Prepare exam in physics from scratch. Competent preparation for the exam in physics: how to get an excellent result

Physics comes to us in the 7th grade secondary school, although in fact we are familiar with her almost from the cradle, because this is all that surrounds us. This subject seems very difficult to study, but it needs to be taught.

This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age.

Are you over 18 already?

You can teach physics in different ways - all methods are good in their own way (but they are not given to everyone in the same way). School program does not give complete concept(and acceptance) of all phenomena and processes. The reason for this is the lack of practical knowledge, because the learned theory essentially does not give anything (especially for people with little spatial imagination).

So, before proceeding to study this most interesting subject, you need to immediately find out two things - why do you study physics and what results do you expect.

Do you want to pass the exam and enter a technical university? Great - you can start distance learning in the Internet. Now many universities or just professors conduct their online courses, where they present the entire school physics course in a fairly accessible form. But there are also small disadvantages: the first - get ready for the fact that it will be far from free (and the cooler the scientific title of your virtual teacher, the more expensive), the second - you will only learn theory. You will have to use any technology at home and on your own.

If you just have problem learning - a disagreement in your views with the teacher, missed lessons, laziness, or the language of presentation is simply incomprehensible, then the situation is much simpler. You just need to pull yourself together, and take books in your hands and teach, teach, teach. This is the only way to get clear subject results (and in all subjects at once) and significantly increase the level of your knowledge. Remember - it is unrealistic to learn physics in a dream (although you really want to). Yes, and very effective heuristic training will not bear fruit without good knowledge the foundations of the theory. That is, positive planned results are possible only if:

qualitative study of theory;
developing teaching of the relationship between physics and other sciences;
performing exercises in practice;
classes with like-minded people (if you really feel like doing heuristics).

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Starting to learn physics from scratch is the most difficult, but at the same time the easiest stage. The only difficulty is that you will have to memorize a lot of rather contradictory and complex information in a hitherto unfamiliar language - you will need to work especially hard on the terms. But in principle, everything is possible and you don’t need anything supernatural for this.

How to learn physics from scratch?

Do not expect that the beginning of learning will be very difficult - this is a fairly simple science, provided that you understand its essence. Do not rush to learn a lot of different terms - first, deal with each phenomenon and "try on" it on your own. everyday life. Only in this way can physics come to life for you and become as understandable as possible - you simply will not achieve this by cramming. Therefore, the first rule is that we learn physics measuredly, without sharp jerks, without going to extremes.

Where to begin? Start with textbooks, unfortunately, they are important and necessary. It is there that you will find the necessary formulas and terms that you cannot do without in the learning process. You won’t be able to quickly learn them, there is a reason to paint them on pieces of paper and hang them in prominent places (no one has yet canceled visual memory). And then literally in 5 minutes you will refresh them in your memory every day, until you finally remember them.

You can achieve the highest quality result in about a year - this is a complete and understandable physics course. Of course, it will be possible to see the first shifts in a month - this time will be quite enough to master the basic concepts (but not deep knowledge - please do not confuse).

But for all the ease of the subject, do not expect that you will be able to learn everything in 1 day or in a week - this is impossible. Therefore, there is a reason to sit down for textbooks long before the beginning of the exam. And it’s not worth getting hung up on the question of how much you can learn physics by heart - this is very unpredictable. This is because different sections of this subject are given in completely different ways and no one knows how kinematics or optics will “go” for you. Therefore, study consistently: paragraph by paragraph, formula by formula. It is better to write definitions several times and refresh your memory from time to time. This is the basis that you must remember, it is important to learn how to operate with definitions (use them). To do this, try to transfer physics to life - use the terms in everyday life.

But most importantly, the basis of each method and way of learning is the daily and hard work without which you will not get results. And that's the second rule easy learning subject - the more you learn something new, the easier it will be for you. Forget advice like science in a dream, even if it works, it's definitely not with physics. Instead, get busy with tasks - not only is it a way to understand the next law, but also a great exercise for the mind.

