Electronic dictionary of the Old Russian language with translation and interpretation of words. The Old Russian language was given to man by the creator

OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, the language of the East Slavic population Old Russian state(mid 9th - 1st third of the 12th century) and Russian lands and principalities of the 12th-14th centuries, i.e. the language of the Old Russian ethnic community during its formation, consolidation and collapse; common ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Information about the Old Russian language of the period up to the 11th century can only be gleaned from indirect sources - borrowings in neighboring languages, primarily Finno-Ugric, and evidence of the Old Russian language by foreign authors (in particular, in the work of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus "On the peoples"). From the 10th century, there were also single, linguistically uninformative inscriptions (on a korchag from Gnezdov, on coins).

Since the 11th century, written monuments of the Old Russian language (Cyrillic) appear - Old Russian proper and Russian-Church Slavonic (see Church Slavonic). Most of the letters belong to the former (by the beginning of the 21st century, about 1000 birch bark letters and about 150 parchment letters of the 11th-14th centuries are known), many entries in handwritten books and inscriptions, including graffiti. Actually, ancient Russian monuments of a business and everyday nature (primarily birch bark letters) reflect the lexical, phonetic and grammatical features of the Old Russian language, dialectal features are not uncommon in them and Church Slavonicisms are very few. The supra-dialectal form of the Old Russian language (perhaps based on the dialect of Kiev) functioned as the language of official documents (letters, Russkaya Pravda, princely statutes of the 10th-12th centuries). The group of Russian-Church Slavonic monuments consists of some letters, records and inscriptions, and especially handwritten books. The following stand out: church books, the texts of which are East Slavic copies from South Slavic, mainly Bulgarian, originals (which are mainly translations of Greek books); Old Russian translations from Greek; original Old Russian writings (chronicles, historical, ethnographic, preaching, legal texts). Books in terms of volume are many times greater than all other sources (about 1000 ancient Russian manuscripts have survived, including tens and hundreds of pages of text). Among the most important book monuments are: the Ostromir Gospel (1056-57), Svyatoslav's Izbornik 1073 and Izbornik 1076, the Arkhangelsk Gospel (1092), the Novgorod Service Menaion (1095-97), the Putyatina Menaion and the Sinai Patericon (11th century), the Mstislav Gospel and Ilya's Book (the turn of the 11th-12th centuries), the Yuryev, Dobrilovo and Galician Gospels (12th century), the Studio Rule and the Vygoleksinsky collection (the end of the 12th century), the Assumption and Trinity collections (the turn of the 12th-13th centuries), the Novgorod 1st chronicle (parts 13 and 14th century), Novgorod helmsman (late 13th century), Pandects of Nikon Chernogorets in the lists of the 13th and 14th centuries, "Brief Chronicle" by George Amartol (1st half of the 14th century), numerous Prologues in the lists of the 13th and 14th centuries, Merilo the Righteous, Paley and Sylvester collection (2nd half of the 14th century), Chudovsky New Testament(14th century), Laurentian Chronicle (1377), Hypatian Chronicle (circa 1425; contains chronicle records up to the end of the 13th century); see also Monuments of the written language of the Russian language of the 10th-17th centuries. Russian-Church Slavonic monuments are written in the Church Slavonic language of the Russian edition, which acted as a literary language Ancient Russia. It includes as an organic part many Russisms (East Slavicisms). These Old Russian linguistic features - both common to all East Slavic dialects and dialectally limited - are manifested in Russian-Church Slavonic monuments, against the background of Church Slavonic features, to varying degrees: in texts of religious content - only as inclusions (more or less numerous), in original secular texts (especially in chronicles) - in considerable completeness.

Most of the monuments that have come down to us (including birch bark letters) were written on the territory Novgorod land; their better preservation in comparison with the monuments of other territories of Ancient Russia is explained both by historical (unaffected Novgorod by the Mongol-Tatar invasion) and natural (the quality of the soil in which the birch bark is preserved) conditions. A number of monuments come from the Galicia-Volyn principality, Smolensk, Polotsk, Rostov the Great, Pskov, Tver, Ryazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, possibly Kiev. The uneven reflection of the dialectal features of different territories in writing is the reason for the insufficiency, sometimes one-sidedness, of our knowledge about the dialect division of the Old Russian language, in which the following are definitely distinguished: the ancient Novgorod-Pskov dialect, as well as the dialects of Smolensk, Polotsk (Western Russian), Tver, Galician-Volyn (or generally South Russian, including the dialect of Kiev), Rostov-Suzdal, later Moscow; there is practically no information about other dialects (Ryazan, Chernigov, etc.).

