Description:

In accordance with the latest SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings", the section "Energy efficiency" is mandatory for any project. The main purpose of this section is to prove that the specific heat consumption for heating and ventilation of the building is below the standard value.

Calculation of solar radiation in winter

The flux of total solar radiation arriving during the heating period on horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, kWh / m2 (MJ / m2)

The flux of total solar radiation arriving for each month of the heating period on horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, kWh / m2 (MJ / m2)

As a result of the work done, data were obtained on the intensity of the total (direct and scattered) solar radiation falling on differently oriented vertical surfaces for 18 cities of Russia. This data can be used in real design.

Literature

1. SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings". - M.: Gosstroy of Russia, FSUE TsPP, 2004.

2. Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR. Part 1-6. Issue 1-34. - SPb. : Gidrometeoizdat, 1989–1998.

3. SP 23–101–2004 “Design of thermal protection of buildings”. - M.: FGUP TsPP, 2004.

4. MGSN 2.01–99 “Energy saving in buildings. Standards for heat protection and heat and water supply ”. - M.: GUP "NIATs", 1999.

5. SNiP 23-01-99 * "Construction climatology". - M.: Gosstroy of Russia, GUP TsPP, 2003.

6. Construction climatology: A reference manual to SNiP. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1990.

(determination of the thickness of the insulating layer of the attic

overlaps and coverings)
A. Baseline data

The humidity zone is normal.

z ht = 229 days

Average design temperature of the heating period t ht = –5.9 ºС.

Cold five-day temperature t ext = -35 ° С.

t int = + 21 ° С.

Relative humidity: = 55%.

Estimated air temperature in the attic t int g = +15 С.

Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the attic floor
= 8.7 W / m 2 С.

Heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the attic floor
= 12 W / m 2 ° C.

Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the warm attic coating
= 9.9 W / m 2 ° C.

Heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the warm attic coating
= 23 W / m 2 ° C.
Building type - 9-storey residential building. The kitchens in the apartments are equipped with gas stoves. The height of the attic space is 2.0 m. Coverage (roof) area A g. c = 367.0 m 2, warm attic floors A g. f = 367.0 m 2, outer walls of the attic A g. w = 108.2 m 2.

In a warm attic there is an upper piping for heating and water supply systems. The design temperatures of the heating system are 95 ° C, the hot water supply is 60 ° C.

Heating pipes diameter 50 mm with a length of 55 m, hot water pipes 25 mm with a length of 30 m.
Attic floor:

Rice. 6 Design scheme

The attic floor consists of the structural layers shown in the table.

№	Material name (constructions)	, kg / m 3	δ, m	, W / (m ° C)	R, m 2 ° С / W
1	Rigid mineral wool slabs based on bituminous binders (GOST 4640)	200	NS	0,08	NS
2	Vapor barrier - rubitex 1 layer (GOST 30547)	600	0,005	0,17	0,0294
3	Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs PC (GOST 9561 - 91)		0,22		0,142

Combined coverage:

Rice. 7 Design scheme

The combined covering over a warm attic consists of the structural layers shown in the table.

№	Material name (constructions)	, kg / m 3	δ, m	, W / (m ° C)	R, m 2 ° С / W
1	Technoelast	600	0,006	0,17	0,035
2	Cement-sand mortar	1800	0,02	0,93	0,022
3	Aerated concrete slabs	300	NS	0,13	NS
4	Roofing material	600	0,005	0,17	0,029
5	Reinforced concrete slab	2500	0,035	2,04	0,017

B. Calculation procedure
Determination of the degree-day of the heating period according to the formula (2) SNiP 23-02-2003:
D d = ( t int - t ht) z ht = (21 + 5.9) 229 = 6160.1.
The normalized value of the resistance to heat transfer of the coating of a residential building according to the formula (1) SNiP 23-02-2003:

R req = a· D d + b= 0.0005 * 6160.1 + 2.2 = 5.28 m 2 С / W;
According to the formula (29) SP 23-101-2004, we determine the required resistance to heat transfer of the floor of a warm attic
, m 2 ° С / W:

,
where
- normalized resistance to heat transfer of the coating;

n- coefficient determined by the formula (30) SP 230101-2004,
(21 – 15)/(21 + 35) = 0,107.
By found values
and n define
:
= 5.28 0.107 = 0.56 m 2 C / W.

Required coating resistance over a warm attic R 0 g. c is set by the formula (32) SP 23-101-2004:
R 0 g.c = ( – t ext) /  (0.28 G ven with(t ven -) + ( t int -) / R 0 g.f +
+ (
)/A g.f - ( – t ext) a g.w / R 0 g.w ,
where G ven - reduced (referred to 1 m 2 of the attic) air flow rate in the ventilation system, determined from table. 6 SP 23-101-2004 and equal to 19.5 kg / (m 2 · h);

c- specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ / (kg · ° С);

t ven is the temperature of the air leaving the ventilation ducts, ° С, taken equal to t int + 1.5;

q pi is the linear density of the heat flux through the surface of the insulation per 1 m of the pipeline length, taken for heating pipes equal to 25, and for hot water pipes - 12 W / m (Table 12 SP 23-101-2004).

The heat gains from pipelines of heating and hot water supply systems are:
()/A g.f = (25 * 55 + 12 * 30) / 367 = 4.71 W / m 2;
a g. w is the reduced area of ​​the outer walls of the attic m 2 / m 2, determined by the formula (33) SP 23-101-2004,

= 108,2/367 = 0,295;

- normalized resistance to heat transfer of the outer walls of a warm attic, determined after a degree-day of the heating period at an internal air temperature in the attic room = +15 ºС.