Why study physics? Probably 90% of schoolchildren will answer that for the exam, but this is not at all the case. In life, it will come in handy much more often than geography - the probability of getting lost in the forest is somewhat lower than changing a light bulb on your own. Therefore, the question of why physics is needed can be answered unequivocally - for oneself. Of course, not everyone will need it in full, but basic knowledge are simply necessary. Therefore, take a closer look at the basics - this is a way to easily and simply understand (not learn) the basic laws.

c"> Is it possible to learn physics on your own?

Of course you can - learn definitions, terms, laws, formulas, try to apply the knowledge gained in practice. It will also be important to clarify the question - how to teach? Set aside at least an hour a day for physics. Leave half of this time for getting new material - read the textbook. Leave a quarter of an hour for cramming or repeating new concepts. The remaining 15 minutes is practice time. That is, watch physical phenomenon, make an experiment or just solve an interesting puzzle.

Is it possible to quickly learn physics at such a pace? Most likely not - your knowledge will be deep enough, but not extensive. But this is the only way to learn physics correctly.

The easiest way to do this is if knowledge is lost only for the 7th grade (although in the 9th grade this is already a problem). You just restore small gaps in knowledge and that's it. But if the 10th grade is on the nose, and your knowledge of physics is zero, this is of course a difficult situation but fixable. It is enough to take all the textbooks for grades 7, 8, 9 and, as it should, gradually study each section. There is a simpler way - to take the publication for applicants. There, in one book, the entire school physics course is collected, but do not expect detailed and consistent explanations - auxiliary materials assume an elementary level of knowledge.

Teaching physics is a very long journey, which can only be honored with the help of daily hard work.

From self-study to the exam in physics I warn you immediately and categorically. Mastering physical ideas, clearly understanding the laws of physics and learning how to solve problems is possible only under the guidance of a qualified teacher.

Even if the child is very capable, I bet that he understands a lot of physics incorrectly or does not understand at all. Why am I so sure of this? Yes, simply because from year to year I repeatedly observe this situation :-) Excellent students, bright minds come to me. At school - five. Real knowledge is close to zero.

This is the starting point for our preparation. What benefits are best? I do not focus on manuals specifically for preparing for the exam in physics. Yes, some of them are good. But in order to succeed at the exam, you must first of all study physics itself - and manuals for preparing for the exam are not helpers in this.

How do I prepare for the exam? Firstly, I give the guys the whole theory myself - my methodological materials help here. I discuss with them all the difficult places. I use examples to show how physical laws work. This is how, as a result of our joint discussion, my students develop a real understanding of physical theory.

And secondly, and most importantly, I teach children to solve problems.

Every new topic We start with Rymkevich's problem book. This is a well-known school problem. It contains many simple tasks that are good to get your hands on. After Rymkevich, the formulas are remembered by themselves, and there are no problems with using these formulas in elementary situations - such as USE tasks parts A.

But Rymkevich is only the first stage of development. We are waiting for preparation for parts B and C of the Unified State Examination in physics and for university competitions. Here I use a variety of problems. Here is some of them.

Bendrikov G. A., Bukhovtsev B. B., Kerzhentsev V. V., Myakishev G. Ya. Problems in physics for applicants to universities.
Bakanina L.P., Belonuchkin V.E., Kozel S.M. Collection of problems in physics: For grades 10-11 with in-depth study of physics.
Parfent'eva N. A. Collection of problems in physics. 10-11 class.

If you are going to enter technical specialties, then physics is one of the main subjects for you. This discipline is far from being given to everyone with a bang, so you will have to practice in order to cope well with all the tasks. We will tell you how to prepare for the exam in physics if you have a limited amount of time at your disposal, and you want to get the best possible result.

