Scheme of heating a multi-storey building with supply from above. Heating of an apartment building - existing options

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

Apartment heating system, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or in a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

Device central heating apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

Water heating, water is used as a heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks; it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
"Leningradka" is an improved version of a one-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

On the left is a standard one-pipe system, to which we do not recommend making any changes. On the right - "Leningrad", it is possible to install manual control valves and correctly replace the radiator

The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, precise regulation and gives more wide opportunities for radiator replacement

The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. The greater the number of floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. The exact value can be obtained from the local operating company. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
Is it possible and how much to change the thermal power of the radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data of various types of radiators may vary depending on the specific model

The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. Traditional cast-iron batteries are the least sensitive to pollution, they react the worst to aggressive environment aluminum. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. As for the existing housing stock with standard heating systems, this is not always possible. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat meters placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

teploguru.ru

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

V Russian Federation for the most part, the heating systems of multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they operate from a thermal power plant or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted differently, that is, they can be made both single-pipe and two-pipe.

For passive users, this does not matter, but in the case of a major overhaul of an apartment with your own hands, you will have to learn how to understand these nuances.

Two-pipe and one-pipe radiator connection system

Scheme of independent central heating

First, let's pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used mostly in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler house is located directly in the building itself or near it, which allows for correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a thermal power plant or one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area with it. The heat carrier from the center is supplied to heating points through the main pipes, from where it is already distributed to the apartments. Thus, it is possible to make additional adjustment of the coolant supply at the TP using circulation pumps, that is, such a supply principle is called independent.

Scheme of dependent central heating

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the temperature of the water does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such nodes basically serve as something like an additional circulation pump in an autonomous heating system.

It is also possible to divide systems into closed and open, that is, in closed system hot water supply, the heat carrier from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, where it is separately supplied to the radiators, and separately to the hot water supply (hot water supply). Open heating systems do not provide for such distribution, and the selection for hot water supply occurs directly from the main. Therefore, in open systems outside the heating season, it is impossible to provide residents with hot water.

Connection types

It is not in your power to change the scheme of the centralized water circuit, therefore, the heating system of an apartment building can only be adjusted at the level of your apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when, in a single building, residents completely redo the system, but here the so-called “location to the area” comes into force, and the principles of heating with one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

Single pipe heating system

Scheme of single-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the route. That is, water in such a circuit is supplied from the bottom up, getting into the radiators in each apartment and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the device returns to the same pipe. The coolant reaches the final destination already pretty cool, so complaints are often heard from the residents of the upper floors.

Scheme for connecting radiators of a single-pipe heating system

But sometimes such a system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in the radiators, and for this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the pipe, as shown in the diagram below.

Scheme of connecting radiators through a pipe

Only the first users benefit from such a connection, and the water gets even colder into the last apartments. In addition, the ability to adjust the radiators is lost, because by reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the flow throughout the pipe. It also turns out that during the heating season you will not be able to change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, therefore, in such cases, jumpers are installed to turn off the device and direct water through them.
For single-pipe heating systems, the ideal solution would be to arrange the radiators in size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, the largest devices should be connected at the end. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you understand, no one will do this. It turns out that the savings on the installation of the heating circuit translates into problems with the distribution of heat and, as a result, into complaints from residents about the cold in the apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

Scheme of two-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Take a look at the heatsink wiring diagram below and you'll see why.

Scheme for connecting radiators to a two-pipe heating system

In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator is no longer returned to the same pipe, but is discharged into the return channel or into the "return". Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the radiator is connected from a riser or from a lounger - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged throughout its entire route through the supply pipe.
An important advantage in a two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install thermostatic taps on it for automatic maintenance temperature regime. Also in such a circuit, you can use devices with side and bottom connections, use dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

Scheme of a single-pipe DHW system

Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water supply is heated by a heat carrier in central heating points. Hot water supply can be connected from a single-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
Depending on the number of pipes in the line (one or two), you can get either warm or cold water at the hot water tap in the morning. For example, if you have a single-pipe heating system in an apartment building with 5 floors, then by opening a hot tap, during the first 20-30 seconds you will get cold water from it.