– t ht) z ht = (15 + 5.9) 229 = 4786.1 ° C day,
m 2 ° C / W
We substitute the found values ​​into the formula and determine the required resistance to heat transfer of the coating over a warm attic:
(15 + 35) / (0.28 19.2 (22.5 - 15) + (21 - 15) / 0.56 + 4.71 -
- (15 + 35) 0.295 / 3.08 = 50 / 50.94 = 0.98 m 2 ° C / W

Determine the thickness of the insulation in the attic floor when R 0 g. f = 0.56 m 2 ° C / W:

= (R 0 g. f - 1 / - R fb - R rub - 1 /)  ut =
= (0.56 - 1 / 8.7 - 0.142 - 0.029 - 1/12) 0.08 = 0.0153 m,
we take the thickness of the insulation = 40 mm, since the minimum thickness of the mineral wool slabs is 40 mm (GOST 10140), then the actual resistance to heat transfer will be

R 0 g. f fact. = 1 / 8.7 + 0.04 / 0.08 + 0.029 + 0.142 + 1/12 = 0.869 m 2 ° C / W.
Determine the amount of insulation in the coating at R 0 g. c = = 0.98 m 2 ° C / W:
= (R 0 g. c - 1 / - R fb - R rub - R c.p.r - R m - 1 /)  yt =
= (0.98 - 1 / 9.9 - 0.017 - 0.029 - 0.022 - 0.035 - 1/23) 0.13 = 0.0953 m,
we take the thickness of the insulation (aerated concrete slab) 100 mm, then the actual value of the heat transfer resistance of the attic covering will be almost equal to the calculated one.
B. Verification of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements

thermal protection of the building
I. We check the fulfillment of the condition
for attic floor:

= (21 - 15) / (0.869 8.7) = 0.79 ° C,
According to the table. 5 SNiP 23-02-2003 ∆ t n = 3 ° C, therefore, the condition ∆ t g = 0.79 ° C t n = 3 ° C is performed.
We check the external enclosing structures of the attic for the conditions of non-condensation on their internal surfaces, i.e. to fulfill the condition
:

- to cover over a warm attic by taking
W / m 2 ° С,
15 - [(15 + 35) / (0.98 · 9.9] =
= 15 - 4.12 = 10.85 ° C;
- for the outer walls of a warm attic, taking
W / m 2 ° С,
15 - [(15 + 35)] / (3.08 · 8.7) =
= 15 - 1.49 = 13.5 ° C.
II. Calculate the dew point temperature t d, ° С, in the attic:

- we calculate the moisture content of the outside air, g / m 3, at the design temperature t ext:

=
- the same, the air of a warm attic, taking an increment of moisture content ∆ f for houses with gas stoves equal to 4.0 g / m 3:
g / m 3;
- we determine the partial pressure of water vapor of air in a warm attic:

By appendix 8 by value E= e g find the dew point temperature t d = 3.05 ° C.

The obtained values ​​of the dew point temperature are compared with the corresponding values
and
:
=13,5 > t d = 3.05 ° C; = 10.88> t d = 3.05 ° C.
The dew point temperature is significantly lower than the corresponding temperatures on the inner surfaces of the outer fences, therefore, condensation on the inner surfaces of the coating and on the walls of the attic will not fall out.

Output... The horizontal and vertical fences of the warm attic meet the regulatory requirements for the thermal protection of the building.

Example 5
Calculation of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a 9-storey one-section residential building (tower type)
The dimensions of a typical floor of a 9-storey residential building are shown in the figure.

Fig. 8 Plan of a typical floor of a 9-storey one-section residential building

A. Baseline data
Construction site - Perm.

Climatic region - IB.

The humidity zone is normal.

The room humidity is normal.

Operating conditions of enclosing structures - B.

Duration of the heating period z ht = 229 days

Average temperature of the heating season t ht = -5.9 ° C.

Indoor air temperature t int = +21 ° С.

The temperature of the cold five-day outdoor air t ext = = -35 ° С.

The building is equipped with a warm attic and a technical basement.

Internal air temperature of the technical basement = = +2 ° C

Building height from the ground floor level to the top of the exhaust shaft H= 29.7 m.

Floor height - 2.8 m.

Maximum of the average rumba wind speeds for January v= 5.2 m / s.
B. Calculation procedure
1. Determination of the areas of the enclosing structures.

The determination of the areas of the enclosing structures is based on the plan of a typical floor of a 9-storey building and the initial data of section A.

Total floor area of ​​the building
A h = (42.5 + 42.5 + 42.5 + 57.38) 9 = 1663.9 m 2.
Living area of ​​apartments and kitchens
A l = (27,76 + 27,76 + 27,76 + 42,54 + 7,12 + 7,12 +
+ 7,12 + 7,12)9 = 1388.7 m 2.
Overlapping area above the technical basement A b .c, attic floor A g. f and coverings above the attic A g. c
A b .c = A g. f = A g. c = 16 16.2 = 259.2 m 2.
Total area of ​​window fillings and balcony doors A F with their number on the floor:

- window fillings 1.5 m wide - 6 pcs.,

- window fillings 1.2 m wide - 8 pcs.,

- balcony doors 0.75 m wide - 4 pcs.

The height of the windows is 1.2 m; door balconies height - 2.2 m.
A F = [(1.5 * 6 + 1.2 * 8) * 1.2 + (0.75 * 4 * 2.2)] * 9 = 260.3 m 2.
The area of ​​the entrance doors to the staircase with their widths 1.0 and 1.5 m and a height of 2.05 m
A ed = (1.5 + 1.0) 2.05 = 5.12 m 2.
The area of ​​the staircase window fillings with a window width of 1.2 m and a height of 0.9 m

= (1.2 0.9) 8 = 8.64 m 2.
The total area of ​​the outer doors of the apartments is 0.9 m wide, 2.05 m high and there are 4 units on the floor.
A ed = (0.9 * 2.05 * 4) * 9 = 66.42 m 2.
The total area of ​​the outer walls of the building, taking into account window and door openings

= (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 = 1622.88 m 2.
The total area of ​​the outer walls of the building without window and door openings

A W = 1622.88 - (260.28 + 8.64 + 5.12) = 1348.84 m 2.
The total area of ​​the internal surfaces of the external enclosing structures, including the attic floor and the ceiling over the technical basement,

= (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 + 259.2 + 259.2 = 2141.3 m 2.
Heated building volume

V n = 16 16.2 2.8 9 = 6531.84 m 3.
2. Determination of the degree-day of the heating period.

Degree-days are determined by the formula (2) SNiP 23-02-2003 for the following enclosing structures:

- external walls and attic floor:

D d 1 = (21 + 5.9) 229 = 6160.1 ° С day,
- coverings and external walls of the warm "attic":
D d 2 = (15 + 5.9) 229 = 4786.1 ° C day,
- ceilings over the technical basement:
D d 3 = (2 + 5.9) 229 = 1809.1 ° C day.
3. Determination of the required resistances to heat transfer of the enclosing structures.