The structure and features of the exam in physics

In 2018 USE year in physics consists of 2 parts:

24 tasks in which you need to give a short answer without a solution. It can be an integer, a fraction, or a sequence of numbers. The tasks themselves are of various levels of complexity. There are simple ones, for example: the maximum height to which a body weighing 1 kg rises is 20 meters. Find the kinetic energy at the moment immediately after the throw. The solution does not a large number actions. But there are also such tasks where you have to break your head.
Tasks to be completed with detailed explanation(recording the condition, the course of the decision and the final answer). Here all the tasks are enough high level. For example: a cylinder containing m1 = 1 kg of nitrogen exploded during a strength test at a temperature of t1 = 327°C. What mass of hydrogen m2 could be stored in such a cylinder at a temperature of t2 = 27°C, with a fivefold safety margin? The molar mass of nitrogen M1 = 28 g/mol, hydrogen M2 = 2 g/mol.

Compared to last year, the number of tasks increased by one (in the first part, a task was added to know the basics of astrophysics). There are 32 tasks in total that you need to solve within 235 minutes.

This year, students will have more tasks

Since physics is a subject of choice, the USE in this subject is usually purposefully passed by those who are going to go to technical specialties, which means that the graduate knows at least the basics. Based on this knowledge, you can score not only the minimum score, but also much higher. The main thing is that you prepare for the exam in physics correctly.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with our tips for preparing for the exam, depending on how much time you have to learn the material and solve problems. After all, someone begins to prepare a year before the exam, someone a few months, but someone remembers the exam in physics only a week before the exam! We'll show you how to prepare for short time but in the most efficient way.

How to Prepare Yourself A Few Months Before Day X

If you have 2-3 months to prepare for the exam, then you can start with the theory, as you will have time to read and assimilate it. Divide theory into 5 main parts:

Mechanics;
Thermodynamics and molecular physics;
Magnetism;
Optics;
Electrostatics and direct current.

Work through each of these topics separately, learn all the formulas, first the basic ones, and then the specific ones in each of these sections. You also need to know by heart all the values, their correspondence to one or another indicator. This will give you theoretical basis in order to solve both the tasks of the first part and the tasks from part No. 2.

After you learn to decide simple tasks and tests, move on to more difficult tasks

After you've worked through the theory in these sections, start solving simple problems that take just a couple of steps to use the formulas in practice. Also, after a clear knowledge of the formulas, solve tests, try to solve them maximum amount in order not only to reinforce their theoretical knowledge, but also to understand all the features of tasks, learn how to correctly understand questions, apply certain formulas and laws.

After you learn how to solve simple tasks and tests, move on to more complex tasks, try to build the solution as competently as possible, using rational ways. Solve as many tasks from the second part as possible, which will help you understand their specifics. It often happens that the assignments in the exam are almost the same as last year, you just need to find slightly different values or perform the reverse actions, so be sure to look at the exam for the past years.

The day before delivery USE is better give up solving problems and repetition and just relax.

Start preparing one month before the test

If your time is limited to 30 days, then you should follow these steps to successfully and quickly prepare for the exam:

From the above sections, you should make a pivot table with basic formulas, learn them by heart.
View typical assignments. If among them there are those that you solve well, you can refuse to work out such tasks by devoting time to “problem” topics. It is on them that the emphasis should be placed in theory.
Memorize the basic quantities and their meanings, the order of transferring one quantity to another.
Try to solve as many tests as possible, which will help you understand the meaning of the tasks, understand their logic.
Constantly refresh your knowledge of the basic formulas in your head, this will help you score good points in testing, even if you do not remember complex formulas and laws.
If you want to take a swing at enough high results, then be sure to check out the past exams. In particular, focus on part 2, because the logic of the tasks can be repeated, and, knowing the course of the solution, you will definitely come to correct result! It is unlikely that you will be able to learn how to build the logic of solving such problems on your own, so it is desirable to be able to find common ground between tasks previous years and the current task.

If you prepare according to such a plan, then you will be able to score not only the minimum scores, but also much higher, it all depends on your knowledge in this discipline, the base that you had before the start of training.