In a one-pipe system, hot water may not appear immediately

This is explained very simply - at night there is practically no analysis of hot water, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you open the faucet, water from the central heating system is supplied to your house, that is, a breakdown appears and the cooled water is drained until hot water appears. This disadvantage also causes water overspending, because you simply drain unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
In a two-pipe system, the circulation of water is continuous, so there are no such problems. But sometimes a riser with heated towel rails is looped through the hot water system, then this turns into a problem - they are hot even in summer!
Many people have a question, why does hot water disappear with the end of the heating season, and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instruction requires post-heating tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you are in a damaged area. But here it is possible to characterize public utilities very positively, as they try by any means, even by changing the supply scheme, to provide citizens with hot water - after all, this is their income.
Also, in the middle of summer, the entire heating system is waiting for current and major repairs, when certain sections have to be turned off. With the onset of autumn, the repaired sections are being tested and some places may not withstand, and this is again a shutdown. Do not forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for centralized heating system

Columnar cast iron radiator

Many of us have long been accustomed to cast-iron radiators, installed since the construction of the house, and even, if the need arises, they are replaced with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are good enough because they can withstand high pressure, so the battery has two digits in the passport, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second - pressure testing (test). For cast iron appliances, this is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

Sectional bimetallic radiator

But in a nine-story building, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the batteries described above are quite suitable, but in a 22-story building the pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so devices made of steel or bimetal are more appropriate here. Only aluminum radiators are not suitable for central heating, as they will not withstand the operating state of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you have started overhaul in the apartment and you also want to replace the radiators, then, if possible, replace the wiring pipes. These ½ or ¾ inch pipes are probably also not in very good condition and it is better to use ecoplastic instead. Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have narrower waterways than cast iron ones, so they can become clogged and lose power.

To prevent this from happening, put a regular filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system of a multi-storey building does not live up to our expectations, then we often scold utilities or even a particular plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat arise due to the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

heating-gid.ru

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

A very serious place in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings is occupied by high-quality heating. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what are the types of systems, what is in them optimum temperature how repairs are made.

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained with the help of heating in the range of 20–22 ° C, and humidity - 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of the heating system in an apartment building, that is, the creation of a scheme, professional heat engineers calculate everything required characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of the key features of a modern centralized heating system for a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. It goes from the combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water going back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on environment.

temperature graph heating systems

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the central heating system of an apartment building is widely used. Here, the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the coolant. However, water circuits are built according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, these details need to be known.

Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not often used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to launch one boiler house that can warm and provide hot water to an entire microdistrict.

Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant goes from the central boiler house through the main pipelines to the heat unit of the MKD, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out at the heat point itself by means of circular pumps.

Various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications into certain categories.

According to the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

seasonal, heat supply is necessary only during the cold season;
year-round, requiring constant heating.

Type of coolant used:

Water - the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of the operation of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not compromising quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
Air - such heating systems of apartment buildings are capable of both heating and ventilation of buildings; due to the high cost, this system is less widely used.
Steam - are recognized as the most profitable, since pipes of small diameter are taken for heating, the hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, which facilitates its maintenance. True, this variety is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply:

An independent heating system of an apartment building - the water circulating through it or steam in the heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) in the heating system.
Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water heating system:

Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply, the transfer of thermal energy to it is carried out in the network heat exchanger of the central.

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

From such an intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cooled. In addition, now it is impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is going on, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without intruding into house system heating an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to save the coolant flow.

In the presence of single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries in size: small ones should be placed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing in size, the largest appliances should be connected in the last apartments. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, saving money on the installation of a heating circuit is followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Look at the connection diagram of the radiators, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: the fluid that has lost thermal energy from the radiator is not sent to the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from the riser or from the lounger. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install thermostatic taps that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connection, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with steam, and hence the level of heat, vary in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe opening. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

The pipes of the heating system of an apartment building with a maximum size (100 mm) are located in the basements. With them, the connection of the entire system begins. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50-76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of thermal energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. This affects the inhabitants of the upper floors, where the temperature drops dramatically. To balance this process allows the start of the hydraulic heating system. This step involves connecting the circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures the start of the automatic pressure control system. Installation and start-up take place in the collector of a separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system changes along the entrances, floors of an apartment building. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start-up of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

What is the procedure for calculating the payment for heating by metering devices

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, having paid their heating bills, tenants complain about management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building is (its principle of operation, scheme), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by the owners who are also going to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building under different schemes?