The required resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structures is determined according to table. 4 SNiP 23-02-2003, depending on the values ​​of the degree-day of the heating period:

- for the outer walls of the building
= 0.00035 6160.1 + 1.4 = 3.56 m 2 ° C / W;
- for attic floor
= n· = 0.107 (0.0005 * 6160.1 + 2.2) = 0.49 m 2,
n =
=
= 0,107;
- for the outer walls of the attic
= 0.00035 4786.1 + 1.4 = 3.07 m 2 ° C / W,
- to cover above the attic

=
=
= 0.87 m 2 ° C / W;
- for overlapping over a technical basement

= n b. c R reg = 0.34 (0.00045 1809.1 + 1.9) = 0.92 m 2 ° C / W,

n b. c =
=
= 0,34;
- for window fillings and balcony doors with triple glazing in wooden bindings (Appendix L SP 23-101-2004)

= 0.55 m 2 ° C / W.
4. Determination of the consumption of heat energy for heating the building.

To determine the consumption of heat energy for heating a building during the heating period, it is necessary to establish:

- general heat loss of the building through external fences Q h, MJ;

- household heat gain Q int, MJ;

- heat gain through windows and balcony doors from solar radiation, MJ.

When determining the total heat loss of a building Q h, MJ, it is necessary to calculate two coefficients:

- the reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building
, W / (m 2 ° C);
L v = 3 A l= 3 · 1388.7 = 4166.1 m 3 / h,
where A l- area of ​​living quarters and kitchens, m 2;

- the determined average rate of air exchange of the building during the heating period n a, h –1, according to the formula (D.8) SNiP 23-02-2003:
n a =
= 0.75 h –1.
We accept the coefficient of reducing the volume of air in the building, taking into account the presence of internal fences, B v = 0.85; specific heat of air c= 1 kJ / kg k = 0,7:

=
= 0.45 W / (m 2 ° C).
The value of the total heat transfer coefficient of the building K m, W / (m 2 ° С), is determined by the formula (D.4) SNiP 23-02-2003:
K m = 0.59 + 0.45 = 1.04 W / (m 2 ° C).
We calculate the total heat loss of the building for the heating period Q h, MJ, according to the formula (D.3) SNiP 23-02-2003:
Q h = 0.0864 1.04 6160.1 2141.28 = 1185245.3 MJ.
Household heat input during the heating period Q int, MJ, determined by the formula (D.11) SNiP 23-02-2003, taking the value of specific household heat q int equal to 17 W / m2:
Q int = 0.0864 17 229 1132.4 = 380888.62 MJ.
Heat input into the building from solar radiation during the heating period Q s, MJ, is determined by the formula (D.11) SNiP 23-02-2003, taking the values ​​of the coefficients taking into account the shading of light openings by opaque filling elements τ F = 0.5 and the relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings of windows k F = 0.46.

Average value of solar radiation for the heating period on vertical surfaces I Wed, W / m 2, we take according to Appendix (D) SP 23-101-2004 for the geographical latitude of the location of Perm (56 ° N):

I av = 201 W / m 2,
Q s = 0.5 0.76 (100.44 201 + 100.44 201 +
+ 29.7 201 + 29.7 201) = 19880.18 MJ.
Heat consumption for heating the building during the heating period , MJ, is determined by the formula (D.2) SNiP 23-02-2003, taking the numerical value of the following coefficients:

- coefficient of heat gain reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures = 0,8;

- coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flux of the nomenclature range of heating devices for tower-type buildings = 1,11.
= 1.11 = 1024940.2 MJ.
We establish the specific consumption of thermal energy of the building
, kJ / (m 2 ° С · day), according to the formula (D.1) SNiP 23-02-2003:
=
= 25.47 kJ / (m 2 ° C day).
According to the table. 9 SNiP 23-02-2003, the normalized specific consumption of heat energy for heating a 9-storey residential building is 25 kJ / (m 2 ° С / (m 2 ° C

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"State University - educational, scientific and industrial complex"

Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Department: "Urban construction and economy"

Discipline: "Building Physics"

COURSE WORK

"Thermal protection of buildings"

Completed by student: Arkharova K.Yu.

• Introduction
• Quest form
• 1 . Climate reference
• 2 . Heat engineering calculation
• 2.1 Thermal calculation of enclosing structures
• 2.2 Calculation of the enclosing structures of "warm" basements
• 2.3 Thermal calculation of windows
• 3 . Calculation of the specific consumption of heat energy for heating for the heating period
• 4 . Heat assimilation of the floor surface
• 5 . Protection of the enclosing structure from waterlogging
• Conclusion
• List of used sources and literature
• Appendix A

Introduction

Thermal protection is a set of measures and technologies for energy saving, which allows to increase the thermal insulation of buildings for various purposes, to reduce heat loss in premises.

The task of ensuring the required thermal properties of external enclosing structures is solved by giving them the required thermal stability and resistance to heat transfer.

The resistance to heat transfer must be high enough in order to ensure hygienically acceptable temperature conditions on the surface of the structure facing the room during the coldest period of the year. The thermal stability of structures is assessed by their ability to maintain a relative constancy of temperature in rooms with periodic fluctuations in the temperature of the air environment adjacent to the structures and the flow of heat passing through them. The degree of thermal stability of the structure as a whole is largely determined by the physical properties of the material from which the outer layer of the structure is made, which perceives sharp temperature fluctuations.

In this course work, a heat engineering calculation of the enclosing structure of a residential individual house will be performed, the construction area of ​​which is the city of Arkhangelsk.

Quest form

1 Construction area:

Arkhangelsk.

2 Wall structure (name of construction material, insulation, thickness, density):

1st layer - modified polystyrene concrete on slag-Portland cement (= 200 kg / m 3;? = 0.07 W / (m * K);? = 0.36 m)

2nd layer - extruded polystyrene foam (= 32 kg / m 3;? = 0.031 W / (m * K);? = 0.22 m)

3rd layer - perlibetone (= 600 kg / m 3;? = 0.23 W / (m * K);? = 0.32 m

3 Material of thermally conductive inclusion:

perlibeton (= 600 kg / m 3;? = 0.23 W / (m * K);? = 0.38 m

4 Floor construction:

1st layer - linoleum (= 1800 kg / m 3; s = 8.56 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.38 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.0008 m

2nd layer - cement-sand screed (= 1800 kg / m 3; s = 11.09 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.93 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.01 m)

3rd layer - plates of expanded polystyrene (= 25 kg / m 3; s = 0.38 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.44 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.11 m )

4th layer - a slab of foam concrete (= 400 kg / m 3; s = 2.42 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.15 W / (m 2 ° C);? = 0.22 m )

1 . Climate reference

Development area - Arkhangelsk.