A couple of quick weeks to memorize

If you remembered about passing physics a couple of weeks before the start of testing, then there is still hope to score good points if you have certain knowledge, and also to overcome the minimum barrier if you are a complete 0 in physics. effective training The following work plan should be followed:

Write down the basic formulas, try to remember them. It is advisable to study well at least a couple of topics from the main five. But you should know the basic formulas in each of the sections!

It is unrealistic to prepare for the Unified State Exam in physics in a couple of weeks from scratch, so do not rely on luck, but cram from the beginning of the year

Work with the Unified State Examination of previous years, deal with the logic of tasks, as well as typical questions.
Try to cooperate with classmates, friends. When solving problems, you can know one topic well, and they are different, if you just tell each other the solution, you will get a quick and effective exchange of knowledge!
If you want to solve any tasks from the second part, then you'd better try to study last year's USE, as we described when preparing for testing in a month.

If you fulfill all these points responsibly, you can be sure that you will receive the minimum allowable score! As a rule, on more people who started training a week in advance and do not count.

Time management

As we said, you have 235 minutes to complete the tasks, or almost 4 hours. In order to use this time as rationally as possible, first complete all simple tasks, the ones you least doubt from the first part. If you are good "friends" with physics, then you will have only a few unsolved tasks from this part. For those who started training from scratch, it is on the first part that the maximum emphasis should be placed in order to score the necessary points.

Proper distribution of your time and energy during the exam is the key to success

The second part requires a lot of time, fortunately, you have no problems with it. Read the tasks carefully, and then do the ones that you are best at first. After that, move on to solving those tasks from parts 1 and 2 that you doubt. If you do not have much knowledge in physics, the second part is also worth at least reading. It is quite possible that the logic of solving problems will be familiar to you, you will be able to solve 1-2 tasks correctly, based on the experience gained when viewing last year's USE.

Due to the fact that there is a lot of time, you do not have to rush. Carefully read the tasks, delve into the essence of the problem, only then solve it.

So you can prepare well for the exam in one of the most difficult disciplines, even if you start your preparation when testing is literally “on the nose”.

The unified state exam in physics is enough difficult test, which includes topics on mechanics, thermodynamics, molecular, quantum and nuclear physics, optics, electricity, as well as elements of astrophysics.

How to start preparing

Yes, the volume is considerable, and the content is not easy. To get enough points, you need to not only attend all school lessons on this subject, but also devote a sufficient amount of time independent work. Unfortunately, the lessons are held according to the standard scheme, and in order to get an assessment, it is enough to learn the text from the textbook and tell it at the blackboard. It is rare to solve all the problems, especially complex ones that may be on the exam. Self-preparation from scratch for the Unified State Exam 2019 in physics is milestone to move forward, to the certificate of secondary education and admission to higher educational institutions.

Why a school textbook is not enough

It often happens that in the eleventh grade, education takes place according to a clear and unchanging program. For example, September-October is occupied by electrodynamics, then optics begins, and so on. Materials of grades 9 and 10, let's say mechanics, remain forgotten and are not repeated. And what to say about the heat balance equation - it was safely forgotten as soon as they passed in the eighth grade. This is understandable: it is important for the teacher that everyone necessary materials were completed in accordance with the curriculum.

Very often, problems with physics are caused by the fact that a student has trouble with mathematics, in particular with algebraic transformations. High school students most often have a poor command of trigonometry. Geometry also does not cause special thrill, however, it is required for a clear construction of graphs, drawings, the path of rays in the lens, the alignment of forces and their projections on the axis, and so on.

Therefore, preparation for the USE 2019 in physics should start from scratch and, first of all, eliminate gaps in theory. Once this happens, you can start solving problems. Today there are all conditions for this - you can find tasks from the open FIPI bank, solve them and confidently go to a responsible test. It is best to choose those options that are served with a detailed solution. This can kill two birds with one stone - patch up the "holes" in theory and practice in practice.

