Last century ushered in the era of synthetic materials. The current one has developed technologies, modernized production and perfected the properties of the first plastics. Today, synthetics have become a great friend and helper of man. It surrounds us at home, at work, and on vacation. If you are faced with the question of which option to choose for warmth and comfort, this section is for you. We have tried to collect information about the most popular synthetic nonwovens.

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Non-woven fabrics are textiles made from fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods.

Currently, the popularity of nonwovens is due to many factors. This is both a low cost of production and a wide range of applications: in mechanical engineering, furniture and textile industries, medicine, construction, etc. Products from them are characterized by high wear resistance, good performance thermal insulation and strength, low price.

AT modern world Most nonwovens are produced by processes in which the fibers are bonded with binders (adhesives). In this case, there are several ways to obtain glued non-woven materials.

Methods for obtaining glued nonwoven materials

The most common method is the impregnation of the base of the non-woven material - a canvas from a layer of textile fibers obtained mechanically, - synthetic latex.

In the hot pressing method, the gluing of the fibers occurs when high temperatures thermoplastics.

The production of nonwoven materials using paper machines is relatively cheap, when the binder is introduced either directly into the mass entering the machine or into the already cast web. Products produced in this way are widely used as disposable products (dressing materials, textile products for hotels, etc.).

The methods of obtaining glued materials also include spunbond and structure-forming.

Mechanical methods for producing nonwoven materials

When using the canvas-stitching method, the fibers are fastened as a result of stitching them with threads. In this way, heat-insulating and packaging materials are most often produced.

Thread-piercing materials are obtained by flashing one or more systems of threads. Beachwear and towels are often made from such materials, which compete with terry fabrics.

With the fabric stitching method, the textile fabric is stitched with pile yarn. Non-woven materials for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn.

Without the use of threads, non-woven materials are produced using knitting and stitching machines. Often such materials consist of a fabric and a canvas obtained from long fibers. When the canvas fibers are pulled through the woven frame, loops are formed on the wrong side, and a high pile is formed on the front side. Insulating pads for sports and demi-season clothing, for hats, warm shoes can be produced in this way.

The needle-punched method involves entangling the fibers in the canvas and then stitching it with notched needles. Carpets, blankets, etc. are produced in this way.

In addition, felt-felt textile materials, based on the ability of wool to be felted during special processing, also belong to the category of non-woven materials. This is how, for example, felt boots are obtained.

Among the most common textile materials is non-woven fabric, which includes a huge variety of types. Made from one or a combination of materials, nonwoven fabric is a bonded structure of elements. It does not contain knitted and woven fabrics.
One of the most well-known materials of this type is geotex, which includes polypropylene fibers.

History of creation

Subsequently, the most different materials. The demand for nonwoven fabric grew in an instant, so unusual and useful were its properties. Depending on the type of fibers that formed the basis for the creation of a new material, it was possible to obtain a variety of properties.

In France, they developed not only new types of machine tools, but also modernized the old ones for more perfect species nonwoven fabric. To this day best performance in equipment for creating such denses are the main advantage of French machines.

To date, developed a lot of varieties of non-woven material. Now the non-woven fabric can be used as a drainage, filtering or membrane tool.

Until the end of the 20th century, the countries of Europe, the USA and Japan remained the main producers of geotex material and similar ones. But soon they were not only joined, but also began to overtake Asian countries in terms of quantity and quality of production. In particular, non-woven fabric is now supplied in huge quantities by Uzbekistan.

In our country, non-woven fabric was originally produced only for domestic purposes and was used in the clothing industry. In the 90s, oddly enough, the rapid development of this industry began, and GOST began to actively develop and improve the standards.

The shortage of cotton fabrics caused this development, and many woven materials in the most different areas were forced to replace with needle-punched non-woven and other similar types. So there was a need to improve this industry. There is a huge demand for modern nonwoven fabric, which is growing steadily.