Climatic region - II A.

The wet zone is humid.

Indoor humidity? = 55%;

design temperature in the room = 21 ° С.

The room humidity is normal.

Operating conditions - B.

Climatic parameters:

Estimated outside air temperature (Outside air temperature of the coldest five-day period (provision 0.92)

The duration of the heating period (with an average daily outside temperature of 8 ° C) - = 250 days;

The average temperature of the heating period (with an average daily outside temperature of 8 ° C) - = - 4.5 ° C.

fencing heat assimilation heating

2 . Heat engineering calculation

2 .1 Thermal calculation of enclosing structures

Calculation of the degree-day of the heating period

GSOP = (t in - t from) z from, (1.1)

where, is the design temperature in the room, ° С;

Design temperature of the outside air, ° С;

Duration of the heating period, days

GSOP = (+ 21 + 4.5) 250 = 6125 ° C day

The required resistance to heat transfer is calculated by the formula (1.2)

where, a and b - coefficients, the values ​​of which should be taken according to table 3 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings" for the corresponding groups of buildings.

We accept: a = 0.00035; b = 1.4

0.00035 6125 + 1.4 = 3.54m 2 ° C / W.

External wall structure

a) We cut the structure with a plane parallel to the direction of the heat flow (Fig. 1):

Figure 1 - The structure of the outer wall

Table 1 - Parameters of the materials of the outer wall

The heat transfer resistance R and is determined by the formula (1.3):

where, And i - area of ​​the i-th section, m 2;

R i - resistance to heat transfer of the i-th section,;

A is the sum of the areas of all plots, m 2.

The heat transfer resistance for homogeneous areas is determined by the formula (1.4):

where, ? - layer thickness, m;

Thermal conductivity coefficient, W / (mK)

We calculate the heat transfer resistance for inhomogeneous areas using the formula (1.5):

R = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 +… + R n + R vp, (1.5)

where, R 1, R 2, R 3 ... R n - resistance to heat transfer of individual layers of the structure,;

R VP - resistance to heat transfer of the air layer,.

We find R a by the formula (1.3):

b) We cut the structure with a plane perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow (Fig. 2):

Figure 2 - The structure of the outer wall

The heat transfer resistance R b is determined by the formula (1.5)

R b = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 +… + R n + R vp, (1.5)

The air permeation resistance for homogeneous areas is determined by the formula (1.4).

The air permeation resistance for heterogeneous areas is determined by the formula (1.3):

We find R b by the formula (1.5):

R b = 5.14 + 3.09 + 1.4 = 9.63.

The conditional resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall is determined by the formula (1.6):

where, R a - resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structure, cut parallel to the heat flow,;

R b - resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structure, cut perpendicular to the heat flow,.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall is determined by the formula (1.7):

The resistance to heat transfer on the outer surface is determined by the formula (1.9)

where, the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structure, = 8.7;

where, is the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the enclosing structure, = 23;

The calculated temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the internal surface of the enclosing structure is determined by the formula (1.10):

where, n is a coefficient that takes into account the dependence of the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures in relation to the outside air, we take n = 1;

design temperature in the room, ° С;

design temperature of the outside air during the cold season, ° С;

heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures, W / (m 2 · ° С).

The temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure is determined by the formula (1.11):

2 . 2 Calculation of the enclosing structures of "warm" basements

The required resistance to heat transfer of the part of the basement wall located above the planning level of the ground is taken to be equal to the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall:

Reduced resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structures of the buried part of the basement located below ground level.

The height of the recessed part of the basement is 2m; basement width - 3.8m

According to table 13 SP 23-101-2004 "Design of thermal protection of buildings" we accept:

The required resistance to heat transfer of the basement over the "warm" basement is calculated by the formula (1.12)

where, the required resistance to heat transfer of the basement floor, we find according to table 3 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings".

where, the air temperature in the basement, ° С;

the same as in formula (1.10);

the same as in formula (1.10)

Let's take equal to 21.35 ° C:

The air temperature in the basement is determined by the formula (1.14):

where, the same as in the formula (1.10);

Linear heat flux density; ;

The volume of air in the basement,;

Length of the pipeline of the i-th diameter, m; ;

The rate of air exchange in the basement; ;

Basement air density;

с - specific heat capacity of air, ;;

Basement area,;

The area of ​​the basement floor and walls in contact with the ground;

The area of ​​the outer walls of the basement above ground level,.

2 . 3 Thermal calculation of windows

The degree-day of the heating period is calculated by the formula (1.1)

GSOP = (+ 21 + 4.5) 250 = 6125 ° C day.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer is determined according to table 3 of SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings" by the interpolation method:

We select windows based on the found heat transfer resistance R 0:

Ordinary glass and a single-chamber double-glazed unit in separate bindings of glass with a hard selective coating -.

Conclusion: The reduced resistance to heat transfer, temperature difference and temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure correspond to the required standards. Consequently, the projected structure of the outer wall and the thickness of the insulation were chosen correctly.

Due to the fact that we took the structure of the walls for the enclosing structures in the recessed part of the basement, we received an unacceptable resistance to heat transfer of the basement floor, which affects the temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure.

3 . Calculation of the specific consumption of heat energy for heating during the heating period

The estimated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating buildings for the heating period is determined by the formula (2.1):

where, the consumption of heat energy for heating the building during the heating period, J;

The sum of the floor areas of apartments or the usable area of ​​the premises of the building, excluding technical floors and garages, m 2

The heat consumption for heating the building during the heating period is calculated by the formula (2.2):

where, the total heat loss of the building through the external enclosing structures, J;

Household heat input during the heating period, J;

Heat gain through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, J;

The coefficient of reducing heat input due to the thermal inertia of the enclosing structures, the recommended value = 0.8;

Coefficient that takes into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flux of the range of heating devices, their additional heat loss through the radiator sections of the fences, the increased air temperature in the corner rooms, the heat loss of pipelines passing through unheated rooms, for buildings with heated basements = 1, 07;

The total heat loss of the building, J, for the heating period is determined by the formula (2.3):

where, - the general coefficient of heat transfer of the building, W / (m 2 · ° С), is determined by the formula (2.4);

The total area of ​​the enclosing structures, m 2;

where, is the reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building, W / (m 2 · ° С);

Conditional coefficient of heat transfer of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 ° C).

The reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building is determined by the formula (2.5):

where, area, m 2 and reduced resistance to heat transfer, m 2 · ° С / W, external walls (excluding openings);

The same for filling light openings (windows, stained-glass windows, lanterns);

Ditto for outside doors and gates;

the same, combined coverings (including over bay windows);

the same, attic floors;

the same, basement floors;

too, .

0.306 W / (m 2 ° C);

The conditional heat transfer coefficient of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 ° C), is determined by the formula (2.6):

where, - coefficient of air volume reduction in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. We accept sv = 0.85;

The volume of heated premises;

The coefficient of accounting for the influence of the counter heat flow in translucent structures, equal to 1 for windows and balcony doors with separate bindings;

Average density of the supply air during the heating period, kg / m 3, determined by the formula (2.7);

Average rate of air exchange of the building during the heating period, h 1

The average rate of air exchange of the building during the heating period is calculated by the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration according to the formula (2.8):

where, is the amount of supply air into the building with an unorganized inflow or a standardized value with mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal to for residential buildings intended for citizens, taking into account the social norm (with an estimated occupancy of an apartment of 20 m 2 of the total area or less per person) - 3 A; 3 A = 603.93 m 2;

Residential area; = 201.31m 2;

The number of hours of operation of mechanical ventilation during the week, h; ;

The number of hours of accounting for infiltration during the week, h; = 168;

The amount of air infiltrated into the building through the enclosing structures, kg / h;

The amount of air infiltrating into the stairwell of a residential building through the leaks in the fillings of the openings is determined by the formula (2.9):

where, respectively, for the staircase, the total area of ​​windows and balcony doors and entrance external doors, m 2;

accordingly, for the staircase, the required resistance to air permeability of windows and balcony doors and entrance external doors, m 2 · ° C / W;

Accordingly, for the staircase, the calculated pressure difference between the external and internal air for windows and balcony doors and entrance external doors, Pa, determined by the formula (2.10):

where, n, in - the specific gravity, respectively, of the external and internal air, N / m 3, determined by the formula (2.11):

The maximum of the average wind speeds in terms of points for January (SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology"); = 3.4 m / s.

3463 / (273 + t), (2.11)

n = 3463 / (273 -33) = 14.32 N / m 3;

h = 3463 / (273 + 21) = 11.78 N / m 3;

From here we find:

We find the average rate of air exchange of the building for the heating period, using the obtained data:

0.06041 h 1.

Based on the data obtained, we calculate by formula (2.6):

0.020 W / (m 2 ° C).

Using the data obtained in formulas (2.5) and (2.6), we find the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building:

0.306 + 0.020 = 0.326 W / (m 2 ° C).

We calculate the total heat loss of the building using the formula (2.3):

0.08640.326317.78 = J.

Household heat input during the heating period, J, is determined by the formula (2.12):

where, the value of household heat dissipation per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​residential premises or the estimated area of ​​a public building, W / m 2, is taken;

living space; = 201.31m 2;

Heat gain through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, J, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, is determined by the formula (2.13):

where, are the coefficients that take into account the darkening of the light opening by opaque elements; for a single-chamber glass unit made of ordinary glass with a hard selective coating - 0.8;

Coefficient of relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings; for a single-chamber glass unit made of ordinary glass with a hard selective coating - 0.57;

The area of ​​the light openings of the building facades, respectively, oriented in four directions, m 2;

The average value of solar radiation on vertical surfaces during the heating period under actual cloudiness conditions, respectively, oriented along the four facades of the building, J / (m 2, is determined according to table 9.1 SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology";

Heating season:

January, February, March, April, May, September, October, November, December.

We accept the latitude of 64 ° N for the city of Arkhangelsk.

C: A 1 = 2.25 m 2; I 1 = (31 + 49) / 9 = 8.89 J / (m 2;

I 2 = (138 + 157 + 192 + 155 + 138 + 162 + 170 + 151 + 192) / 9 = 161.67 J / (m 2;

B: A 3 = 8.58; I 3 = (11 + 35 + 78 + 135 + 153 + 96 + 49 + 22 + 12) / 9 = 66 J / (m 2;

Z: A 4 = 8.58; I 4 = (11 + 35 + 78 + 135 + 153 + 96 + 49 + 22 + 12) / 9 = 66 J / (m 2.

Using the data obtained when calculating formulas (2.3), (2.12) and (2.13), we find the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building according to the formula (2.2):

Using the formula (2.1), we calculate the specific consumption of heat energy for heating:

KJ / (m 2 ° C day).

Conclusion: the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building does not correspond to the standardized consumption determined according to SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings" and equal to 38.7 kJ / (m 2 · ° С · day).

4 . Heat assimilation of the floor surface

Thermal inertia of the floor construction layers

Figure 3 - Floor scheme

Table 2 - Parameters of floor materials

The thermal inertia of the layers of the floor structure is calculated by the formula (3.1):

where, s - coefficient of heat assimilation, W / (m 2 ° С);

Thermal resistance determined by the formula (1.3)

Calculated index of heat assimilation of the floor surface.

The first 3 layers of the floor structure have a total thermal inertia but a thermal inertia of 4 layers.

Consequently, the heat absorption index of the floor surface is determined sequentially by calculating the heat absorption indicators of the surfaces of the layers of the structure, starting from the 3rd to the 1st:

for the 3rd layer according to the formula (3.2)

for the i-th layer (i = 1,2) by the formula (3.3)

W / (m 2 ° C);

W / (m 2 ° C);

W / (m 2 ° C);

The heat assimilation index of the floor surface is taken to be equal to the heat assimilation indicator of the surface of the first layer:

W / (m 2 ° C);

The standardized value of the heat assimilation index is determined according to SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings":

12 W / (m 2 ° C);

Conclusion: the calculated index of heat assimilation of the floor surface corresponds to the standardized value.

5 . Protection of the enclosing structure from waterlogging

Climatic parameters:

Table 3 - Values ​​of average monthly temperatures and water vapor pressure of outdoor air

Average partial pressure of water vapor of the outside air for the annual period

Figure 4 - The structure of the outer wall

Table 4 - Parameters of the materials of the outer wall

We find the resistance to vapor permeation of the layers of the structure by the formula:

where, - layer thickness, m;

Vapor permeability coefficient, mg / (mchPa)

We determine the resistance to vapor permeation of the layers of the structure from the outer and inner surfaces to the plane of possible condensation (the plane of possible condensation coincides with the outer surface of the insulation):

The heat transfer resistance of the wall layers from the inner surface to the plane of possible condensation is determined by the formula (4.2):

where, is the resistance to heat transfer on the inner surface, is determined by the formula (1.8)

Length of seasons and average monthly temperatures:

winter (January, February, March, December):

summer (May, June, July, August, September):

spring, autumn (April, October, November):

where, the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall,;

calculated room temperature,.