Instruction

Imagine a huge cake with lots of cream, biscuit and chocolate. So, learn physics quickly - the same as quickly eating this cake: everything seems to be delicious, fine, but if you try to swallow it whole and right away, you won’t digest it. Worse, it will come out. Therefore, try your time so as to gradually eat a small piece and not allow dangerous satiety.

Since physics relies on, you must be fluent in the mathematical apparatus. If in the process of studying physics some mathematical gaps were found, try to fill them, otherwise you will understand physical material it'll be hard.

The physical system of concepts is not as strict as in, so you can study theory and practice at the same time. Unlike dry mathematics, the natural sciences require creativity, active work imagination and consideration of the "psychology" of science itself. Any phenomenon of physics is not some abstract thing, but quite real event.

Write on separate pieces of paper the meaning of the terms you are entering, their physical meaning. Clearly distinguish one concept from another, but at the same time build relationships between them. For example, power is the work done per unit of time. Remember the formula for work and substitute it into the formula for power.

Complete all recommended courses laboratory works, arrange them as required. As a rule, in technical universities they put on only if you have passed all the “labs”. For each topic, solve fundamental problems, including qualitative ones.

Compiling cheat sheets will help you study the subject. This will allow you to quickly cover all the key points, systematize and summarize your knowledge. It is not recommended to use cheat sheets on the exam itself: this will confuse you and, if unsuccessful, set the teacher against you.

Physics studies the most general laws governing the existence of the material world. Everything that happens in nature is the result of the action of certain forces. Studying these forces, you can simply try to memorize a list of them. But another approach is more correct - through an understanding of what and why is happening in the world around us.

Instruction

There are two training options. In the first case, a person mechanically memorizes various truths, his the main task is to be able to answer the questions of the teacher, pass the exams. This option does not give the main thing - understanding, so the knowledge gained is very fragile and quickly forgotten. But there is also a correct way, in which knowledge is acquired not through memorization, but through understanding the material being studied.

To quickly and firmly remember the existing forces, it is necessary to find their specific actions. For example, thrown objects fall down - these are the effects of gravity. In addition, all objects have weight, which is also nothing more than a consequence of gravitational influence. If a person, for example, is 70 kg, then this means that he acts on a support (floor, ground, platform) with just such a force that occurs in gravitational field Earth.

It is logical to assume that gravity will be different on another planet, so the weight will also be different. What will it be equal to? The weight of a body is equal to its mass times its acceleration. free fall. Free fall acceleration is measured per second and will vary from planet to planet. For example, for the Earth it is equal to 9.8 meters per second in, and for the Moon it is already only 1.6. Free fall acceleration characterizes the force with which the planet attracts bodies. Please note that mass does not characterize the weight of the body, but its measure of inertia. Under conditions of weightlessness, bodies weigh nothing, since there is no gravity. But in order to move them from their place, it is necessary to apply a certain force. The more massive the body, the greater this force must be.

By imagining how a person's weight will change on different planets, you can easily and quickly learn the concept of gravity, deal with weight, mass, acceleration and other concepts of this topic. A coherent logical understanding of the ongoing processes will appear, while the studied material will not have to be memorized by force, it will be remembered as it is studied. And all because you understand the essence of the phenomenon, understand what, how and why is happening.

Using this principle, you can quickly study other forces that exist in nature. For example, to study electromagnetic interaction, you need to understand how electricity along the conductor, what fields are formed in this case, how they interact, etc. Once you figure this out, you'll understand how it works. Electrical engine why the light bulb is on, etc. etc.

When studying forces, be sure to understand how they are interconnected, what they influence, what processes occur in the world under their influence. Knowing this, you can easily tell the teacher about this or that force, citing concrete examples. Even if you forget some formula when answering, it is unlikely to lower your score. It is important for the teacher to understand the material you are studying, and the formula for specific calculations can always be found in the reference book.