Single-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
Single-pipe schemes with a horizontal type of wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring diagrams, residents usually prefer the installation of a common house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

In the form of measuring instruments that allow determining the volume of coolant passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical controllers for the flow of thermal energy act.

Structurally and functionally, mechanical type meters are considered the simplest. Their principle of operation in the heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant movement into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models measure the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of the liquid. The predominant number of such devices is powered by autonomous energy sources - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an MKD, the owner needs:

obtain information about the technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
create an installation project together with licensed masters in this field;
install the heat meter in full accordance with specifications and originally developed project;
sign an agreement with the supplier of thermal energy on payment according to the readings of the meter.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is the installation of a common meter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of an apartment building; Vt - the average volume of heat energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. m); TT - tariffs for the consumption of thermal energy (rubles/Gcal).

divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
divide the resulting number by the total area of \u200b\u200bthe house, taking into account all heated rooms: basements, attics, porches. You will receive the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square area per month.

However, several legitimate questions follow from the foregoing.

Where can I get the indicators of energy consumption for the previous year, given that the total meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment

There is an easy formula for this. For 10 square meters of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to coefficients depending on the region:

for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
for the Far North, eastern regions, the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's do a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an MKD in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m2. We take into account that approximately 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m2 of housing. According to the climate features of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. As a result, the required value is 10.2 kW, otherwise 10,200 watts.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

the amount of heat energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, it will need more;
a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy, when compared with monolithic walls;
the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 watts. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to calculate the required amount of thermal energy most accurately, you will not only have to multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as in the calculation by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to work at the design operating pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, to ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases, and pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems are launched:

immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
in systems that have already been used;
as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
during inspections before all heating seasons;
at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is carried out by certified employees of services that operate and Maintenance systems data.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (the number of circuits, branches, risers), the wiring diagram, the material, the wall thickness of the elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
examination of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressing works like this:

the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
excess pressure is pumped in it by an electric or manual pump;
using a manometer, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
if the pressure is maintained (the readings of the pressure gauge do not change) - the system is tight, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts (pipes, connections, batteries, accessories) are checked to detect water leakage;
after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shutoff valve, battery, etc.), the tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during these tests depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the pressing pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for already used ones - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are produced under a certain allowable pressure. With this in mind, the maximum working pressure and pressure for testing are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to more pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with a pressure of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator fell by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

Pressurization of the heating system of an apartment building with air

Air system checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings, when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to know if the system is installed with high quality, but water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, manual) pump with a pressure gauge are connected to the make-up or drain valve, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), because if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit are necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in performance, even if everything is tight. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to maintain it for another half an hour.

Pressure testing of open heating systems

To pressure test the heating system in an open-circuit apartment building and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve installed on a pipe with water. When pumping liquid, it plays the role of an air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressure is built up, the valve is closed.

The operating pressure of such heating systems of an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of entry into the return boiler, 0.1 atm of overpressure is given in this place. V one-story houses it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure to 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-story houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). A lower liquid overpressure (0.3–1.6 bar) is then created for hydraulic testing.

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, a break in the battery supply, defrosting the heating in the entrance.
Current. Allows you to identify minor malfunctions, conduct a scheduled check of the shut-off valves, its revision and installation of a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are detected by residents, the latter make themselves known during planned detours, the rest - when preparing the system for winter.
Overhaul is associated with a complete or partial change of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates installed instead of those that have worked out their due date.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common "diseases" of the system encountered by emergency locksmith teams and their normal treatments.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled for discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. A malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in a pipe bend, a sunken screw valve valve. If the problem is fixed, and the water flows without a hitch through the riser, the air must be bled on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, the liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the current repair team welds the place.