Forming the East Slavic subgroup of the ancient Slavic languages, the Old Russian language as a whole or in most of its dialect territory initially differed from the West and/or South Slavic languages by a number of phonetic and morphological features. In place of the Proto-Slavic groups “vowel + smooth”, full-vowel combinations “vowel + smooth + vowel” developed in it: *gordъ > city (first full vowel), *gъrdъ > гърдъ (second full vowel). There was a labialization of the vowel in the groups *telt, *tъlt > *tolt, *tъlt > tolot, tъlъt: milk, puln. Metathesis arose in the “vowel + smooth” groups under descending intonation at the beginning of a word: *õrbъ>rob. The 3rd palatalization gave a reflex *x in the form of with ‘(vys). The consonant clusters *kt before *i, as well as *tj, have changed to "h" (*rekti > speech, *mogti > *mokti > urine, *xotjǫ > want); *dj - in "zh" (*xodjǫ > I go); *stj, *skj - in sh ‘h’ (*prostjǫ > forgive me); *zdj, *zgj - in (*dъzgjь > writing monuments like "dzhch"). The explosive before l in the reflexes *dl, *tl was lost: *vedlъ, *рletъ > vel, plel. There was a change in the group *dm > "m" ("seven"; compare "week"). The nasal vowels have been lost: *ǫ > y, *ę > ‘а (*рǫtь > path, *rędъ > row). The vowel *ē in combination with the nasal at the end of the word form has changed into ě (in some inflections: *zemjēns > earth). A predominantly East Slavic feature is the use of "o" and "u" at the beginning of a word, in accordance with je and ju, more common in other Slavic languages ["lake" (compare the Polish surname "Jezersky"), "un" 'young'].

The most peripheral, archaic and at the same time innovative among the East Slavic dialects was the ancient Novgorod-Pskov dialect. It did not carry out the 2nd palatalization, and also, according to at least for *x, 3rd palatalization (compare the Novgorod-Pskov "kele", "vykha" in place of the common Eastern Slavic "target", "vysya"). In some part of this dialect territory, the explosive before l in the reflexes *dl, *tl was preserved, followed by the transition (in Pskov dialects) to “gl”, “kl” (for example, Pskov “blyugli” 'blyuli', "uchkle" 'taken into account' ). The simplification of the common Eastern Slavic combinations "sh 'h '", took place by the loss of the final fricative, i.e., the transition to "sh 't '", "zh 'd '" followed by a change in "sh 'k '", "zh 'g '": "toy", "dzhgiti". The combinations that arose as a result of iot palatalization of the labials were simplified, namely vl ‘\u003e l’, ml ‘\u003e pl ‘\u003e n‘: “Yaroslal”, “earth”, “down”, “down with”. In the morphology of the most important distinguishing feature the ancient Novgorod-Pskov dialect had the ending -e in the nominative case of the singular masculine *o-declension (including the forms of pronouns, short adjectives and participles: “khlebe”, “same”, “cheaper”, “came”), historically explained by the influence of a soft variety of declension on a hard one; this influence also took place in the singular genitive *ā-declension, plural nominative and accusative *ā- and *o-declensions (“water”, “lad”). The Novgorod-Pskov dialect is characterized by the underdevelopment of animateness-inanimateness of the category into the singular masculine due to the preservation of the original opposition of the forms of direct cases (cf. Nominative case"lad" - accusative"retract"). An important feature of this dialect, which, however, united it with Smolensk-Polotsk and, possibly, also Tver dialects, was a clatter. In Pskov dialects, in addition, hissing and whistling (the so-called sokanye) did not differ, and the difference between ‘e and ‘a at the end of the word form (stressed yakanie) was neutralized.

At the beginning of the written era, East Slavic dialects underwent a similar evolution, which indicates their joint development. At the phonetic level, throughout the entire East Slavic territory, the decline of the reduced ones proceeded in a similar way (11-12th centuries): the weak reduced ones were lost, and the strong ones were vocalized: “b” - in “o”, and “b” - in “e” (son > dream , flax > flax 'flax'). In addition, throughout the entire East Slavic area, apparently, there was a transition "e" > "o" after the original soft consonants ("cholo-vѣk") and softening of the back-lingual in combinations "gy", "ky", "hy", which moved in "gi", "ki", "hee".