Production

Geotex and other non-woven fabrics are made in three stages:

• Foundation formation. For this, a frame made of threads or a fibrous canvas is used.
• Base fastening.
• Finishing the finished material.

To form the canvas, a mass of natural and chemical fibers in different proportions. Finished fibers are mixed and cleaned. After combing, a fibrous canvas is formed. The frame of threads is a grid in the form of threads laid parallel to each other.

The fastening of the base can be of three types: needle-punched, knitting-stitching and glue. Needle-punched bonding is done on machines using needles. The needle, passing through the thickness of the entire layer, captures the fibers and drags them through. This is how interlayer bonding occurs. The knitting-stitching method consists in knitting the canvas with yarn. And, finally, the non-woven fabric is produced by the adhesive method. In this case, the canvases are held together with the help of polymeric substances. Bonding is of two types: wet and dry. Wet is to apply liquid substance on canvases and then laying them on top of each other. For dry gluing, powder, thread, film or spatula fibers are used, which have a lower melting point than the bonded canvases. After application binder canvases are subject to heat treatment.

The geotextile fabric must be finished.

Basic properties

Assessing the quality of such materials, it is necessary to proceed from the scope of their application. The filter non-woven fabric must be highly durable, and good aesthetic performance for photography is useful, but no more.

For certain types of matter, high requirements density, strength, elasticity. And excellent external indicators, perfectly demonstrated in the photo, allow non-woven materials to successfully compete with fabrics. Considering the economic component, the advantage in most cases is given to non-woven fabrics.

Areas of use

Geotextile fabric is used for a variety of purposes. In the clothing industry, clothes for various purposes are made from this material: dresses, suits, underwear, bathrobes, coats, swimwear, children's clothes. Often geotex materials are used for insulation.

The geotextile fabric has found wide application in other areas. Geotex is used in road construction, drainage installation, residential development and interior decoration. In addition, geotex can even be used for finishing residential areas. For example, a geotextile fabric can be seen on the wrong side of table oilcloths or linoleums.

In terms of its properties, the described material is in many respects superior to its fabric counterparts. And he is constantly improving. So it will not be surprising that soon this matter will be needed absolutely everywhere.

Many summer residents strive to plant and sow everything as soon as possible. In this case, non-woven covering materials of foreign and domestic production come to their rescue. It can be different kinds agrospan, spunbond, agrotex. They provide reliable protection against frost and create an optimal microclimate for active plant growth.

What are the types of fabrics

The modern summer resident today has huge selection products that protect plants from the weather. Covering nonwoven materials are presented in a very wide range, and among the most popular types it is necessary to highlight:

• lutrasil;
• spunbond;
• agril;
• agrospan;
• Lumitex.

Each of these types of materials has its own specific features that must be taken into account when choosing them.

What is the difference between covering sheets

Covering non-woven materials are outwardly quite similar, but still differ from each other. When choosing them, it is imperative to take into account the product marking, which is indicated by numbers. The higher it is, the denser the material. It will also retain heat much better.

The thinnest and lightest covering materials are well suited for frameless shelter. In addition, they have very excellent light transmission, help create favorable conditions for growing plants. And such products can protect plants from pests and birds.

Covering nonwovens marked No. 23 have the same qualities as more thin products but they are much stronger. To provide protection from severe frosts, products marked #30 and #42 are ideal, as they help provide the most best conditions.

It should be noted that without a frame, only light non-woven covering material can be used, and for denser and more durable products, a reliable and stable frame is required. Models marked No. 60 and No. 80 are considered the most durable products.

The quality of covering materials

The quality of the covering non-woven material can be judged by several criteria. First of all, you need to consider the presence of stabilizers ultraviolet radiation, and also pay attention to uniformity in density. The best choice of products well-known manufacturers that have already established themselves in the market.

It is worth remembering that shelter is required not only horticultural crops, but also heat-loving young trees and shrubs. In addition, such material may be required for roses. In this case, it is worth choosing agrotex or agrospan.

Density of covering material

If you have a greenhouse, covering non-woven material must be selected very carefully. In particular, this product differs in density. The following options are distinguished:

• lungs;
• medium;
• dense.

Light products are produced only white color. They can be applied without supports and laid directly on the seedlings immediately after they are planted in the soil. Under such shelter, a comfortable microclimate is formed. The material is especially light, it does not damage the stems, and the plants will independently lift the canvas from the ground as they grow. Such a shelter will help protect plantings from the sun, severe frosts and insects.

Products of medium density are also white. They have a density of 28-42 g/m2. Such material is ideal for covering greenhouses and greenhouses. They cover berries, shrubs, as well as crops for the winter.

The black non-woven covering material is characterized by high density. This fiber is ideal for soil mulching. It prevents the growth of weeds. Not getting enough sunlight, they cannot develop normally and simply die. Seedlings must be planted in special slots. In addition, it is worth noting that the non-woven covering material from weeds warms up very well and provides the seedlings with the required heat.

White durable material is used for greenhouse equipment, it is stretched over supports, as well as over a frame for plant protection. A modern innovative material is a two-layer canvas, the lower layer of which is black and the upper one is white. The black side of such a canvas is laid on the soil to avoid the appearance of weeds. The white side will reflect the light. In this case, the crop will grow much faster.

Appointment of covering material

Non-woven covering material for greenhouses is in great demand among summer residents, as it maintains a comfortable temperature and humidity necessary for growing a rich crop. Taking into account the use of modern innovative technologies, covering materials allow:

• increase productivity;
• protect plants from frost;
• retain moisture in the soil;
• reduce the effort spent on processing the beds.

In order for such a product to be useful, you need to choose the right non-woven covering material for the beds. When buying the required option, you need to consider many different parameters.

Lutrasil

Lutrasil is a non-woven covering material for beds that looks like a cobweb. Its advantage is that there is absolutely no condensation under it. If necessary, it can be left on the ground for a long time.

The density of lutrasil can be different. The easiest option is considered thermoselect, which is able to withstand frosts down to -2 degrees. A denser option is considered frostselect, which helps protect seedlings from hail, pests, birds and frost.

Black non-woven covering material provides the greatest degree of protection, therefore it is most often used when planting plants in the soil, having previously made holes in the canvas. It helps to create the most favorable thermal regime at the roots.

Spunbond

In the past few years, spunbond non-woven covering material has begun to enjoy great demand.

As a result of a special manufacturing method, a wear-resistant, durable and strong material is obtained, which has found wide application in various areas of agriculture. Depending on the density of the canvas, it can be used in open or protected ground. You can highlight the main areas where this product can be used. It is used for:

• acceleration of soil warming;
• obtaining the earliest shoots;
• protection of the surface layer of soil from drying out;
• protection of plants from severe frosts.

Before using sanbond to protect plants from bad weather, you need to consider its main technical characteristics:

• good breathability;
• light transmission;
• low weight;
• homogeneous structure;
• resistance to adverse factors;
• does not undergo putrefactive changes and bacteria.

Spunbond can be used at any time of the year. In spring, it contributes to a better warming of the soil for carrying out early crops. In addition, high-density spunbond can be used to cover greenhouse and greenhouse frames.

Agril

Agril is a covering material that has a high degree translucent to light, but it also scatters ultraviolet well. That is why in the hot season the plants will not be steamed, and during frosts they will not be supercooled. The cloth well passes air and moisture. In addition, it is durable and easy to use.

Agril helps protect the soil from erosion, soil crusting, compaction, and shortens the maturation period of plants. Black agril does not let in light and eliminates the need for frequent weeding.

Agrospan

Agrospan covering material is suitable for use at any time of the year. This canvas brings together the most best qualities other products. In the cold season, it helps protect seeds, seedlings and seedlings from frost. In summer, it provides protection from excessive ultraviolet radiation.

Agrospan is a synthetic fiber that looks like interlining. Manufacturers produce canvases in black and white. White material is ideal for sheltering seedlings in a greenhouse or greenhouse. The black material is used for soil mulching. It provides protection against weeds and pests.

With the help of new technologies used in the production process, a strong and durable canvas is obtained. It has the following advantages:

• creation of the required microclimate;
• protection against overheating and excessive cooling of the soil;
• decrease in watering;
• protection from pests and diseases;
• durability.

However, this fiber also has certain disadvantages. The main disadvantage is not high level thermal insulation, which is very bad for the growth of heat-loving plants.

Lumitex

Lumitex is transparent material different colors, which helps to enhance the flow of light. At the same time, the canvas delays and reflects part of the infrared radiation, thereby protecting plants from overheating. It passes moisture and carbon dioxide very well.

This material looks rather unusual, as it is presented in various colors and has a corrugated texture. This product is very convenient to use and is suitable for sheltering strawberries and cucumbers. It can last for a long time.

Mulch covering material

Mulching material for sheltering plants is very often used in horticulture. It can be organic or inorganic. Organic canvas can gradually rot. The soil covered by it is enriched beneficial substances. Thus, the characteristics of the soil and its acidity gradually change. Given this fact, organic mulch should be used very carefully.

Inorganic covering material performs an additional decorative function. As a mulch, you can use colored and black film, which can be combined with decorative plantings.

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate coating is the best alternative to greenhouse film. it reliable material, which is able to protect plants from rain, bacteria, wind, while creating the best conditions for optimal growth and development of garden crops.

Polycarbonate, in fact, is a sheet of plastic that has cavities inside, which are somewhat reminiscent of a honeycomb. Such sheets are characterized by high strength and lightness.

Non-woven synthetic material (NSM) is a needle-punched non-woven fabric, which is made by interlacing synthetic polymer fibers. It is not subject to wear and tear. Due to the combination of excellent performance, the material is convenient to use in most areas of human life: construction works, road construction, pipeline laying, Agriculture, design and more.

NSM is capable of performing four functions at once:

• Filtration. Due to the unique structure, the canvas prevents the passage of sand and earth particles into the pores of the material, preventing the possibility of silting;
• Drainage. Prompt water drainage is provided, which increases the efficiency of the drainage system;
• Reinforcing. Like a geogrid, it takes on the ground load and can partly withstand tensile stress;
• Dividing. NSM serves as a separating layer, excluding mixing of the upper layer and the base. At the same time, the thickness of the top layer does not change.

Material advantages

NSM is widely popular today due to:

• Durability;
• Environmental friendliness. The fabric is unaffected chemical elements, thanks to which harm to people and nature can be avoided;
• Strength. The material has a high level of resistance to mechanical stress, puncture. Stretch threads allow the web to be extended, which eliminates the possibility of damage during installation;
• Resistant to natural factors. Does not cause debate, silting and does not rot. Has resistance to ultraviolet rays, exposure to acids, alkalis and organic substances. The material is not affected by fungi and bacteria;
• Ease of installation. HCM is supplied in easy-to-transport rolls, which, if necessary, can be cut into two parts using an ordinary saw blade. hand saw. Also, the material can be cut with scissors and a knife;
• Profitability. With all its advantages, NSM is relatively inexpensive, which is the main reason for its use in many areas of life.

Areas of use

• It is a filter in drainage systems;
• Road works. It is used for laying the railway track, highway. It is assigned a reinforcing function; can also be used for garden paths.
• Agriculture. NSM material can protect crops from weeds, and the soil from infection by microorganisms and drying out.
• In construction. It is used as a waterproofing layer and a protective layer in the roof and foundation;
• Strengthening the banks and slopes of reservoirs;

Table of NSM characteristics