Leaking lock nuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the eyeliner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Strong leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are dropped, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Driveway heating is defrosted. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency team restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted driveway heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Repair of valves consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but the revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, the spacer wedge between the cheeks is replaced, it is welded on, the mirrors are lapped in the body, on the cheeks, the stem is restored, the pressure ring on the stuffing box is replaced, and other work is carried out in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of the cast-iron valve on the stand. By the appearance of this part, it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of stop valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, you have to dump the whole house. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

The rewinding of the locknuts on the risers should also take place periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small leaks in pipes and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a collar with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out maintenance of the heating system: starting, stopping heating, removing air congestion (if the inhabitants of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating.

Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list necessary work and consumables.
A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has among the services offered “repair of the heating system” (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is paid during registration.
An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
Further work is completed by the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with a service organization and its teams of emergency, current repairs, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after a poor-quality repair will fall on his own shoulders.

What works fall under the term "overhaul"? Their list is short:

full or partial replacement of risers and heating pipes;
complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
replacement of the entire elevator assembly or shutoff valves in it;
full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

How to get rid of overpayment for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building is declining for two unavoidable reasons.

1. Heating batteries and horizontal sections pipes silt over time. This becomes a disaster for places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the radiators.

Where does sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding work, everything that is carried by heating mains. CHP constantly takes and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them up to perfect condition.

2. Illness steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits. Salts of calcium and magnesium narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanization and lines with an internal polymer coating are not subject to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspensions reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the cause of the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Therefore, flushing this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is indicated in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Silting, which cannot be avoided, overgrowing of steel pipes leads to a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But ungalvanized steel pipes corrode so badly over decades that the benefits of treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemical substances corrode rust, and during pressure testing, many new leaks are found.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the spill, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. After this reagent is drained, and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of a flushing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles per 25 liters. According to the rules of housing maintenance, it is impossible to drain the used substance into the sewer, although if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized with a special agent.

Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when correct application.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful pneumatic pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes out part of the scale, silt.

The flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

on the return pipeline, the house valve is closed;
a compressor for flushing the heating system of an apartment building is connected to the metering valve at the supply after the house valve;
the reset on the return line opens;
when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf/cm2, the valve connected to it opens;
groups of risers alternately overlap so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So flushing the heating risers and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

the discharge, the valve to which the compressor is connected, closes;
the house valve is closed on the supply and opens on the return;
the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Flushing of riser groups takes place again, but with the reverse direction of the pulp flow.

Where can I get the program for flushing the heating system in the MKD?

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and pleasant life in any type of dwelling. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, maintenance work, it is required to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The correct operation of communications in the MKD is the responsibility of the management company. This means that the drain is coordinated with it in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure independently?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the CC. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for coordination and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some settlements it will cost 1000 rubles, in others - 5000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining fluid, refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time persuading the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When it is cold outside from -30 ° C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and installation new battery instead of the old one, they are not connected with the draining of water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

turn the tap on the riser, shut off the water flow;
open the outlet cock on the battery / unscrew the cap with a wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

www.gkh.ru

What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in the heating system of an apartment building, it can be either one-pipe or two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it functions from a boiler house located inside the apartment building itself, or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, due to which it is rarely used in multi-storey buildings (basically, such a system is chosen by owners of private houses).

Much more often, they build a thermal power plant or arrange one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through the main pipes from the center to the heating points, and from there to the apartments. This principle of supply is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a dependent heating system of a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to apartment radiators directly from a CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since the heat points perform a function here comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and they do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the heat carrier from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to hot water supply and apartment radiators.

V open system such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has a huge number of disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the route. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being pretty cool, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of the residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. Basic distinctive feature such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to withdraw the already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of the two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly with the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the ground floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually mounted in low-rise buildings with a large length (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

The vertical two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The indisputable advantage of such a network is that it practically does not form air jams.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. At the same time, in the heating systems of multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are located along vertical pattern, bottom wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in the basement or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") is even lower.

To remove excess air when using the bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. For uniform distribution of the heat carrier throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

The upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this method of wiring, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the upper wiring is the high pressure in the supply lines.

