looking through the statistics of visiting our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the temperature of the coolant at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. I decided to lay out the old schedule for the quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outdoor temperature.

Important

I want to warn those who, on the basis of these figures, will try to sort things out with housing departments or heating networks: heating schedules for each individual locality different (I wrote about this in the article regulating the temperature of the coolant). Thermal networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.

I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation takes place according to the average daily outdoor temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 °C.

temperature graph

The temperature of the heat carrier at the inlet to the heating system with a qualitative regulation of the heat supply depends on the outside temperature, that is, the lower the outside temperature, the higher the temperature should be when the coolant enters the heating system. The temperature graph is selected when designing the heating system of the building, the size of the heating devices, the flow rate of the coolant in the system, and, consequently, the diameter of the distributing pipelines depend on it.
Two numbers are used to indicate the temperature graph, for example, 90-70 ° C - this means that when design temperature outside air (for Kyiv -22°C), to create a comfortable indoor air temperature (for housing 20°C), a coolant (water) with a temperature of 90°C must enter the heating system, and leave it with a temperature of 70°C .

Temperature chart of the heating system 95 70 snip table

Info

Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs.

Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit. Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced.

The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C. Temperature graph 95-70: Temperature graph 95-70 How is it calculated? The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, where one of them considers only heating, the other one considers heating with hot water consumption.

Heating temperature chart

At the same time, the degree of air heating in residential premises should be at the level of + 22 ° С. For non-residential, this figure is slightly lower - + 16 ° С. For a centralized system, drawing up a correct temperature schedule for a heating boiler room is required to ensure an optimal comfortable temperature in the apartments.

The main problem is the lack feedback- it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the heat carrier depending on the degree of air heating in each apartment. That is why the temperature chart is drawn up heating system. A copy of the heating schedule can be requested from Management Company. With it, you can control the quality of the services provided. Autonomous heating Thermostat Make similar calculations for autonomous systems heating of a private house is often not necessary.

Temperature schedule for the operation of sources and heating networks

Dependency graph may vary. A particular chart has a dependency on:

1. Technical and economic indicators.
2. Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
3. climate.

High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy. An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the heat carrier, Tnv is the outdoor air: The diagram of the returned heat carrier is also used.

A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled. The stability of the scheme depends on the design values ​​of the liquid flow of high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. Conversely, at a minimum flow, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.

The supplier's interest is, of course, in the flow of return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the flow, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat.

The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation of building codes and discomfort to the inhabitants. What does it depend on? The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and heating medium. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account. The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23°C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22°C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. Such norms correspond to normal and comfortable living in the house.

Temperature chart of the heating system - calculation procedure and ready-made tables

For networks operating according to temperature schedules of 95-70°С and 105-70°С (columns 5 and 6 of the table), the water temperature in the return pipeline of heating systems is determined by column 7 of the table. For consumers connected according to an independent connection scheme, the water temperature in the direct pipeline is determined according to column 4 of the table, and in the return pipeline according to column 8 of the table.

The temperature schedule for regulating the heat load is developed from the conditions of the daily supply of heat energy for heating, which ensures the need for buildings in heat energy, depending on the outside temperature, in order to ensure that the temperature in the premises is constant at a level of at least 18 degrees, as well as covering the heat load of hot water supply with ensuring DHW temperature in places of water intake not lower than + 60 ° С, in accordance with the requirements of SanPin 2.1.4.2496-09 “Drinking water.