Scientific research project

Section: Scientific and technical creativity

Subject:"Creating a fountain model"

Scientific supervisor: Ryazanova Tatyana Nikolaevna

2015

Table of contents:

Introduction…………………………………………………….……3

Main part

History of fountains…………..……………4

Operating principle……………………………………………………6

Varieties………………………………………………………...6

Fountains of the city of Podolsk and Podolsk region……..8

Experimental part………………………………...9

Conclusion……………………………………………………...10

List of references……………………….…11

Appendix……………………………………………………..12

Introduction

Relevance of the problem: dThe effect of water on a person can be called truly magical. The sound of the fountain relieves stress, calms you down and makes you forget about worries.Feng Shui experts will say that the water element “attracts” health and even provokes career growth. And practical people know that a fountain humidifies the air and also works as a natural ionizer.

Research objectives: expand the field of knowledge on the topic “Communicating vessels”, consider the operation of the law of communicating vessels using the example of the operation of a fountain model.

Tasks:

1. Study material about fountains: their types and principles of operation.

2. Construct a model of the fountain and use it to conduct experiments to explain the principle of the fountain’s operation.

3. Create a list of fountains in the city of Podolsk.

4. Analyze the information received and draw conclusions about the structure and operating principle of fountains.

Methods:

Studying literary and other information sources, conducting experiments, analyzing information and results.

Main part

History of fountains

A fountain is a stream of liquid or gas thrown upward from a pipe or hole by a force of pressure.The first fountains appeared in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , as evidenced by images on ancient tombstones. Initially, they were used not so much for beauty, but for watering crops and ornamental plants. The Egyptians built fountains in orchards near the house, where they were installed in the middle of a rectangular pond. Similar fountains were used in Mesopotamia and Persia, which were famous for their beautiful gardens. Here in the East they have gained even greater popularity. According to certain canons, the Persian eastern garden was supposed to reflect four essences - water, flowers, plants and music, which can be seen in ancient images and carpet designs. The Muslim gardens were surrounded by terraces of multi-colored tiles; the splashes of the fountain, reflecting from them, created an extraordinary play of light and shadow. Later, gardens were built in their likeness in Toledo, Granada and other cities.

In another type of garden, unity was created by water, flowers, trees, light and shadow. A striking example of such landscape architecture are gardensTaj Mahal in India and Shalimar Gardens . In such gardens, an important accent is the deep springs running down from the mountains, where at the foot of their beds they are artificially turned, creating ponds and waterfalls. Fountains were of great importance in China and Japan. The most famousJapanese garden Kyoto – Buddhist monks participated in its creation. Each element of this garden carries with it special meaning and evokes a certain mood and state of mind in visitors. The landscape and architectural basis for fountains and gardens in Europe were Persian gardens. In the Middle Ages, gardens appeared at monasteries and, like the Persian garden, were divided into four parts - for flowers, herbs, vegetables and fruit trees. In the middle of the garden there was a well or fountain - a place of solitude, reflection and prayer for the novices of the monastery. But basically, as in Ancient world, in the Middle Ages, fountains were used as sources of water supply - for irrigation and drinking. Only with the beginning of the Renaissance did fountains in Europe become part of the architectural ensemble, its bright accent, and sometimes the main element. The Roman style became dominant.

To help natural sources pumps came and instead of underground springs, fountains began to flow on the Roman hills. An example of the Italian Renaissance isVilla Lante . Gradually, new trends in architecture spread throughout Europe. The greatest dawn of landscape and park art was achieved in France in the 17th century, its crown wasVersailles - the king of regular parks, which became the basis for the creation of similar palace and park ensembles all over the world. It was the Versailles fountains that inspired Peter I to design Peterhof.

It must be admitted that the fountains of Peterhof in some ways surpassed their French prototype. This is a grandiose museum of fountain art of the 18th-19th centuries. There are many single and multi-jet fountains, solo, paired, grouped in rows, fountains in the form of water bells and pillars. The jet patterns are not repeated; they are fans, bouquets, curtains, etc. Peterhof fountains also differ in sound - from a barely audible rustle to a deafening triumphant roar.

At the end of the 17th century, with the advent of “romanticism,” landscape art also underwent changes. Came into fashionparks in " english style» , when everything is closest to “wild” nature, without chic and pomp. The architecture of water sources was also distinguished by its naturalness and simplicity.

Modern fountains compete in height.King Fahd Fountain located on the Red Sea, rises to a height of 260 m, in good weather it can reach a height of 318 m (for comparison, the height Eiffel Tower 300m). In modern fountains, advanced technologies and new inventions play a significant role.