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in an apartment building, it can be either one-pipe or two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, due to which it is rarely used in multi-storey buildings (basically, such a system is chosen by owners of private houses).

In a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since the heat points perform a function here comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and they do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the coolant from a CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to hot water supply and to.

In an open system, such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

An apartment building has a huge number of shortcomings, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the way. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being pretty cool, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of the residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. The main distinguishing feature of such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to withdraw the already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. At the same time, in the heating systems of multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are located in a vertical pattern, the lower wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in the basement or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") is even lower.

To remove excess air when using the bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. For uniform distribution of the heat carrier throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

modern world

In the process of designing a heating system, a calculation is made without fail, and drawings are made with all the designations necessary for installation. All design work must be carried out using...

Today, the lion's share of our compatriots lives in. Of course, they do not have to think about how to maintain a high temperature in each of the rooms: central heating easily and without hassle solves this problem for them. Yes, you have to pay a decent amount every month for such comfort, however, it's worth it.

Heating scheme of an apartment building

Still, residents do not have to think about spending a lot of money on installing the necessary equipment and a lot of effort to maintain the temperature in each of the rooms at the right level.

After all, the standards for heating apartment buildings in 2019 allow each of the inhabitants to feel comfortable. For example, an acceptable minimum for living rooms is +20 degrees Celsius. For a bathroom or a combined bathroom, this figure rises to +25 degrees. In the kitchens, the temperature does not fall below +18 degrees.

In problematic side apartments, from which a strong wind can quickly blow out heat, normal temperature+22 degrees is considered. Indoor temperatures are often 3 to 7 degrees warmer than those listed above, allowing occupants to feel quite comfortable without warm sweaters and trousers.

But all this is achieved through the application of considerable effort! Dozens and hundreds of people go to work every day to provide high-quality heating for residential buildings.

It has already been said above that most modern houses in the cities it is heated by means of a centralized heating system. That is, there is a thermal station at which (in most cases with the help of coal) heating boilers heat water to a very high temperature. Most often it is more than 100 degrees Celsius!

Therefore, in order to avoid boiling and evaporation of water, the pressure in the pipes is very high - about 10 Kgf.

Water is supplied to all buildings connected to the heating main. When connecting the house to the heating plant, inlet valves are installed to control the process of supplying hot water to it. A heating unit is also connected to them, as well as a number of specialized equipment.

heating system scheme

Water can be supplied both from top to bottom and from bottom to top (when using a one-pipe system, which will be discussed below), depending on how the heating risers are located, or simultaneously to all apartments (with a two-pipe system).

Hot water, getting into heating radiators, heats them up to the required temperature, providing its required level in each room. The dimensions of the radiators depend both on the size of the room and on its purpose. Of course, the larger the radiators are, the warmer it will be where they are installed.

What is heating

Considering the heating of an apartment building, you can not boast of a large selection. All houses are heated approximately according to the same scheme. Each room has a cast-iron heating radiator (its dimensions depend on the size of the room and its purpose), which is supplied with hot water of a certain temperature (heat carrier) coming from a thermal station.

cast iron radiator example

However, the entire water supply scheme may vary depending on which heating distribution is provided in a particular building - one-pipe or two-pipe. Each of these options has certain advantages and disadvantages. To better understand this issue, you need to know exactly everything about the first and second. So let's briefly describe them.

Of course, it is impossible to change the type of heating system in an apartment, it requires titanic efforts and great work that will affect the whole house. But still be aware of the pros and cons different types heating systems will be useful to every apartment owner.

This video provides an overview various systems heating.

Development of a heating system project

The heating device, starting from the introductory system and ending with heating radiators, is created immediately after the frame is built. Of course, by this time, the heating project for an apartment building must be developed, tested and approved.

And it is at the first stage that a number of difficulties often arise, as in the performance of any other, very complex and important work.
In general, the heating system of an apartment building is complex.

The power of the heating system may depend on the strength of the wind in your area, the material from which the building is built, the thickness of the walls, the size of the premises and many other factors. Even two identical apartments, one of which is located on the corner of the building, and the other in its center, require a different approach.