We find the corresponding value of the water vapor pressure:

The average value of water vapor pressure for a year is found by the formula (4.4):

where, E 1, E 2, E 3 - the values ​​of the elasticity of water vapor by seasons, Pa;

duration of seasons, months

The partial pressure of the internal air vapor is determined by the formula (4.5):

where, is the partial pressure of saturated water vapor, Pa, at the temperature of the indoor air of the room; for 21: 2488 Pa;

relative humidity of indoor air,%

The required resistance to vapor permeation is found by the formula (4.6):

where, is the average partial pressure of water vapor of the outside air for the annual period, Pa; we take = 6.4 hPa

From the condition of the inadmissibility of the accumulation of moisture in the enclosing structure for the annual period of operation, we check the condition:

We find the elasticity of water vapor in the outside air for a period with negative monthly average temperatures:

We find the average outside air temperature for the period with negative monthly average temperatures:

The temperature value in the plane of possible condensation is determined by the formula (4.3):

This temperature corresponds

The required resistance to vapor permeation is determined by the formula (4.7):

where, the duration of the moisture accumulation period, days, taken equal to the period with negative average monthly temperatures; we accept = 176 days;

the density of the material of the wetted layer, kg / m 3;

the thickness of the wetted layer, m;

the maximum permissible increase in humidity in the material of the wetted layer,% by weight, for the period of moisture accumulation, taken according to table 10 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings"; we accept for expanded polystyrene = 25%;

coefficient determined by the formula (4.8):

where, is the average partial pressure of water vapor of the outside air for the period with negative average monthly temperatures, Pa;

the same as in formula (4.7)

Hence, we calculate by formula (4.7):

From the condition of limiting moisture in the enclosing structure for a period with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures, we check the condition:

Conclusion: in connection with the fulfillment of the condition for limiting the amount of moisture in the enclosing structure during the period of moisture accumulation, an additional vapor barrier is not required.

Conclusion

The thermal technical qualities of the outer fences of buildings depend on: a favorable microclimate of buildings, that is, ensuring the temperature and humidity of the air in the room is not lower than the regulatory requirements; the amount of heat lost by the building during the winter; the temperature of the inner surface of the fence, which guarantees against the formation of condensation on it; moisture regime of the constructive solution of the fence, affecting its heat-shielding qualities and durability.

The task of ensuring the required thermal properties of external enclosing structures is solved by giving them the required thermal stability and resistance to heat transfer. The permissible permeability of structures is limited by a given resistance to air permeation. The normal moisture state of structures is achieved by reducing the initial moisture content of the material and by means of a moisture isolation device, and in layered structures, in addition, by the expedient arrangement of structural layers made of materials with different properties.

In the course of the course project, calculations were made related to the thermal protection of buildings, which were carried out in accordance with the codes of practice.

List sources used and literature

1.SP 50.13330.2012. Thermal protection of buildings (Updated edition of SNiP 23-02-2003) [Text] / Ministry of Regional Development of Russia.- Moscow: 2012. - 96 p.

2.SP 131.13330.2012. Construction climatology (Updated version of SNiP 23-01-99 *) [Text] / Ministry of Regional Development of Russia.- Moscow: 2012. - 109 p.

3. Kupriyanov V.N. Designing thermal protection of enclosing structures: Textbook [Text]. - Kazan: KGASU, 2011 .-- 161 p ..

4. SP 23-101-2004 Design of thermal protection of buildings [Text]. - M.: FGUP TsPP, 2004.

5.T.I. Abasheva. Album of technical solutions to improve the thermal protection of buildings, heat insulation of structural units during the overhaul of the housing stock [Text] / T.I. Abasheva, L.V. Bulgakov. N.M. Vavulo et al. M .: 1996. - 46 pages.

Appendix A

Energy passport of the building

general information

Design conditions

	Name of design parameters	Parameter designation	unit of measurement	Calculated value
	Design indoor air temperature
	Estimated outdoor temperature
	Estimated temperature of the warm attic
	Estimated temperature of the technical underground
	Duration of the heating period
	Average outdoor temperature for the heating period
	Degree-day of the heating period

Functional purpose, type and design of the building

Geometric and thermal power indicators

	Index			Calculated (design) value of the indicator
Geometric indicators
	The total area of ​​the outer envelope of the building
	Including:
	windows and balcony doors
	stained glass
	entrance doors and gates
	coatings (combined)
	attic floors (cold attic)
	floors of warm attics
	floors over technical undergrounds
	ceilings over driveways and under bay windows
	floor on the ground
	Apartments area
	Usable area (public buildings)
	Living space
	Estimated area (public buildings)
	Heated volume
	Glazing coefficient of the building facade
	Building compactness index
Heat and power indicators
Thermal performance
	Reduced resistance to heat transfer of external fences:	M 2 ° C / W
	windows and balcony doors
	stained glass
	entrance doors and gates
	coatings (combined)
	attic floors (cold attics)
	ceilings of warm attics (including covering)
	floors over technical undergrounds
	ceilings over unheated basements or undergrounds
	ceilings over driveways and under bay windows
	floor on the ground
	Reduced heat transfer coefficient of the building	W / (m 2 ° C)
	Air exchange rate of the building during the heating period
	Air exchange rate of the building during testing (at 50 Pa)
	Conditional coefficient of heat transfer of a building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation	W / (m 2 ° C)
	Total heat transfer coefficient of the building	W / (m 2 ° C)
Energy indicators
	Total heat loss through the building envelope during the heating period
	Specific heat dissipation in the building
	Household heat input into the building during the heating period
	Heat input into the building from solar radiation during the heating period
	Demand for heat energy for heating the building during the heating period

Odds

	Index	Indicator designation and units	Standard value of the indicator	Actual value of the indicator
	Estimated coefficient of energy efficiency of the centralized heating system of a building from a heat source
	Estimated coefficient of energy efficiency of apartment and autonomous heat supply systems of a building from a heat source
	Counter heat flow accounting factor
	Coefficient of accounting for additional heat consumption

Complex indicators

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Heat engineering calculation of external enclosing structures, heat loss of a building, heating devices. Hydraulic calculation of the building heating system. Calculation of the thermal loads of a residential building. Requirements for heating systems and their operation.

Heating and ventilation systems must ensure acceptable conditions for the microclimate and air environment of the premises. To do this, it is necessary to maintain a balance between the heat loss of the building and the heat gain. The condition for thermal equilibrium of a building can be expressed as the equality

$$ Q = Q_t + Q_u = Q_0 + Q_ (tv), $$

where $ Q $ is the total heat loss of the building; $ Q_т $ - heat loss by heat transfer through the outer fences; $ Q_and $ - infiltration heat loss due to cold air entering the room through leaks in the outer fences; $ Q_0 $ - heat supply to the building through the heating system; $ Q_ (tv) $ - internal heat dissipation.

Heat losses of the building mainly depend on the first term $ Q_t $. Therefore, for the convenience of the calculation, the heat losses of the building can be represented as follows:

$$ Q = Q_t · (1 + μ), $$

where $ μ $ is the coefficient of infiltration, which is the ratio of heat loss by infiltration to heat loss by heat transfer through external enclosures.

The source of internal heat release $ Q_ (tv) $, in residential buildings are usually people, cooking appliances (gas, electric and other stoves), lighting fixtures. These heat releases are largely random in nature and cannot be controlled in any way over time.

In addition, heat dissipation is not distributed evenly throughout the building. In premises with a high population density, internal heat emission is relatively high, and in premises with a low density, they are insignificant.

To ensure a normal temperature regime in residential areas in all heated rooms, the hydraulic and temperature regime of the heating network is usually set according to the most unfavorable conditions, i.e. according to the mode of space heating with zero heat emission.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of translucent structures (windows, stained-glass windows, balcony doors, lanterns) is taken based on the results of tests in an accredited laboratory; in the absence of such data, it is estimated according to the method from Appendix K to.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures with ventilated air spaces should be calculated in accordance with Appendix K in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003).

The calculation of the specific heat-shielding characteristics of a building is drawn up in the form of a table, which should contain the following information:

• The name of each fragment that makes up the building envelope;
• The area of ​​each fragment;
• Reduced resistance to heat transfer of each fragment with reference to the calculation (according to Appendix E in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003));
• A coefficient that takes into account the difference between the internal or external temperature of a structural fragment from those adopted in the calculation of the GSPC.

The following table shows the form of the table for calculating the specific thermal performance of a building

The specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 ∙ ° C), should be determined by the formula

$$ k_ (vent) = 0.28 s n_v β_v ρ_v ^ (vent) (1-k_ (eff)), $$

where $ c $ is the specific heat capacity of air equal to 1 kJ / (kg · ° С); $ β_v $ - coefficient of air volume reduction in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. In the absence of data, take $ β_v = 0.85 $; $ ρ_w ^ (vent) $ - average density of the supply air for the heating period, calculated by the formula, kg / m 3:

$$ ρ_w ^ (vent) = \ frac (353) (273 + t_ (from)); $$

$ n_w $ - average rate of air exchange in the building for the heating period, h –1; $ k_ (eff) $ - coefficient of efficiency of the recuperator.

The recuperator efficiency coefficient is nonzero if the average air permeability of apartments in residential and public buildings (with closed supply and exhaust ventilation openings) provides air exchange with a multiplicity of $ n_ (50) $, h –1 during the test period, at a pressure difference of 50 Pa of outdoor and indoor air with mechanical ventilation $ n_ (50) ≤ 2 $ h –1.

The air exchange rate of buildings and premises at a pressure difference of 50 Pa and their average air permeability are determined in accordance with GOST 31167.

The average rate of air exchange in a building during the heating period is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration according to the formula, h –1:

$$ n_v = \ frac (\ frac (L_ (vent) n_ (vent)) (168) + \ frac (G_ (inf) n_ (inf)) (168 ρ_v ^ (vent))) (β_v V_ (from)), $$

where $ L_ (vent) $ is the amount of air supplied to the building with an unorganized inflow or the standardized value for mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal for: a) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of the total area per person $ 3 A_zh $, b) other residential buildings $ 0.35 · h_ (floor) (A_ж) $, but not less than $ 30 · m $; where $ m $ is the estimated number of residents in the building, c) public and administrative buildings are taken conditionally: for administrative buildings, offices, warehouses and supermarkets $ 4 A_p $, for shops within walking distance, healthcare institutions, consumer services, sports arenas, museums and exhibitions $ 5 · A_р $, for kindergartens, schools, secondary technical and higher educational institutions $ 7 · A_р $, for health-improving and cultural-leisure complexes, restaurants, cafes, train stations $ 10 · A_р $; $ A_ж $, $ A_р $ - for residential buildings - the area of ​​living quarters, which include bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms, offices, libraries, dining rooms, kitchen-dining rooms; for public and administrative buildings - the estimated area, determined in accordance with SP 118.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, staircases, lift shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as rooms intended for the placement of engineering equipment and networks , m 2; $ h_ (floor) $ - floor height from floor to ceiling, m; $ n_ (vent) $ - number of hours of mechanical ventilation during the week; 168 - number of hours in a week; $ G_ (inf) $ - the amount of air infiltrated into the building through the enclosing structures, kg / h: for residential buildings - the air entering the stairwells during the day of the heating period, for public buildings - the air entering through the leaks of translucent structures and doors, it is allowed to be accepted for public buildings during non-working hours, depending on the number of storeys of the building: up to three floors - equal to $ 0.1 β_v V_ (total) $, from four to nine floors $ 0.15 β_v V_ (total) $, above nine floors $ 0.2 β_v · V_ (total) $, where $ V_ (total) $ - the heated volume of the public part of the building; $ n_ (inf) $ - the number of hours of infiltration accounting during the week, h, equal to 168 for buildings with balanced supply and exhaust ventilation and (168 - $ n_ (vent) $) for buildings in the premises of which air pressure is maintained during operation supply mechanical ventilation; $ V_ (from) $ - heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the inner surfaces of the outer fences of buildings, m 3;

In cases where a building consists of several zones with different air exchange, the average air exchange rates are found for each zone separately (the zones into which the building is divided should make up the entire heated volume). All the obtained average air exchange rates are summed up and the total coefficient is substituted into the formula for calculating the specific ventilation characteristics of the building.

The amount of infiltrating air entering the stairwell of a residential building or into the premises of a public building through leaks in the fillings of openings, assuming that they are all on the windward side, should be determined by the formula:

$$ G_ (inf) = \ left (\ frac (A_ (ok)) (R_ (u, ok) ^ (tr)) \ right) \ left (\ frac (Δp_ (ok)) (10) \ right ) ^ (\ frac (2) (3)) + \ left (\ frac (A_ (dv)) (R_ (u, dv) ^ (tr)) \ right) \ left (\ frac (Δp_ (dv) ) (10) \ right) ^ (\ frac (1) (2)) $$

where $ A_ (ok) $ and $ A_ (dv) $ - respectively, the total area of ​​windows, balcony doors and external entrance doors, m 2; $ R_ (u, ok) ^ (tr) $ and $ R_ (u, dv) ^ (tr) $ - respectively, the required resistance to air permeation of windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors, (m 2 h) / kg; $ Δp_ (ok) $ and $ Δp_ (dv) $ - respectively, the calculated pressure difference between the outside and inside air, Pa, for windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors, is determined by the formula:

$$ Δp = 0.55 · H · (γ_n-γ_v) + 0.03 · γ_n · v ^ 2, $$

for windows and balcony doors with the replacement of 0.55 by 0.28 in it and with the calculation of the specific gravity according to the formula:

$$ γ = \ frac (3463) (273 + t), $$

where $ γ_n $, $ γ_w $ - specific gravity of the outdoor and indoor air, respectively, N / m 3; t - air temperature: internal (to determine $ γ_in $) - taken according to the optimal parameters in accordance with GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494 and SanPiN 2.1.2.2645; outdoor (to determine $ γ_н $) - is taken equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 according to SP 131.13330; $ v $ is the maximum of the average wind speeds in terms of points for January, the frequency of which is 16% or more, taken according to SP 131.13330.

The specific characteristic of the building's household heat emission, W / (m 3 ° С), should be determined by the formula:

$$ k_ (life) = \ frac (q_ (life) A_zh) (V_ (life) (t_v-t_ (from))), $$

where $ q_ (life) $ is the amount of household heat per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​residential premises or the estimated area of ​​a public building, W / m 2, taken for:

• residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of the total area per person $ q_ (everyday life) = 17 $ W / m 2;
• residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of 45 m 2 of the total area and more per person $ q_ (everyday life) = 10 $ W / m 2;
• other residential buildings - depending on the estimated occupancy of apartments by interpolation of the value of $ q_ (everyday life) $ between 17 and 10 W / m 2;
• for public and administrative buildings, household heat dissipation is taken into account according to the estimated number of people (90 W / person) in the building, lighting (by installed power) and office equipment (10 W / m 2), taking into account working hours per week.

The specific characteristic of heat input into the building from solar radiation, W / (m ° C), should be determined by the formula:

$$ k_ (rad) = (11.6 Q_ (rad) ^ (year)) (V_ (from) GSOP), $$

where $ Q_ (rad) ^ (year) $ - heat input through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating season, MJ / year, for four building facades oriented in four directions, determined by the formula:

$$ Q_ (rad) ^ (year) = τ_ (1ok) τ_ (2ok) + τ_ (1 background) τ_ (2 background) A_ (background) I_ (mountains), $$

where $ τ_ (1ok) $, $ τ_ (1 background) $ are the coefficients of the relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings, respectively, of windows and skylights, taken according to the passport data of the corresponding light-transmitting products; in the absence of data, it should be taken according to a set of rules; roof windows with an angle of inclination of the infills to the horizon of 45 ° and more should be considered as vertical windows, with an angle of inclination less than 45 ° - as skylights; $ τ_ (2ok) $, $ τ_ (2 background) $ - coefficients that take into account the shading of the skylight, respectively, of windows and skylights by opaque filling elements, taken according to design data; in the absence of data, it should be taken according to a set of rules; $ A_ (ok1) $, $ A_ (ok2) $, $ A_ (ok3) $, $ A_ (ok4) $ - the area of ​​the light openings of the building facades (the blind part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively, oriented in four directions, m 2; $ A_ (background) $ is the area of ​​the skylights of the building's skylights, m 2; $ I_1 $, $ I_2 $, $ I_3 $, $ I_4 $ - the average value of solar radiation for the heating period on vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, respectively, oriented along the four facades of the building, MJ / (m2 year), is determined by the method set of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004; $ I_ (mountains) $ - the average value of solar radiation on a horizontal surface during the heating period under actual cloudiness conditions, MJ / (m2

Specific consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh / (m 3 year) should be determined by the formula:

$$ q = 0.024 · GSOP · q_ (from) ^ p. $$

The consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh / year, should be determined by the formula:

$$ Q_ (from) ^ (year) = 0.024 GSOP V_ (from) q_ (from) ^ p. $$

On the basis of these indicators, an energy passport is developed for each building. Energy passport of a building project: a document containing the energy, heat engineering and geometric characteristics of both existing buildings and projects of buildings and their enclosing structures, and establishing their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and an energy efficiency class.

The energy passport of the building project is developed in order to provide a monitoring system for the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, which implies the establishment of the compliance of the thermal protection and energy characteristics of the building with the standardized indicators defined in these standards and (or) the requirements for the energy efficiency of capital construction projects determined by federal legislation.

The energy passport of the building is drawn up in accordance with Appendix D. The form for filling out the energy passport of the building project in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 02/23/2003).

Heating systems must ensure uniform heating of the air in the premises during the entire heating period, not create odors, not pollute the air of premises with harmful substances released during operation, not create additional noise, and must be available for routine repair and maintenance.

Heating appliances must be easily accessible for cleaning. With water heating, the surface temperature of the heating devices should not exceed 90 ° C. For devices with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 ° C, protective guards must be provided.

Natural ventilation of living quarters should be carried out by the flow of air through the vents, transoms, or through special openings in the window sashes and ventilation ducts. Duct exhaust openings should be provided in kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and drying cabinets.

The heating load is usually round-the-clock. With constant outside temperature, wind speed and cloud cover, the heating load of residential buildings is practically constant. The heating load of public buildings and industrial enterprises has a non-constant daily, and often a non-constant weekly schedule, when, in order to save heat, the supply of heat for heating is artificially reduced during non-working hours (nights and weekends).

The ventilation load changes significantly more sharply both during the day and on the days of the week, since ventilation, as a rule, does not work during non-working hours of industrial enterprises and institutions.