The most expensive and largest fountain complex in the world is the Dubai Fountain. The length of the fountain is 275 m, and its area is comparable to the area of ​​three standard football fields. The initial height to which the jets rose was 150 meters, later the height increased to 275 meters. It belongs to the type of dancing fountains. Its repertoire includes classical, Arabic and pop music, and the fountain “performs” a different dance to each tune. The Dubai Fountain complex consists of an artificial reservoir located at the foot of the tall building in the world, the Burj Khalifa tower, hundreds of jets that can rise to a height of up to 310 m, 6600 spotlights and 25 color spotlights. True, the most powerful water cannons require recharging after use, so they are turned on only during the brightest moments of the performance. The structure has its own pumping and water purification system. A year after its opening, the fountain was modernized by adding smoke generators and gas nozzles to the design, and now the water symphony can be accompanied by the effects of smoke and fire. The largest and most expensive fountain on Earth set another record - it is the brightest point in Asia that can be seen from space, and on Earth, during performances, the light show can be seen 32 km away.

Now the ideas of art have received a new embodiment - combining the ideas of architects, artists and specialists in highly technical fields. A new trend was the enchanting play of color, the art of lighting, the combination of music, light, and dynamics. Progress does not stand still, who knows what fountains will become by the middle of this century...

Operating principle

Over time, eras and styles changed, and with them the fountains, as their reflection. But the principle of operation of fountains is almost the same. They work on the principle of communicating vessels [Appendix 1]. From the beginning of the 17th century, fountains began to be driven by mechanical pumps, which gradually replaced steam installations and then electric pumps.

It is believed that the fountains owe their existence to the famous Greek mechanic Heron of Alexandria, who lived inI- IIcentury AD It was Heron who directly pointed out that the flow rate, or the rate of distributed water, depends on its level in the reservoir, on the cross-section of the channel and the speed of the water in it. The device invented by Heron serves as one of the examples of knowledge in ancient times (20 years BC) in the field of hydrostatics and aerodynamics.

Types of fountains

Fountains can be artificial or natural. Natural ones include geysers, springs and artesian waters.

Hot water with steam gushing out from a hole in the ground is called a geyser. Such fountains emerge from the ground on the island of Iceland, in Yellowstone Park in the USA, on the North Island of New Zealand and in Kamchatka. "Geyser" means "to gush" in Icelandic.

Geysers are always located where volcanoes are located. Hot magma rises to the surface of the Earth and greatly heats the rock that contains groundwater. Water accumulates in small and large cracks, finding no way out, heats up and finally boils. This produces a lot of steam, which is under high pressure and makes its way up into the neck of the previously formed geyser. There is a strong eruption of first steam, and then water, and it lasts until the underground “reservoir” is empty. The next release will occur only when groundwater accumulates underground again and heats up to a boil.

Spring, source, key- natural release of groundwater to the earth's surface. The man liked the springs gushing out in small streams. Over time, architects and architects began to frame the springs decorative stone. Craftsmen showed miracles of ingenuity when decorating springs.

Artesian waters- pressure groundwater contained in aquifers of rocks between aquifer layers. Usually found in depressions, forming artesian basins. When a borehole is opened, artesian water rises above the aquifer and sometimes gushes out.

Let's now take a look at artificial fountains. People have long not only enjoyed waterfalls and streams, rivers and seas, but also created artificial ponds and fountains to admire them. Water has such a beneficial effect on nervous system people that in some clinics, contemplation of flowing streams of water is used as one of the methods of treating depressive disorders.

Street and square fountains. Fountains have always been one of mankind’s favorite hydraulic structures. Fountains were invented in hot countries for a purely practical purpose: in the summer heat, jets of water shooting upward bring life-saving coolness. They have not lost their popularity to this day.

Landscape fountains. A fountain on a site near a house usually becomes a very attractive place for its inhabitants. A beautiful fountain is the best cure for stress and bustle everyday life. Listening to the soothing sounds of flowing water, contemplating its smooth flows, a person gets the opportunity to forget about everyday problems and worries, to escape from the worries and worries that life in a modern city is filled with. The fountain becomes an oasis of peace and joy, a place for relaxation and introspection.

Color and musical fountains - These are complex complexes using automation. The height and shape of the jets, color design are set using software.

Interior, room fountains . Placing a fountain in your home becomes the center of the interior of the living space; a beautiful fountain usually turns into favorite place for a relaxing holiday for the whole family. After all, there is nothing more peaceful than the calm contemplation of flowing water.

It is especially important to create the right effect for a water feature. Types of fountain jets:

Longline;

Flowing;

Bubbling;

Bell;

Column;

Geyser.

Fountains can be: water-jet, cascade, mechanical, firecracker fountains (for example, in Peterhof), different heights, shapes and each has its own name. Previously, all fountains were direct-flow, that is, they worked directly from the water supply; now they use “recirculating” water supply using powerful pumps.

Fountains of Podolsk

Singing fountain in Podolsk. Fountain of the "Tornado" series with floodlights based on RGB LEDs used for the first time in Russia. Creates a unique water and light musical extravaganza.

Fountain in the park named after. Talalikhina

Podolsk, st. Working

Sculptural composition in combination with the fountain “Natasha Rostova’s First Ball”.It was opened on October 5, 2014 on Podolsk City Day. The rotating dancing couple - Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky, with a fountain makes a fantastic impression.

Podolsk, Leo Tolstoy Boulevard

Fountain on the territory of the estate ensemble with the Church of the Sign Holy Mother of God in Dubrovitsy.

Fountain on Lenin Square. Opened in the summer of 2004 for the 223rd anniversary of the city. Reconstructed in 2006

Experimental part of the work

Research and identification of the problem

Making a fountain is a problem, or a task that needs to be solved. Naturally, development problems arose immediately. The first question I asked myself was how to do it, from what material and using what tools? How to decorate a fountain decoratively.

Hypothesis:

Try to use the fact that in communicating vessels the homogeneous liquid is at the same level to make a fountain.

Improve the fountain using a mini water pump.

Work results: I looked into various types fountains. It's in my power to build indoor fountain. Based on the proposed principles of fountain operation, I built a fountain using a mini water motor. To do this, I needed a small motor (in my case, an expansion pump for the windshield washer reservoir in a car), a tube from the dropper system, a base container for the fountain, three containers for shaping the fountain, and a power supply.And for visual effect and beauty, I decorated it decorative elements. [Appendix 2, 3]

Conclusion

I really enjoyed working on the fountain. It turned out quite beautiful. But the most important thing is pleasure from work. It was very large and complex practical work, and of course, there were things that didn’t work out for me, or that worked out, but not the way I wanted. I learned a lot about fountains and their history. As a result, I was satisfied with the work done. I have used the principle of communicating vessels in practice.

Conclusions:

1. Almost all fountains use communicating vessels.

2. In communicating vessels, a homogeneous liquid tends to be at the same level.

3. The fountain flows due to the difference in heights of water in communicating vessels.

List of used literature:

S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language/Ed. N.Yu.Shvedova. - M.: Russian language, 1981.-760 p.

Alex Cooper. Interior of a cozy garden/3rd edition. -Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006. -267 p.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04dJLUm4ZZ4

Applications:

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Stages of creating a fountain

Appendix 3

Ready fountain

If at the dacha or at home there is an accumulation of large number plastic bottles from carbonated water, do not rush to throw them in a landfill - they can still be useful in the household. For example, empty containers are suitable for making simple homemade fountains, with the help of which it is easy to organize an irrigation system for watering the lawn (in case there are no sprinklers and sprinklers for the garden at hand).

You can also usefully spend your free time with your children by making a fountain from a plastic bottle. This homemade product will be very interesting for young inventors and is quite easy to make.

A fountain that works itself from plastic bottles

The classic design of Heron's fountain is described in 7th grade physics textbooks and consists of 3 containers of water, located one above the other and connected by three tubes. Empty ones are just right for a home experiment. plastic bottles from under mineral water or soda. The first tube comes out of the top bowl and goes down to the very bottom of the structure. The second, which is attached separately from the first, comes out of the lower container, enters the middle one and reaches almost to the very top. The third tube comes from the bottom of the middle bowl and enters the top bowl.

By default, all the liquid is in the middle container. In order for the fountain to start working, you need to add a little water to the upper bowl - then the liquid will automatically flow through the first tube into the lower container until it is completely filled. At this time, the air pressure will increase, which will be transmitted through the second tube to the middle tank. At the same time, pressure will also be applied to the water, as a result of which it will begin to rise through the third tube into the upper bowl and flow upward. By completing this standard physics assignment, you will be able to replicate the experience of the great Greek mathematician and inventor Heron of Alexandria.

Making your own Heron fountain

The site provides instructions on how to make a fountain from plastic bottles, which will help you complete the experiment without errors. For this experiment, you can use empty containers of any size. First, you will need to make a bowl for the future fountain - cut a “cone” from one bottle with a neck of the height you need. Connect all structural elements as shown in the figure below, having previously drilled holes for the tubes.

Activating Heron's fountain with your own hands from bottles is very simple: first fill it with an amount of water equal to the volume of an average container, then wait until it completely drains into bottom part fountain, and then turn the structure upside down. The liquid will begin to flow into the middle container. This process is also called “charging the fountain” because it continues until all the water flows down. Starting the fountain is also easy - add a little water to the bowl to close the system and enjoy the amazing spectacle.

The DIY bottle fountain will run until the water in the middle reservoir is used up - then it will need to be recharged. Please note that the larger the plastic bottles, the longer the fountain will function. The height of the jet will directly depend on the actual difference in water level in the middle and lower containers. The main thing is not to get confused with the tubes.

Another important point One thing you definitely need to pay attention to is the tightness of the connections. For this reason, after completing assembly, fill the entry points of the tubes in the covers with hot glue or sealant. If you don't have sealant on hand, you can use regular plasticine as an alternative, but keep in mind that in this case leakage is possible.

Consumables

To make a homemade mini-fountain, scrap materials that can be found in any home are used:

• plastic soda or yogurt bottles;
• flexible hose, glass tubes or straws for cocktails;
• hot melt adhesive or sealant;
• drill or nail (to make holes).

If you use a flexible hose instead of rigid tubes, then plastic lids(at the joints) you can insert sections from a thick rod ballpoint pen or connectors from a dropper.

You might be interested in

There are so many interesting things around us.

At all times, people decorated their homes with flowers. And we have a lot of flowers in our house, which are placed on window sills, shelves and even on the floor. They require a lot of attention: watering, spraying. Some require a lot of water, others little. One day I noticed that the soil in the flowers dries out very quickly. Mom said that apparently the air in the house is quite dry. I wondered if it was possible to humidify the air in the house and thereby help the plants?

Ways to humidify the air in an apartment.

There are many methods and devices for air humidification. Household appliances that increase the humidity in the air in the house are beautiful and effective, but very expensive. Eat traditional methods humidification of indoor air. Most of them come down to the fact that water should evaporate naturally. These can be open containers of water or a damp cloth. However, for this method of moisturizing to bring noticeable results, you need to regularly wet the fabric and add water to the container. The amount of liquid evaporated will be small, which means it is necessary to hang more than one piece of fabric and place more than one container with water. Should you turn your room into an exhibition of water vessels and wet pieces of fabric? I suggest using a model of Heron's fountain to humidify the air.

Fountain of Heron.

Even the ancient Greeks drew attention to the miracle of nature - springs. They decorated the springs with greenery and flowers, and lined them with stones. The water flowed in a trickle, and it was convenient to fill the dishes with it. IN ancient Rome artificial springs began to be built. This is how the first fountains appeared.

The ancient Greek mechanic Heron of Alexandria created the most ingenious fountain in design. It consists of three vessels: an upper, open one A and two spherical ones B and C, hermetically sealed. The vessels are connected by three tubes.

When there is some water in A, ball B is filled with water, and ball C is filled with air, the fountain begins to operate: water flows through the tube from A to B, displacing air from there into ball B; under the pressure of the incoming air, water from B will rush up the tube and flow like a fountain above vessel A. When ball B is emptied, the fountain stops working.

Assembly and testing of the Heron Fountain model.

I tried to create a simplified design of the Heron fountain at home. Instead of balls, I took two plastic bottles, vessels B and C, from sparkling water with a capacity of 1 liter, with two holes in the lid and bottom. A flat vessel was made from the bottom of a plastic bottle with a larger capacity. Instead of glass tubes, I took nylon ones from a medical solution transfusion system. Vessel A was connected to vessel B using a tube, and vessel B was also connected to vessel B using a tube. Vessel B was connected to vessel A, in which a special device was made to produce a jet. I placed all three vessels on different levels on top of each other. Vessel B is filled with air, water is poured into vessel B, and water is poured into vessel A to the level of the device for generating a jet. Water flows through the tube from A to B, displacing air from there into vessel B; under the pressure of the incoming air, water from B moves up the tube and a fountain jet is formed. When all the water from vessel B flows into vessel C, the fountain stops working.

My fountain will benefit house plants.

By placing the fountain structure next to the flowers, we significantly improve the microclimate, and the flowers respond abundant flowering. To increase the efficiency of the fountain, you can use bottles of larger capacity and increase the height of the jet. When vessel B is 35 cm lower than vessel B, the flow of water in vessel A decreases. We measured the stream with a ruler - it turned out to be 5 cm. We tried to place all three vessels at the same level, then water from vessel B stopped flowing into vessel A, and there was no stream.

And when vessel B is lowered 60 cm below vessel B, a good stream of water is formed.

Calculation of economic costs for constructing a fountain model.

This fountain design does not require any material costs.

To make my fountain, I used used plastic bottles and a system for pouring solutions:

1. bottles of carbonated drink with a capacity of 1 liter - 3 pieces;
2. medical system for transfusion of solutions – 1 set.

I did not take into account labor costs, since I was making the product not for sale, but as a gift for my mother. For my mother, I think my work will be priceless, and for me I am happy and proud that this layout will delight the eyes of our guests and bring benefits. I will be very proud when my mother tells me that I made this model of a working fountain.

Conclusions and self-assessment.

A fountain can be built at home using available materials.

In order for a fountain to flow, pressure is needed, and for it to appear there must be a difference in water levels.

The fountain model I made turned out great. But the work was not easy. It was difficult to design and manufacture the model itself: to make holes in the bottles and to achieve a good stream of water. It took me a lot of time to work on the project, but I am very pleased with my result. And I am sure that the knowledge, skills and abilities that I acquired will be useful to me in the future.

I believe that I coped with the task that I set for myself.

Although the task was difficult, luck came to me!
I answered questions, which means I read a lot.
It is with a calm soul that I send you my report.

References

1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. – M., 1977. – vol. 27
2. Technique: Encyclopedia/ Design. Series by L. Yakovlev. – M.: OOO “ROSMEN-IZDAT”, 2000. – 399 pp. – (Children’s Encyclopedia).
3. Ya. And Perelman “ Entertaining physics” book 2, TRIAD-LITERA Moscow, 1994. – 117 p.

Chuprova Polina Petrovna,
7th grade student.

Supervisor:

Chuprova Natalia Alexandrovna,
physics teacher.

Municipal educational institution Vosyakhovskaya secondary school
With. Vosyahovo

Already in ancient times, people thought about how to create artificial reservoirs, and they were especially interested in the mystery of running water. The word fountain is of Latin-Italian origin, it comes from the Latin “von tis”, which translates as “source”. In meaning, this means a stream of water shooting upward or flowing out of a pipe under pressure.

From an architectural point of view, a fountain is a structure that serves as a base or fence for streams of water flowing upward and flowing down. Initially, fountains were erected as a public source drinking water. Late combination green spaces, moving water from fountains and architectural compositions has become one of the means of implementing unique artistic and figurative solutions in modern architecture.

Aivazovsky Ivan. "Great Peterhof Palace."

Poems about fountains. The oppressive sea lurks near the fountain, the light is dawning and the shallows are catching the breeze. Wet sleep in the valleys and on the hills, By the fountain there is an austere cypress tree. The fountain is sunny and clear, The charm and myths of the velvet season, The earthly world is born and extinguished In the spray of jets and the games of midges. Smoky and cloudy camps lead the shadow by the copper stream. At noon I come to the fountain, Where love is like an eternal draw... And drunk and tired from the heat, A savage in the tropical dust I drink the sky with the lips of the pass, And I throw ships to the south. Crimea under the starry dome of the arena, Crimea in the stones licked by the wave, In every departing visitor, with a glance that is related to me. Danilyuk Sergey. I'll stop at the fountain. He will spread his palms, He will scatter joy widely, He will arrange a chase of droplets. The fountain will leave living splashes of happiness on the body with freshness, will give coolness in the midst of bad weather, and will make a rainbow of life. Yana Goncharuk.

1. The physical principle of the fountain’s operation The fountain’s operation is based on the law of communicating vessels, which is that in communicating vessels a homogeneous liquid is established at the same level. Liquid pressure at the bottom of the vessel: p = ρgh One of the vessel’s elbows plays the role of a water tower, and the other a fountain. The higher the water tower, the greater the height of the water in it, the greater the pressure difference between the fountain and the tower, and the stronger the fountain jet will be. p2p2 p1p1

2. Materials for making a fountain model To make a fountain we will need: 1) One 1.5-liter bottle (the water in the bottle is enough for 510 minutes of fountain operation). 2) Dropper (you can take any hose, but a dropper is better because it is long, has a cleaning filter and a pipette at the end). 3) Big bottle(for 610 liters). 4) Large box. 5) Hanging bottle holder.

In practice, we cannot change the height of the “water tower”, but we know that according to Pascal’s law, the pressure produced on a liquid or gas is transmitted to each point of the liquid or gas without change, so it is enough to press the piston (bottle) on the water in the right elbow of the communicating vessels so that the stream of water in the fountain rises to a greater height.