After all, a strong wind in winter time of the year cools the outer walls rather quickly, which means that the heat loss of the corner apartment will be much higher.

Therefore, they must be compensated by installing larger heating radiators. Only experienced specialists who know exactly how all the equipment is arranged and how it works can take into account all the nuances, choose the best solutions.

A beginner who decides to calculate the heating system in an apartment building will be doomed to failure from the very beginning. And this will lead not only to a significant overspending of resources, but also put the lives of the inhabitants of the house in danger.

How Radiators Can Affect Room Temperature

Speaking about the heating of an apartment and a house as a whole, it is impossible not to pay attention to heating radiators. Still, they are the main suppliers of heat to most of the premises of the apartment. Most people are accustomed to cast iron radiators, which began to be installed in homes almost a century ago.

These massive, slowly heating "monsters" still stand in most apartments today.

Homeowners paint them, cover them with curtains and tulle, and even install special screens to hide them.

But any obstacles reduce heat transfer, due to which the temperature in the room can drop by several degrees. That is why many apartment owners prefer to install more modern types of radiators. They can be made from different materials.

This is what the main market for heating radiators looks like today. Big choice allows you to choose the right solution for even the most picky customer who is not satisfied with outdated massive radiators made of cast iron.

Central heating provides heating of apartments in high-rise buildings during the winter season. However, what to do if the price of the services provided by public utilities does not match their quality? Many apartment owners decide to disconnect from central heating and switch to autonomous. It is realistic to do this, but at the same time it is quite difficult, because in addition to technical problems, you will also encounter bureaucratic factors.

This article discusses central heating in an apartment building. We will study the design of such systems, temperature conditions, and also give recommendations on turning off the system and switching to individual heating.

The device of the central heating system

The central water heating of any apartment building consists of the following elements (listed in order of approach to the internal contour of the building):

Inside the house itself there are spills - pipes through which the coolant enters the vertical risers. A typical Soviet heating scheme for a five-story building assumes the presence of lower spills located in the basement of the building. From the spills, risers diverge, which are interconnected in the upper part of the house or in the attic.

The connection of the risers in the attic is fraught with freezing of the coolant when the circulation of water is stopped in winter, in order to avoid which the pipes must be carefully insulated. Also, air vents are installed in the upper part of the circuit (the usual Mayevsky crane is most often used) to discharge excess air.

In nine-story buildings, the spill, on the contrary, is mounted in the attic of the house. Unlike the lower spill, which has a number of problems when starting heating due to the airing of the risers, the top spill almost instantly distributes water to the risers.

1.1 In-house heating devices and temperature conditions

The type of heating devices used - batteries, depends on the year of construction of the building. So, in apartments built in the times of the USSR, there are two types of radiators:

sectional cast iron batteries, they are distinguished by their large weight and effective heat dissipation, which can reach 150 W per radiator, the disadvantages are an unaesthetic appearance, high risk leaks;
steel convectors, which are a metal case, inside which there are coils of the DU-20 pipe, connected by transverse plates (used in the 80-90s).

Installation of central heating systems involves the use of a different number of radiators on different floors of the house. So, during the upper spill, the coolant circulating through the floors loses its temperature and reaches the batteries on the first floor when it is very cold. In order for the heat supply to have sufficient efficiency, heat loss must be compensated, which is done by increasing the number of sections or the size of the radiators.

To date, water heating systems are equipped with the use of bimetallic radiators. Such structures are made of aluminum, they are quite expensive, but at the same time they are characterized by maximum heat transfer - up to 200 W per battery.

The current provisions of SNiP determine the norms for the air temperature in the apartment, which should be provided by central heating:

bedrooms and living rooms - 20 0 С;
corner rooms - 22 0 С;
kitchen - 18 0 С;
bathroom - 25 0 С.

The maximum water temperature in the pipes is also normalized, which should not be higher than 95 degrees. Separate norms are put forward for heating kindergartens - 37 0 C, which is the reason for a significant increase in the size and number of radiators in preschool institutions.