However, there are also dialectal differences. T. n. tense reduced (variants of the phonemes "b", "b" and "s", "and" in the position before j) in the north and northeast of the East Slavic territory, as well as before other consonants, changed in a strong position in "o" , “e”, while in the west and south they coincided with “s”, “and” (compare Russian “my”, “neck”, “live” - Ukrainian “my”, “shiya”, “alive”, Belarusian “ myu”, “shya”, “alive”). The consequences of the fall of the reduced were also different; in particular, in the monuments created in the south of Russia, there are such specific features as a compensatory (compensating for the loss of weak reduced in the next syllable) extension of “e” and “o” [“learning” (the so-called new yat), “voottsya » 'father', 'grѣ-huv']

and the coincidence of “and” and “s” (“I am ashamed” instead of “I am ashamed”, “az sinners” instead of “az sinners”). On a wider dialect territory, a mixture of “v” and “y” is fixed, dictated by a change in the original bilabial “w” > “y” (vstok > ustok), and the transition of combinations of the trъt type through the trt stage into tryt (in the southern and western dialects: “ jerk", "flea"). In a number of East Slavic dialects (including North Russian), after the fall of the reduced ones, a special phoneme ô ("o" closed) developed. The processes of assimilation and changes in consonants at the end of the word form took place differently in the south and north of the East Slavic territory. In the late Old Russian period, such phenomena, limited only to individual East Slavic areas, developed as akanye, the hardening of hissing and affricates, various changes and "w'h'". Some dialectal phonetic features that can be traced with a significant degree of certainty to the period after the fall of the reduced ones (for example, the spirantization of "g" in the southern and western dialects) do not have a reliable reflection in Old Russian writing.

At the morphological level, the following main changes took place in the Old Russian language. V singular nouns, an intra-general unification occurred, associated with a tendency to combine words of the same gender in one declension (only the feminine gender remains within two declensions). The dual category has been lost. In the plural, intergeneric unification was carried out - nouns of all 3 genders fixed homonymous forms of the nominative-accusative, accusative-genitive cases and the forms of the dative, local and instrumental on -am, -ah, -ami; accordingly, the category of animateness-inanimateness has assumed a universal character, spreading to all nouns in the plural. Gender distinctions have disappeared from adjectives and pronouns in the plural. Nominal (non-membered) forms of adjectives, for which the function of the predicate has become the main one, have lost their declension, retaining only the form of the case name. A similar development in participles led to the formation of gerunds. Numerical designations have evolved towards more and more generalization of morphological and syntactic properties. The system of verb tenses underwent a significant reduction - the imperfect, aorist, pluperfect were lost, and their functions were transferred to the perfect, which began to be used without a link (shl esi > went); see Time (in linguistics). Opposition "perfect view - imperfect species"has become more consistent in connection with the development of means of imperfectification, primarily the suffixes -va-, -yva-. Supin was lost (although supin constructions with the genitive form of the dependent name continued to be used in the subsequent period).

Against the background of the development of ever new dialectal features in the late Old Russian period, on the contrary, there is a smoothing out of the most characteristic differences of the Old Novgorod dialect, which is moving closer to other dialects of Northern and Eastern Russia.

As a result of the listed linguistic changes, as well as due to extralinguistic factors (primarily the collapse of the unified Old Russian state, the conquest of a significant part of the East Slavic lands by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century and the transition of the southern and western Russian lands to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland in the 14th century), the Old Russian language as a relatively single idiom that experienced common language changes ceased to exist, breaking up into 3 main language areas - Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, a separate history of which - respectively, as Old Russian (Middle Russian), Old Ukrainian and Old Belarusian languages - begins in the 14-15 centuries.

Lit .: Shakhmatov A. A. Essay ancient period history of the Russian language. P., 1915. M., 2002; he is. Historical morphology of the Russian language. M., 1957; Durnovo N. N. Introduction to the history of the Russian language. M., 1969; he is. Selected works on the history of the Russian language. M., 2000; Historical grammar of the Old Russian language / Edited by V. B. Krysko. M., 2000-2006-. T. 1-4-; Sobolevsky AI Works on the history of the Russian language. M., 2004-2006. T. 1-2; Zaliznyak A.A. Old Novgorod dialect. 2nd ed. M., 2004. Dictionaries: Sreznevsky II Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language according to written monuments. M., 1892-1912. Vol. 1-3 and Additions. M., 2003; Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries. M., 1975-2006-. Issue. 1-27-; Dictionary of the Old Russian language (XI-XIV centuries). M., 1988-2004-. T. 1-7-.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Old Russian people, formed in the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus), mainly on the basis of dialects of closely related East Slavic tribes. It is usually dated to the 8th-14th centuries. It belongs to the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. Predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Old Russian people, formed in the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus), mainly on the basis of dialects of closely related East Slavic tribes. It is usually dated to the 8th-14th centuries. It belongs to the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. Predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Monuments of writing have been known since the middle of the 11th century (manuscripts and entries in books). The inscriptions on individual items date back to the beginning of the 10th century. As part of the Tale of Bygone Years, the treaties of Russia with the Greeks of 911, 944, 971 have come down to us.

The linguistic community of the East Slavic tribes developed in the bowels of the Proto-Slavic linguistic community during the 1-8 centuries. n. e., when Eastern Slavs developed linguistic features that distinguish them from the language of the southern and western Slavs.

Separate phonetic, grammatical and lexical features bring the Old Russian language closer to the South Slavic and West Slavic languages; all or some. But the Old Russian language also differed in a number of features that are absent in other Slavic languages or that gave different results in them. So for the Old Russian language is typical:

Full-voice - (lexico-phonetic phenomenon of the modern Russian language: the presence of combinations in root morphemes: oro, olo, barely between consonants, characterizes the phonetic appearance of many modern Russian words).

[h,] [f,] (instead of [w, t,], [f, d,] - among the southern Slavs and [c,] [d, h] - among the western ones), develops from *tj, *dj ( svcha, boundary) and from *Rt, *qt before front vowels: night, stoves, dychi (compare: bake, urine), urine.

Since the 10th century, the absence of nasal vowels [o], [e]: instead of them they began to pronounce [y] and im A and others [a]> [, a]: rouka, maso.

The phonetic system of the language of the era of the most ancient monuments was characterized by the following features. The syllable was open; could not end with a consonant, the sounds in the syllable were distributed according to increasing sonority, in other words, the syllable began with a less sonorous sound and ended with a more sonorous one (doim, sled, pravida). In this regard, until the 12th-13th centuries, when the reduced [b] and [b] fell and new ones appeared closed syllables, there were no conditions for opposing consonants in terms of sonority-glasnost. There were 10 vowel phonemes: front vowels - [i], [e], (b), [e], [b], [a] [leaf, lchyu, (lchiti), fly (fly), day, n Am ] and the back row - [s], [y], [b], [o], [a] [try, pout, pita (bird), chop, break]. There were 27 consonants. The sound [v] was either labial-tooth [v], bilabial [w] (a similar pronunciation is preserved even now in dialects: [lauka], [, deuka], [low]). The sound [f] was in borrowed words in the written language of educated people. In the colloquial language, instead of it, the sound [p] or [x] is pronounced in borrowed words: Osip (Josif), Khoma, Khovrony. Hardness-softness couples formed only sounds [n] - [n,], [r] - [r,], [l] - [l,], [s] - [s,], [s] - [s ,]. The rest of the consonants were or only soft: [j], [h], [c,], [g,], [w,], [w, t, w,], [g, d, g,] (modern. [`sh,], [`zh,] - push, yeast), or only solid: [g], [k], [x] (death, jelly, hytr), [n], [b], [c ], [m], [t], [d]. Before front vowels, hard consonants became semi-soft. Consonants [g], [k], [x] before front vowels could only be in borrowed words (geona, cedar, chiton).

The grammatical structure, inflectional in type, inherited many features of the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European languages.

Nouns differed: by gender: m., cf., f.; by numbers: singular, dual, when it was about two objects (two, tables, houses, dvb, leh, zhen, legs), pl.

There were 6 cases: I., R., D., V., T., Local (modern prepositional); some nouns also had a vocative form, used in education (father - father, wife - wife, son - son).

According to the system of case forms, nouns were combined into 6 types of declensions, each of which could include words of different genders. The destruction of this system of declination occurred towards the end of the Old Russian period.

Adjectives (qualitative and relative) had a full and short form and were declined in both forms.

The verb had the form of the present (future) tense (I wear, I will say), 4 forms of the past tense: 2 simple - aorist (wear, tell) and imperfect (wear, hozhah), and 2 complex - perfect (I wore) and pluperfect - a long time ago - came (dah wore or was worn), each of the forms of the past tense had a special meaning associated with an indication of the course of action in the past, 2 forms of a complex future: before the future (I will wear) and the analytical future, which largely retained its character compound verbal predicate [Imam (I want, I will start) wear]. The -l form (like wore) was a past participle and participated in the formation of complex verb tense forms, as well as the subjunctive mood (was bore). In addition to the infinitive, the verb had another invariable form - supin (or the infinitive of the goal), which was used with verbs of motion ("I'm going to catch fish").

According to the dialectal features within the Old Russian language, the northwestern territories with clatter were contrasted (non-distinguishing [ts,], and [h,], [g] of explosive formation, the form R.p. singular f.r. on -b ( in zhen) and the southern and southeastern regions with the fricative distinction [ts,], [h,], [g] and the form of R.p. However, the dialectical features did not destroy the unity of the Old Russian language, as evidenced by the written monuments of the 12-13th centuries, created in different territories of the Old Russian state. common language ancient Russian people, formed in Kievan state. Business and legal writings were created in the Old Russian language, in complex combination with elements of the Church Slavonic language, the Old Russian language appeared in monuments of hagiographic literature and in chronicles. Strengthening the unity of the Old Russian language was also facilitated by the formation of a common spoken language of the center of the Old Russian state - Kiev, whose population was formed from people from different dialectical territories. The single spoken language of Kiev - Kievan Koine - is characterized by the smoothing of dialectal features and the spread of common phonetic, morphological and lexical features in the speech of its inhabitants.

The strengthening of dialect features and, as a result, the weakening of linguistic ties between the territories of the distribution of the Old Russian language was associated with the loss of Kiev from the end of the 11th and especially in the 2nd half of the 12th century of its political significance and the strengthening of the role of new centers public life. Monuments of the 13th century reflect a number of local linguistic phenomena, which indicates the formation of new linguistic communities. According to a number of such features in the 13th century, after the completion of the process of loss of the reduced ones common to the Eastern Slavs, the south and southwest (Kiev, Galicia-Volyn, Turov-Pinsk lands - the territories of the future Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) turned out to be opposed to the north and northeast ( territories of the future Russian language), where, in turn, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal dialects began to form, as well as the dialect of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and the Seim. In the 14th century, the territory of the south-west and west of Russia came under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, which even more severed them from the northern and north-eastern territories, where Russian state and the language of the Great Russian people. In the 14-15 centuries. the Old Russian language broke up into 3 separate East Slavic languages.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………

1. History of the origin of the Old Russian language……………………………………

2. Features of the change in the Old Russian language.…………………………………

3. Reasons for the archaization of words…………………………………………….

4. Old Russian words and Old Russian expressions their real analogues……………………………………………………………………………………

5. The fate of Old Russian words in the Russian language…………………………………….

6. The fate of ancient Russian "winged expressions" in the modern Russian language……………..

7. References and used Internet resources……………………

Introduction

This work is devoted to the origin of Old Russian words and their further fate in the Russian language. However, it also presents Comparative characteristics meanings of some words and their modern counterparts, in order to understand the reason for the disappearance of ancient words from the language.

I have always been interested in studying various ancient languages, I am especially attracted to the Old Russian language, and I would like to say separately about the words and expressions in this language, about which, in fact, most people do not know anything specific. Have you ever thought about the true meaning of the word "guest"? In the days of Ancient Russia, someone who was engaged in trade with other cities and countries was called a guest. Today, a guest is a person who visits his friends and relatives in a friendly way. Indeed, the history of such words is of great interest to society and the language of any ethnic group as a whole, so it is necessary to study them in detail.

Target: study of the position of archaisms in the modern Russian language and their comparison with modern words and expressions.

Tasks: the revival of the meaning of some Old Russian words and expressions (their actual meaning), to study the way these words change in the language, to give examples of their use in Everyday life, familiarizing people with the history of these words and expressions, it is necessary to find an effective way to preserve these words in their native speech and language.

Research methods: In order to work with words in any language, to study their history and origin, it is necessary to resort to work
with different dictionaries. My work is based on the following types of dictionaries: explanatory, etymological, and also a dictionary of archaisms
and historicism. For me, the Internet is one of the indispensable sources of information, so I actively used data on some words from there.

The history of the origin of the Old Russian language

In order to understand the history of Old Russian words, it is necessary to get acquainted with its origin.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Eastern Slavs in the period from about the 6th to the 13th-14th centuries, the common ancestor of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

It is no secret that the Old Russian dictionary, as well as the language, makes it possible to read and understand the history of the formation of many historical monuments of writing. In addition, it was this language that formed modern rules literary pronunciation, spelling, and punctuation. The history of the Old Russian language helps to understand exactly how human thinking developed, to learn about how exactly the appearance of writing influenced the life of the Old Russian tribes. It cannot be said that the study of this language is necessary modern man in order to find out exactly how writing was born and to understand the most milestones this process. Thanks to special books, you can understand Old Russian as it is written, which is quite interesting.

Self-name rѹssk (-ꙑi) ꙗꙁꙑкъ. The name "Old Russian language" does not mean continuity exclusively with the modern Russian language, but is explained, first of all, by the self-name of the Eastern Slavs of this period (Russians).

It is assumed that the "Old Russian" language, which existed approximately in the 6th-14th centuries, was the common language for all the Eastern Slavs, numerous Slavic tribes that made up the so-called Old Russian nationality - the ancestors of Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians. In the history of the Old Russian language, two periods are distinguished: pre-written - up to the 10th-11th centuries, and written - from the 11th century. In the 11th-14th centuries, in connection with the division of the Old Russian state into feudal principalities, the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the formation of new states on the Old Russian lands, the Old Russian language disintegrated, dialect differences intensified. The first written monuments date back to the 11th century; The oldest inscription on a vessel found during excavations of the Gnezdovsk barrows near Smolensk dates back to the 10th century.

Like other Slavic languages, the Old Russian language goes back to the Proto-Slavic language and is the result of its disintegration and division into different Slavic language groups. By the X century. Eastern Slavs developed a series language features that separated them from the southern and western Slavs.

The existence of pre-Cyrillic writing among the Eastern Slavs is possible in the pre-Christian era, but on this moment there is no evidence in the form of surviving monuments. Old Russian was always written in Cyrillic; no literary Glagolitic monuments have been found on the territory of the Old Russian state (however, some graffiti made in the Glagolitic script and their fragments have survived, for example, in the St. Sophia Cathedral of Novgorod the Great).

The legacy of Cyril and Methodius brought the Cyrillic alphabet to Russia, called the First South Slavic Influence. The Old Bulgarian language, into which the Bible was translated, strongly influenced the then Old Russian language.

It is important to note that the modern Russian literary language is a combination of two old dialect traditions of the Old Russian language: North-West and Center-East.

All languages change over time - their sound composition, the meanings of words, the principles of adding words into sentences vary. The modern language and its ancient "versions" are separated by centuries and therefore differ very noticeably. Therefore, for example, an Englishman who does not specifically study Old English will not be able to read and understand the "Song of Beowulf" in the original.

The language spoken by the ancient Russians, at first glance, is clearer. The letters of Ivan the Terrible to Prince Andrei Kurbsky (1528-1583) can be understood by a Russian-speaking reader as a whole without preparation (“Kurbsky dog”, which is clearer). However, the apparent transparency of the Old Russian language for Russian-speaking people is deceptive. In fact, Tsar the Terrible spoke with Prince Kurbsky in a language different from the modern one, and even Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir would not have understood Ivan the Terrible either.

What is the Old Russian language

There is a popular notion that Old Russian is the language in which services are held in the Russian Orthodox Church. This is not so, they serve in churches in a completely different language - Church Slavonic, this language differs from Old Russian.
But first things first. Many thousands of years ago there were tribes that spoke the same language. Their language, which is called Proto-Indo-European, having gone through a lot of changes, formed the basis of many modern languages. It was actively studied and reconstructed at the beginning of the 20th century by several famous linguists at once (in particular, Antoine Meillet, author of the book Introduction to the Comparative Study of Indo-European Languages). Then the Indo-Europeans settled in the vast territories of Europe and Asia. These people spoke languages that grew out of a single proto-language.
The Old Russian language grew out of the seed of the Indo-European languages. This seed turned out to be so tenacious that from the former languages that existed before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans in Europe and Asia, only small fragments remained, like the Basque language. It is linguistic kinship that causes the fact that many words denoting basic human values - mother, father, daughter, son, fire, sun, night - are very similar in different languages. Compare "night" - "notte" - "Nacht" - "night" in all its variants in the Indo-European languages.
Approximately at the turn of the III-II millennium BC. e. people who speak the languages of this group have ceased to understand each other. The adverbs diverged. In particular, the Slavic branch emerged from the common Indo-European language, or, according to the theory of the Balto-Slavic parent language, the Balto-Slavic branch.
Common Slavonic, as, in particular, Samuil Borisovich Bernstein (1911-1997) writes in his work “Essay on the Comparative Grammar of the Slavic Languages” and in the article “Slavic Languages” of the Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary, persisted almost until the 5th century. At this time, the Slavs began to move east and west, reaching the Elbe (Laba) in the west, Ryazan in the east, and Novgorod and Pskov in the north. It is surprising that with such a width of settlement, the Slavs retained a linguistic community for about another five or six centuries. Even now the difference between Polish, Czech and Russian is not so great that an educated person would not be able to read elementary phrases in one of these languages. For example, the Germanic peoples who spoke Old English, Old German and Old Swedish could not maintain the same closeness to the modern period.
During the settlement of the Slavs, the common Slavic language was divided into East Slavic, South Slavic and West Slavic branches. And here we come to the answer to the question of how the language of church services differs from the language of the ancient Russians. The latter is an East Slavic version of the language - the one spoken by Prince Vladimir. And the Old Slavonic language goes back to the South Slavic variant (of the modern languages, the South Slavic branch includes, in particular, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian).

In 1707-1710, the so-called civil press was introduced in Russia. Its forerunners were books published in a printing house in Amsterdam. At the beginning of 1710, Peter I ordered him to prepare for comparison and selection a copy of the alphabet with "an image of ancient and new Slavic printed and handwritten letters." After reviewing the alphabet presented to him at the beginning of 1710, the tsar personally crossed out all the Slavic letters and left the letters of the civil font, and completely crossed out the letters (ot), (o) and (psi). On the back of the cover of the alphabet, Peter wrote: “These letters should be printed in historical and manufactory books, and which are underlined, do not use those in the above-written books.” And at the bottom, under the initial letters of the alphabet, he wrote the date when the decree took place: “Given the year of the Lord 1710 of January on the 29th day”

St. Cyril and Methodius were Macedonians and spoke the Macedonian dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language. It was into this language that they translated church services in the second half of the ninth century. This language, through church literature and translated books, became literary language Eastern Slavs, Kievan and Muscovite Rus, up to the 18th century.
Church Slavonic is as close to Old Russian as all Slavic languages were in the 9th century. But the Old Church Slavonic language has a slightly different syntactic, lexical and phonetic structure than Old Russian. It is curious that until the 18th century two languages coexisted in Russia - one for literature and officialdom, the other for colloquial speech. They influenced each other, but remained independent.
There are many Church Slavonicisms in the Russian language, which still bear the mark “high style” on themselves, because in Church Slavonic they spoke about the high, about God. "Grad" (city), "brada" (beard), "one" (one) - all these are words that in oral speech our ancestors sounded different than what they themselves wrote in the annals. In turn, Church Slavonic absorbed colloquial Russian. Therefore, now they serve in churches in a language that differs from the one into which the books of Cyril and Methodius were translated. Over the past thousand years, he has become much closer to his East Slavic relative.

How the Old Russian language was restored

The language that our ancestors spoke, scientists have restored in several ways. In particular, studying documents and letters: notes on birch bark, inscriptions on tombstones, texts of agreements. On the basis of Novgorod birch bark letters, the remarkable linguist Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak reconstructed the Old Novgorod dialect of the Old Russian language. In 1995, his book "Old Novgorod dialect" was published. Excavations continue near Novgorod every summer, and every year in September, the scientist entertainingly tells about the details of ancient Russian life to everyone who comes to his public lecture at Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

We have been taught today that the most important and widespread language in the world is English, and Russian in Lately it does nothing but enrich itself with a mass of words borrowed from other peoples. Linguist and author of sensational books A. Dragunkin proved that everything is just the opposite. He is sure that it was the Old Russian language that was the main base on which all dialects of the Earth were created.

The parent language of the world is Old Russian

A. Dragunkin tells how he came to study the topic of the origin of the Old Russian language. While teaching English, he was not satisfied with the teaching methods, and he began to compare languages precisely in order to create effective methods for teaching foreign languages. More and more new ideas surfaced. In 1998, Alexander Dragunkin sat down to write the first book, which was supposed to be a guide to learning English.

The result of the work exceeded the most daring assumptions of the author himself. In the work, the author offers his own way of quickly learning English words, drawing an analogy with Russian words. Developing this method, the author literally accidentally saw the obvious that lay on the surface: English words not only look like Russian, but have Russian roots that go back to the Old Russian language.

Rules for learning foreign words from Dragunkin

A. Dragunkin brought out three basic rules learning foreign words.

You don’t need to pay attention to vowel sounds in a word at all, in a word the main thing is the backbone of consonant sounds.
Consonants are clearly grouped according to linguistic pronunciation. So, the sound of L, R, N is formed by different language movements, but in one part of the palate. The linguist A. Dragunkin deduced several chains of consonants that can be combined according to the place of pronunciation in the mouth, based on the rule of palatalization:
- v-m-b-p-f,
- l-r-s-t-d-n,
- x-ts-k-g-z-zh,
- v-r-x,
- s-c-h (j).
These chains of consonants go in unison from century to century, forming the basis from ancient Russian to modern. When borrowing a word from another language, it is possible to replace consonants, but only within these chains.

A word, when moving from a language to another, can become shorter, and most often the first syllable falls out. It depends on the characteristics of auditory perception: the root of the word is heard more clearly and is easier to remember. The prefix and the ending that do not carry a semantic load fall out first. More<< >>.

Examples

The word GIRL in English sounding has no explanation of national origin. The Old Russian language gives a hint: in Russia, young people were called Gorlitsy. The backbone of consonants is the same, the English word is much shorter than the Russian one - it is clear where the British got this word from.

Another example is the English word REVOLT. Translation means rebellion, rebellion, revolt. The division of a word according to the rules of Russian grammar into a prefix, root, suffix u ending allows you to apply by analogy to an English word. The result is: prefix - RE; root - VOL; suffix - T. It can be assumed that this word got into English in the process of borrowing, and over time it was transformed according to the rules of pronunciation. In this case, the prefix: not RE, but our abbreviated PERE; L u R - consonants from the same phonetic chain - are interchangeable. Having rewritten the word in Russian letters, we get: PERE-VOR-OT. And who borrowed from whom?

There are many such examples. Why would the British, from an isolated island far from Russia, use Russian words?

Russians and Anglo-Saxons have common genetic roots

The English are direct descendants of the ancient Rus. Official data, which, as usual, are hushed up, indicate that the Saxons, the direct ancestors of the British, came from the Volga. The plural of the word "Sak" is Saxons. They were called SAKs on the Volga. According to the law of word shortening, we can conclude that the word was originally significantly longer: saki - rusaki.

Morphology reveals the secret of the origin of words

Only a person who knows several foreign languages. Linguist A. Dragunkin belongs to this category of people, he is fluent in six European languages and knows several Asian ones, he can be trusted.

The Latin word SECRET is known throughout the world, but its origin is still unknown, officially considered a mystery. In Russian spelling, this word does not lend itself to morphological analysis. The same incomprehensible suffix ending T is visible. However, written in the letters of the Old Russian language, this word is read as СъКРыТ (in accordance with the rule about vowels). It turns out the complete similarity of the meaning, a prefix appears, our root u suffix.

Old Slavonic Bukovica

So, it turns out, why we changed the Old Russian alphabet to the modern one - to hide the obvious connection of native words with the words of other languages lying on the surface.

A good example is the word "HAREM". Until the time of the reign, the Russian princes had many concubines who lived in best rooms, HoRoMach. Replacing the consonants according to the second rule of chains of interchangeable consonants, we get GaReM.

Names of holy books

Moreover, the titles of religious books have a Russian basis. The Koran is the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad, Zeid kept it, it turns out, SO-KHRAN.

The Jewish Torah is translated even more simply: a book about T(v)or, that is, about CREATION - Torah.

The word "Bible" has a slightly different meaning. This is one of the first books written on paper, paper is made from cotton, cotton in Old Russian is called BaVeLna (in Ukrainian it is still bavovna) - the result is BiBLe.

The Indian "Vedas" come from the word to know.

Each explanation can be disputed, but the semantic interpretation is correct only with the application of the second rule of interchangeable chains of consonants.

religious names

The names of gods and servants can also be easily brought under the rule of replaceable chains. Allah is a non-Arabic word, VOLHV - WALLAH eventually lost the first consonant sound, and began to correspond modern meaning. As you know, the Magi were the forerunners of the clergy.

The Russian root MOL is the basis of the word "pray". We involve the chain of consonant substitution, and we get: MOL - means the same as u MUL. Translated into Russian, MULLA is a person who asks God.

This also includes the name of an English priest - PrieST, to write this word in Russian letters - it means ASK.

A lot of coincidences - this is a pattern

Lots of random coincidences where words have the same meaning and similar spelling. When a word in the "native" dialect does not find a basis, origin, then the Russian rules of morphology help the word to acquire a logical meaning. What world philology cannot explain becomes a normal word in the Russian dialect! A. Dragunkin seeks to prove that he was created artificially, and it is in him that the cipher of the matrix of the entire universe lies.

One more interesting discovery- only in the Old Russian language of the name natural phenomena from the surrounding world are described using syllables with a root of two consonants - BL, given the chain of interchangeable consonants. Ancient people created the words: Bor, Field, Sea, Swamp, Par. . .

Living beings are described using three roots that can be associated with body parts. All rounded parts are described with the root КР/ГЛ and its derivatives – Head, Throat, Eye, Lower Leg, Knee. The names of the animal world are described by the Russians according to geometric features - this is not found in any other dialect of the world, only in the Old Russian language.

Even man is singled out from the animal world on the basis of his main feature - the mind. Mental capacity due to the mind that is in the head. The head was formerly called HUMAN. This is how the HUMAN AGE is singled out from the animal world, an intelligent and living age.

The language was given to man by the Creator

The ancestors knew everything from the beginning, because the language and speech were given to man from above. Even before the advent of telescopes, Russian people knew that there were stars - extraterrestrial bodies that emit light.

Paradise is a truncated word EDGE;
Hell is that which is UNDER the earth.
The word "star" - according to the rule of substitution of consonants, we read: light-yes.

If the language was created artificially, why was it necessary to create it? Communication could be limited to war cries when hunting mammoths. Tyutchev's words answer this question: "The thought expressed is a lie." The process of speech is signified by three verbs - to speak, to say, to expound. But in the Old Russian language, three verbs also mean lies, and the words are consonant in the composition of consonants:

to speak - to lie,
to say - to distort,
to lay out - to lie,
state - FALSE.

The language was originally created not for the exchange of information, but as a means of distorting it, a method of influencing people.
Think about the words that are considered borrowed by us from other peoples, and you yourself will see the roots of origin:

Galaktika - dialectal "fog" GalaGa
GLOBUS - KoLoBok (alternating G and K)
dollar - share
LABORATORY - WORK (L and R alternate)
LeDi - the ancient Russian goddess Lada
CALCULATOR - HOW MUCH
NeGR - Not Beautiful
hotel (HoTel) – KhaTa
smog - mgla
ELEMENT - UNBROKEN

With knowledge and using it wisely, amazing discoveries can be made. A. Dragunkin brilliantly proved that the Old Russian language was the basis on which most of the other dialects were created. And we, Russians, can now be sure that we speak a direct descendant of the world parent language.

Oh oh ancient writing and runes look here.

Rus

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