1.2 Alteration of central heating in the apartment (video)

2 Is it possible to refuse central heating?

Refusal of central heating is possible, but it will take a lot of effort to get the right to turn it off and cut it off. So, the necessary document for this “Decision to disconnect from the central heating system” from utilities will most likely have to be beaten out through the courts.

Turning off the central heating and replacing it with individual heating is carried out according to the following algorithm:

The housing and communal services authorities clarify the technical possibility of disconnecting the apartment from central heating. It is here that most of the bureaucratic friction will arise, since the communal services are extremely reluctant to part with their payers.
Specialists develop an individual heating project, which is certified by the communal services and signed by the fire supervision services. The project must contain a complete package of documents - from the piping layout and gas consumption, to the technical documentation for the boiler.
If the used heat exchanger (boiler) is connected to the pipeline that leads the combustion products to the facade of the building, you need to obtain additional permission from SanEpidemNadzor.
Installation and connection of individual water heating is carried out by a licensed installation organization. The first start-up of the system is carried out under the supervision of a representative of the gas services.
The heat exchanger is put on regular service.

Note that unauthorized disconnection from the central heating is illegal and threatens with a serious fine and the forced return of broken communications to their original state.

Replacing the type of heating in an apartment is somewhat different from installing water heating in a private house, consider the main nuances of this process:

due to the impossibility of providing natural circulation of the coolant in a closed circuit by other means, it will be necessary to use a circulation pump in the apartment or install a wall heat exchanger located above the level of the radiators;
the installed boiler must have a closed combustion chamber and be equipped with all necessary security systems;
the maximum water temperature in the system is 95 degrees, the maximum pressure is 1 MPa;
the wiring must be chosen depending on the size and layout of the apartment, the most affordable option in the arrangement is single-pipe wiring with a parallel tie-in of radiators (Leningradka).

In buildings with an overflow, the jumpers between the risers cannot be cut out, since structurally they must pass through the apartment on the top floor. The only way- agree with the neighbors below and move the jumpers to their apartment, but the likelihood that someone will agree to this is quite low. On the middle and lower floors, things are easier - just cut off the heaters and pipes through which they are connected to the riser.

Keep in mind that even having installed individual heating, you will be required to provide the housing and communal services repair team with access to the riser passing in your apartment, if necessary.

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system of an apartment building and its full functioning), special attention is paid to external and internal factors in the operation of the equipment. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To ensure the possibility of general control of the circuit, a single distribution unit with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator, is mounted in the house.

The autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building necessarily includes the following components and components:

The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping scheme in multi-storey buildings can be single- or double-circuit;
KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

A practical scheme for heating a residential multi-storey building includes a set of documentation: a project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in an apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. The responsibility for ensuring that the centralized central heating system will be operated correctly lies with the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement of the heating system in a multi-apartment building.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
The spread of temperature values for all heating schemes operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in radiators on landings and in technical rooms is +15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, total area building, and the heat output of the heating system, taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this gives rise to a number of negative points in the operation of the system:

The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is only possible when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the flow of coolant for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the rest of the sections work and move heat around the house. This is the principle of operation, and the advantage of a two-pipe system over the others.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, intermediate pumping stations can be used to lift the coolant to the last floors. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain a given temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays an important role in maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

The heating point (elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in a single-pipe heating system of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: operating pressure liquids using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the costs of organizing autonomous system to the smaller side.

Scheme of heating a multi-storey building with supply from above. Heating of an apartment building - existing options

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

According to the location of the heat source

According to the characteristics of the coolant

According to the wiring diagram

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Installing a heat meter

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

Connection types

Single pipe heating system

Two-pipe heating system

DHW in the heating system

Radiators for centralized heating system

Conclusion

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

Centralized heating systems

Connection types

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

Centralized heating systems

Connection types

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

What is heating

Development of a heating system project

How Radiators Can Affect Room Temperature

1.1 In-house heating devices and temperature conditions

1.2 Alteration of central heating in the apartment (video)

2 Is it possible to refuse central heating?

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

Single pipe wiring

Two-pipe wiring

Heating system

Centralized heating for an apartment building

Conclusion

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment