Stained glass is a special kind of monumental and decorative art. Interesting in itself, it acquires tremendous expressiveness when combined with other types of visual arts, especially with architecture. His past is rich, his prospects are endless, his creative possibilities are inexhaustible. Stained-glass windows are transparent paintings, drawings, patterns made of glass or on glass. They are usually installed in skylights, windows, doors, and lanterns. Nowadays, in connection with the improvement of artistic glass processing, the concept of stained glass has been expanded. Stained glass any decorative glass filling of window and door openings, lanterns, plafonds, vaults, domes, solid wall surfaces and even special decorations of art products is called. Stained-glass windows in the form of ornamental compositions, patterns or paintings are made of colorless or colored glass, with painting of individual parts or the entire plane of the glass with ceramic paints or without painting. Stained-glass windows from individual glass parts are reinforced with lead tape, monolithic glass does not require reinforcement. The purpose of stained-glass windows is varied: they are a rich decorative decoration of buildings and individual rooms, replace window glass and door panels, let in light and make it possible to isolate the premises of the first floors from prying eyes. Reflecting the character and purpose of the structure in their images and complementing its artistic image, stained glass windows play a significant role in interior design. Stained glass art has its origins in the distant past. Stained-glass windows, which were previously a set of colored glasses, often served as an occasional decoration of the room; over time, their composition, drawing, artistic glass processing and execution technique improved. Stained-glass windows became genuine works of art, an integral part of the strictly thought-out monumental and decorative decoration of buildings. Stained-glass windows, used mainly in the decoration of churches and monasteries, gradually penetrate into residential and public buildings. The religious theme of stained-glass windows is being replaced by the secular one, reflecting the modern trend in art, following the aesthetic requirements and the spirit of the era. There are many stained-glass windows in the world, created by outstanding painters and skilled craftsmen. The name of the author or master often tells us the artistic value of a particular work of art. However, many wonderful stained-glass windows were created by the hands of masters whose names have remained unknown to us. The artist belongs to his era, but works of art often outgrow their era, become eternal. Such masterpieces of stained glass have survived in France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia and other countries. Noteworthy are the stained glass windows stored in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. Stained glass benefits not only from bright sunlight, but also from the soft tones of the sunset and sparkling evening lights. As for the artificial lighting of stained-glass windows, even with fluorescent lamps, it has been established that such lighting gives the stained-glass windows a kind of frozen expression, it cannot cause that play of light and shadows, those light and color effects that natural lighting creates, endlessly changing into throughout the day and throughout the year. It is possible, of course, in some cases, the use of special installations with synchronously changing artificial lighting, but this already refers to the area of ​​expensive equipment and hardly justified effects. Stained glass is a glass picture, mosaic or carpet, whose colors never fade, never fade. It is difficult to say when the first stained-glass windows were created. In any case, there is no reason to believe that they appeared soon after the invention of glass. It is only known that a mosaic of small plates of colored glass was discovered in ancient Rome during the empire (first century BC, early AD) and in the temples of the first Christians. Windows of St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople, which became the capital of Byzantium in 330 A.D. e., were glazed with colored glass, apparently, soon after the construction of the cathedral. According to some literary sources, it is known that during the excavations of the cities of ancient Italy Pompeii and Herculaneum, who died in 79 AD. NS. during the eruption of Vesuvius, colored glass mosaic floors, wall paintings and fragments of stained glass were discovered. According to other sources, only glass mosaics of floors and walls were found in Pompeii, since there were few windows in the houses, and then mostly without glass. But the use of window glass is confirmed by pieces of frosted or, perhaps, opaque glass found during excavations. The colored glazing of the windows was originally a glass mosaic inserted into the stone and wooden openings of the openwork of the windows. Then a mosaic of colored glasses appeared, cut and assembled in a lead frame in the form of a pattern, geometric or floral ornament. Such mosaics were assembled in a metal frame and installed in window openings. It is very likely that the colors used were intense and bright in the large windows, pale and calm in the small windows. Colored glazing gradually formed a special branch of decorative arts and became equal among other branches and types of art. Over the years, the requirements for glass mosaic patterns have increased. We tried to set off colored glasses by overlaying darker colors. The results were positive. The technique of painting glass by firing was discovered in the 9th century. This new technique has become widespread. Thus, glass painting arose and developed at the end of the 10th century. With the development of painting on glass, glass mosaic began to fade into the background, but it was not completely supplanted, but continued to exist in combination with painting on glass. Lead and black paint were used to make a stained glass window with human figures.

The decor in the apartment plays an important role in a person's life. That is why choosing furniture for your home is a painstaking but necessary task. At the same time, furniture fittings play an important role, since it is they that provide comfort and durability in the operation of interior items.

Of course, the appearance of furniture is very important, but let's not forget about the most important thing, namely the quality, durability, convenience and functionality of items. Just these characteristics are provided by good furniture fittings and components that affect the interior of the room. This article will help you find out what furniture fittings are, what types of furniture fittings exist and the rules for choosing furniture fittings. To better understand the design features, it is worth looking at the photos in the selection.

Each product fulfills its functional purpose and corresponds to the loads falling on it. High-quality cabinetry fittings guarantee that the furniture will last for a long time. Buying furniture fittings will allow you to assemble furniture yourself. Italy is the manufacturer's best choice. If we consider all types of fittings, then it is worth choosing Italian. It is considered elite, so when buying, give preference to products whose names have the inscription “Made in Italy”.

Furniture fittings are:

• front fittings;
• fastening.

The first type includes products whose main function is decorative, but often they are not devoid of additional meanings (for example, a handle for a drawer door). For this type, new furniture fittings often appear. Front fittings are the same part of the interior as the furnishings themselves, as they remain in sight, in contrast to the fastening fittings for furniture.

This group of products is required to maintain its appearance without significant changes after years of operation, as well as ergonomics. Close attention is paid to protective coatings that are resistant to mechanical stress and abrasion. In high-quality furniture, the material of the fittings is plastic, metal or wood, depending on the features and design of the furniture.

Front fittings are divided into:

• pens;
• locks;
• hooks;
• edging materials;
• decorative elements.

Edging materials

Decorative elements

The second type includes products that play an important practical role. They guarantee a reliable connection as well as design features. Fastening accessories should be made of high quality material, durable, reliable and compact.

It includes the following elements:

• furniture hinges;
• lifting mechanisms;
• shelf holders;
• screeds (bolt);
• fittings for assembling furniture;
• furniture fittings for glass;
• accessories for drawers (pull-out mechanisms, shelf supports, etc.);
• bolt (tie screw) and screws;
• seals.

Lifting mechanism

Seals

Pens

There are three principles of the door handle:

• stationary;
• with a push mechanism;
• swivel.

The first type is rarely used in practice. It has no lock and is designed to push or pull the door. But such a handle differs in shape and therefore is often used as a decorative one. For the second type, a latch is required, which is triggered when the handle is pressed. This opens or closes the door. Installing an internal lock will allow it to be locked from the inside.

The rotary knobs are ball-shaped. The latch is released when the handle is turned counterclockwise. Usually, the user from the inside can block the rotation of the handle from the back side, blocking access to the room. These handles are often found in the bathroom.

The texture of the images on the handle must be matched to that of the door cladding. For example, if the door has a transverse wood pattern, then the handles must match it.

Porotnaya

Stationary

With push mechanism

Wheels

Furniture wheels are one of the types of support that allows you to move furnishings without applying great physical effort. They can be made of plastic, like most office furniture, and decorative beech - to increase aesthetic appeal. Roller wheels are equipped with a bearing, the quality of which determines their service life.

Legs

Many types of furniture have fastening devices - furniture supports or legs. They are especially important for chairs, tables (table fittings), camping furniture. They support the entire weight of the structure, so they must be reliable. It is worth noting that an element such as a decorative support often plays an important role in furniture design. Distinguish between adjustable and non-adjustable supports. The simplest type of support is a thrust bearing, which protects the bottom of the furniture from abrasion and possible moisture ingress.

Connecting elements

These elements include various fasteners: ties, hinges, connecting fittings, shelf holders, screws, bolts, couplings, a decorative cover and a plug that hide these elements.

Plugs

Hinges

Furniture hinges are connecting fittings that are used to open and close door leaves at a given angle. Also, these elements are used when creating transformer furniture. Structurally, they are semi-mechanical devices. It is the hinges that ensure the durability of the furniture, because they are made of metal and have a high level of strength.

The main types of loops:

• A surface hinge is the standard choice for a conventional hinged front, the side edge of which is used for fastening. A door with such a hinge opens wide (up to 110⁰);
• half-overlay hinge - used in cabinets with a partition in the middle, the edge of which serves to fasten both doors, swinging open in opposite directions. Opening angle - 110⁰;
• inner loop;
• loop - transformer fittings;
• forged cast iron is well used for massive door hinges, for example, installed in an entrance;
• shelf supports;
• fittings for transformer furniture in the form of a hinge that holds the weight of two fronts. Suitable for corner cabinets or if drawers are available. At the same time, sliding and lifting mechanisms, shelf supports and others are considered.

Types of furniture hinges

Transformer furniture also comes in the form of tables. Table fittings provide the ability to create sliding tabletops.

Consider the furniture fittings for drawers:

• ball - inside the body there are small balls, thanks to which the drawer moves along the guide. Roll-out drawers can be fully extended, you can put a closer, thanks to which the edge remains longer;
• roller - unlike ball, roller guides allow drawers to partially extend.

Roller

Ballpoint

Lifting mechanisms are as follows:

• gas shock absorber;
• a lifting mechanism (lift) with a closer for opening the facade vertically, thanks to such fasteners, the edge remains longer;
• folding mechanism with a door closer for the simultaneous opening of two horizontal facades at once.

In all cases, such mechanisms serve to ensure that the edge retains its functional properties and appearance longer.

Hooks

Attention to detail is very important in design. Therefore, when choosing hooks for clothes, you should carefully consider all the options. Hooks must be able to withstand sufficient loads, so they are predominantly made of strong metal materials. In addition to functional features, hooks vary in size, style, shape and design.

Crossbar, pipe and rod

The furniture pipe is often installed in cabinets, shelves as a support for showcases, tables. The pipe is used as a bar for clothes.

Types of similar fittings:

• round tube;
• pipe with an oval cross-section;
• pipes bent at various angles.

Types of crossbars

Locks

One of the most important functions of a door is the ability to close it from others. There are three types of locks for this task:

• latch;
• key lock;
• locks for the bathroom.

The latch does not lock the door and is used for rooms where you want to get rid of extraneous noise from neighboring rooms, but there is no need to close. For example, in the kitchen, living room. Most often, the latch is installed on doors with a lever handle. A key lock allows the door to be locked, leaving only the owner of the key access to the room. It also happens that there is a spinner on one side of the door.

In the bathrooms, they put locks with a turntable, which is easy to close from the inside. Choose a lock that has a special groove on the back side, so that if something happens, you can release the person by opening the door.

For decoration

In addition to the types discussed above, front decoration fittings are often made using glass. Glass furniture fittings are also common for cabinet furniture (table fittings). The material is usually metal or plastic, from which shelf supports, hinges, legs, latches, ties, bolts are made. To fix the fittings for glass furniture, glue is used, which hardens under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Such a decorative design is extremely aesthetic, and the connections are sometimes stronger than those of similar connections between wood and metal fittings, fixed by means of a tie, screws.

The front fittings will allow you to create a vintage item with elements of semi-antique furniture, antiques. These types of furniture finishes are used for the manufacture of exclusive design solutions. There is a finish as a decorative version of wooden inserts in the form of pictures.

Do not forget that the service life of new furniture depends on the quality of the fittings. We advise you to take a photo of your apartment with you so that you have something to focus on when buying. Make sure that the kit contains information on how to assemble and install furniture fittings. By investing in quality products, you can get a high level of comfort. And of course, do not forget about the design - the arms or legs should not contrast with the main interior. They should only complement the overall picture, being the highlight of the room. If we take the stages of the production of any furniture, then the fittings occupy far from the last place in them, and sometimes one incorrectly selected bolt can ruin the whole picture. A selection of photographs will help you better understand how certain elements look, which will allow you to make the right choice.

The furniture fittings market is expanding and updated with new products. They can satisfy every desire of the consumer.

The fittings are divided into front and fasteners. The front includes handles, legs, locks (they protrude outward). Fasteners are screws, staples, corners, screws, ties, mechanisms placed inside. Along with traditional elements, new mechanisms are increasingly being used - gas elevators, dampers, door closers and others.

The modern furniture market offers fittings from both well-known manufacturers and unfamiliar companies.

Choice of fittings

How to choose the right fittings so that they are of high quality, functional and at an affordable price?

When choosing front fittings, pay attention to appearance and design. It is important that it is in harmony with the overall design of the furniture. But one should not forget about strength either.

If the fittings are fastening, then you need to rely on functionality and quality. The comfort of using furniture depends on this.

The furniture catalog on the website stores or in furniture showrooms will help you to find the right fittings. The catalogs present an assortment of furniture accessories from famous manufacturers who have been working on the modern market for many years. The most famous of them are: BLUM, BOYARD, Hettich, Hafele and others. In the catalog you will find a photo of fittings for any furniture.

If you have any difficulties and doubts when choosing, it is better to contact the seller, a furniture salon or online store consultant. There is no need to experiment with such things. Try to choose the very best that is available for your price.

Variety of fittings

Over time, any furniture breaks down and requires replacement of fittings or repairs. For replacement, they select ordinary fittings or special ones for a single element.

For example, handles are found on all furniture. In addition to its direct function, it should be comfortable and in harmony with the design. Furniture handles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. They are divided into several types: handle-bracket, handle-button, handle-drop, rail handles, mortise handle.

Furniture hinges are one of the main elements of furniture. They are divided into card, pin and others. Depending on the design, there are one-two and four-hinge.

More reliable four-joint, they are resistant to sagging. Studies have shown that they can withstand 40,000 cycles.

Drawer guides are divided into two types: roller and ball. Balls move easily and silently. And in roller skates there is a slight backlash and a quiet, but peculiar sound is heard during movement. In high-quality furniture, hidden guides are often used, they are more reliable, lightweight and quiet.

Metaboxes play an undeniable role in saving space. They successfully fill the corner, and help make these empty spaces more functional.

Metaboxes represent a pair of support guides (left and right) and two guides, which are at the same time the walls of the boxes.

Classic shelf supports do not hold the shelves well. The best option is corners. They have a larger area and a more attractive appearance.

Fastening systems are presented in a wide range - screws, nails, nuts, staples, buttons, bolts, screws, screws, corners, dowels and others.

Types of furniture and accessories for them

Fittings for kitchen furniture are selected taking into account the quality and comfort of use. These seemingly simple little things make everyday work in the kitchen easier and improve its appearance.

Kitchen fittings include the following elements: handles, hinges, pull-out boxes, metaboxes, strips, legs, shelf supports, cargo shelves, guides, dryers and other parts. Kitchen fittings are mostly metal, but they can be wooden, glass and plastic.

They say that the fabric for furniture is clothing, and fittings for upholstered furniture are the heart and soul. If it requires repair, then it is not difficult to find the necessary elements for this.

Accessories for soft are divided into many types: legs, rollers, transformation mechanism, hinges, spring blocks, lifting mechanisms, accessories for connecting parts and a block, decorative elements, hinges, ties and other elements.

Cabinet furniture fittings consist of handles, hinges, locks, ties, legs, rollers, cabinet sheds, pull-out boxes, glass holders, hangers, hooks, decorative elements and fastening systems.

Installation of fittings

High-quality fittings are designed for long-term use. But if there is a breakdown of the furniture, then its repair or replacement of the necessary element is required. Sometimes it happens that the simplest mechanism is difficult to repair and it is better to replace it with a new one. This will help the instructions for the accessories. For example, you can simply and quickly change the handle or loop.

And it will be difficult for an inexperienced person to replace the retractable mechanism. In this case, it is better to contact an experienced furniture maker. Fitting furniture fittings requires knowledge and experience. Therefore, entrust a complex replacement to a specialist.

Photo of furniture fittings

Depending on the technical functions, the following main types of furniture fittings are distinguished by groups.

1. The first group is the mechanisms that are needed to connect and fix the position of parts relative to each other. This group includes furniture fittings for one-piece connection, for a detachable connection and for a movable connection.

Furniture fittings for one-piece connection unites screws, screws, nails (including wallpaper), bolts, rod holders, dowels, brackets, ties, hooks, upholstery "buttons" of upholstered furniture, etc. The general name for them is connecting fittings for furniture.

As for the couplers, they are divided into eccentric and connecting. The eccentric coupler is made of a material common for all furniture fittings - galvanized steel, which is distinguished by its special strength. The "corner" brace has decent strength and is easy to install: you do not need to drill holes in the ends of the furniture for it.

And with the help of wedge and threaded ties, furniture has been installed for more than one year. A nut with a screw is a well-known example of a threaded tie. So, thanks to the thread of the screw, nut and stud, a reliable connection is created. And with the help of wedge ties, the elements can be connected especially quickly. They are based on plates, staples, wedges. Traditional screws are used to connect the wedge ties.

Furniture fittings for detachable connection- these are door handles and devices that replace them, latches, shelf holders, magnetic clamps, locks, latches, locking hooks, etc. Here we note that door handles, as well as the details of hinges and locks visible on the cabinet facades, are usually referred to as " front fittings ".

The choice of such a seemingly small detail as handles should be very deliberate. After all, it is important that it is combined with furniture and furnishings not only in style, but also in harmony in color. Fortunately, there are a great many materials and methods for finishing handles now. This is not only the wood and metal we are used to, but also newfangled plastic, glass and ceramics that are always topical. The most favorite colors here are matt chrome and gold. In addition, the ergonomics of the handle is important, how comfortable it is to grasp it with your hand. Now most often the handles are mounted with screws or self-tapping screws.

TO fittings for movable joints includes hinges, guides for sliding doors, drawers, microlifts, etc.

Such devices as lifts (lifting mechanisms) are used in various furniture, one of the most common places is in kitchen cabinets, the doors of which are folded up. In addition, there are lifts in such furniture fittings, the mechanisms of which push the corner elements. Then part of the furniture moves smoothly along an arc or in several steps, while several lifting mechanisms take part in the process. Thanks to the lifting mechanisms, even very heavy drawers can be pulled out without difficulty. And for more comfortable movement can be mounted: pneumatic mechanisms, as well as various guides, including ball bearing. So we smoothly move on to the following types of furniture fittings.

2. The second group - mechanisms that are needed to change the operational properties of furniture while using it without correcting the structure of the furniture itself. These are rotary mechanisms (for example, "carousel"), mechanisms for sliding tables, guides, swing devices, etc.

A considerable part of the furniture can no longer be imagined without such furniture accessories as the guides necessary for the pull-out elements. Depending on the method of extension, there are guides for full and partial roll-out. When they are fully extended, therefore, the drawer is also fully extended, the contents of which have excellent access. What are the parameters for these furniture accessories? Fittings "guides" should be light and silent in operation. Tandemboxes are especially distinguished. They necessarily contain furniture fittings such as rollers, which are equipped with recessed bearings. The material of the guides depends on their level: it can be steel, fluoroplastic or even non-ferrous metal, for example, duralumin (in this case, the roller is made of Teflon). In prestigious systems, the rollers are equipped with brushes that clean the inter-groove space.

3. The third group - means that transfer the product during its operation from one functional state to another by means of spatial transformation of mechanisms. Such furniture fittings are mechanisms for changing the working height of furniture, as well as mechanisms for transformation (for example, sofa beds, wardrobes, etc.), etc.

4. In addition to the above, the furniture fittings market also represents the fourth group of furniture fittings - overhead moldings necessary for the design of structural parts of furniture, which have a relatively pronounced volume. They can be of three types:

• strip (in particular, and compound),
• badge,
• cord.

Materials are taken for them: wood, plastic, metal, glass, braid, ceramics, etc.

Striped parts are straight or curved. In addition, a distinction is made between flat, ornamental and profiled strip details. They are generally suitable for contouring door edges, cabinet sides, seat bases, table tops, and the like.

Details of the type of a plaque can have a variety of shapes. Previously popular were discs, rosettes, medallions, stylized images of humans, plants and animals, etc.

Cord (in most cases, thread) is used to trim the seats and backs of upholstered furniture and sometimes its sides.

In addition to functional features, there are various types of furniture fittings, depending on the material from which it is made. So, if a hundred years ago most furniture handles and supports were made of natural wood, now the leading positions are occupied by metal and plastic. Of course, the metal must have a special anti-corrosion treatment, and the plastic must meet hygienic and operational requirements. For luxury models, the accessories can be covered with gilding or silver, or imitate these coatings. Crystal, rhinestones and even natural stones can also be used. If wood is chosen as the material, then it must undergo high-quality processing in order to withstand the effects of moisture, light and temperature changes for a long time.

Let's note a very important thing: no matter how complex the furniture fasteners, fittings and their supplier must be selected very carefully. Indeed, the functioning of all furniture directly depends on this. Figures illustrate the importance of furniture fittings: of the total cost of cabinet furniture, the share of fittings is from 10 to 15 percent. For kitchen furniture, this figure could be 25%. And the greatest indicator is for upholstered furniture with frame transformation mechanisms: it is from 30 to 40%.

As for the furniture fittings market in general, the main suppliers to Russia are Germany, Italy, China, Czech Republic, Poland and the USA. And so far it has to be noted that foreign suppliers of furniture fittings are now valued more than domestic ones. The fact is that the experience of foreigners exceeds ours by several decades.

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(Manufacturers of cabinet furniture, this is important for the success of the demand for your products !!!)

Hardware concept

The first furniture fittings were ropes and nails, with which people fastened pieces of furniture together. And if the form and functional purpose of furniture on a historical scale have not undergone significant changes, then the production of accessories has made an incredibly big leap forward.
That includes this capacious concept: "fittings for the manufacture of furniture."
Furniture production does not stand alone, the word "accessories" is found quite often, and in different spheres of industry and production. The most common concepts are "furniture fittings" and "window fittings". So what is hardware?
ACCESSORIES- the totality of all metal and plastic parts in the construction of a piece of furniture, without which its existence is impossible. Furniture components are made of metal and plastic, face accessories can also be made of wood, glass, ceramics. Furniture fittings are several tens of thousands of items used in the manufacture of furniture.

With the help of fittings, a movable and fixed connection of furniture parts is provided, the interaction of furniture with a person and his home. The industry standard "Furniture fittings. General technical requirements" provides a classification of furniture fittings, which includes more than 110 of its types. It should be said that various glass products, plastic and metal containers, dish dryers, mirrors and other products related to furniture components are also used in the manufacture of furniture. Competently selected fittings have a positive effect on the architectural and artistic solution of furniture, the organization of the technological process for the manufacture of furniture, the strength and durability of m

fucking, ease of use

Furniture fittings - the intricacies of furniture production

Oddly enough, but furniture accessories play a role no less than other furniture components: cabinet walls, their doors or shelves.
Moreover, the cost of these components (of course, if they are of high quality) makes up a very impressive part of the cost of the furniture produced.
This is especially true for kitchens, wardrobes, but, above all, dressing rooms.
Even in an ordinary closet, you will find many, sometimes inconspicuous, but very useful helpers - elements of furniture fittings. Very high requirements are imposed on sliding mechanisms, which are usually equipped with shelves and drawers of cabinets, dressers, nightstands, computer and writing desks, etc. Easy, almost silent and sliding drawer pull-out makes the use of cabinet furniture as comfortable as possible. Sliding wardrobes also owe their popularity to the ease of opening the door: without making any effort, even a child can take clothes out of the closet, just as easily sliding the door back.

Furniture fittings are coming

For quite a long time the fittings for cabinet furniture did not undergo significant changes and did not differ much. Only with the development of production technologies, with the appearance of fierce competition in the market, did the experts think about the need for more evolutionary and original solutions in the field of furniture fittings. Now the variety of connecting units and components allows you to embody the most daring design solutions into reality. Thus, the presentation of the product is improved and its competitiveness is increased.
Today, the trivial corner braces and roller guides are being replaced by more and more modernized and diverse auxiliary products for the production of cabinet furniture. In general, one of the distinctive features in the development of the furniture industry over the past decade is the intensive growth in the production of fittings in terms of their nomenclature and assortment. The quality characteristics of fittings are improved. An increase in their reliability, durability, and purity of workmanship also leads to an increase in the quality of the furniture products themselves. The functional type (range) of fittings is also expanding. This allows you to create furniture samples with new or improved consumer properties. The model (assortment) variety of accessories is increasing. There is an opportunity for greater variability of the constructive and compositional solutions of furniture, for a more accurate correspondence of the external characteristics of fittings and furniture in their color, texture, shape, in general - in style.
It is not uncommon for some furniture products to consist almost entirely of fittings selected from the catalog, for example, work chairs and wardrobes. In specialized catalogs, in this capacity, today, for example, supports for stools, chairs, armchairs and tables, a "back-seat" unit, load-bearing elements of the rack structure, plinths, cornices, mesh shelves, metal sliding doors, bed grates, frames for soft furniture, kitchen worktable covers.

Types of fittings

All these elements can be divided:
- fastening accessories,
- functional (front) fittings.
This division of accessories is rather arbitrary, because some fasteners can perform the "duties" of the front.
Furniture edging and edging materials in general (edging tapes, glue for edging, etc.) stand apart in this row. We also note a variety of cut-in profiles and furniture edges. By the way, profiles for finishing furniture edges can also be applied.

Fastening fittings

Designed for fixing and fixing furniture parts. Fasteners that provide the movable interaction of furniture elements include various types of hinges, guides, metaboxes, etc.

Furniture hinge

A device with which the door is attached to the frame of the furniture product. Hinges are the most important element that ensures the functioning and reliability of a furniture door. Most often brass or brass-plated hinges (zinc or steel alloys) are found. Brass-plated on the top so that the hinge does not rust and its parts slide better.
Sometimes furniture hinges are covered with enamel of different colors or other compounds that imitate bronze, gold, chrome. Modern four-hinge hinges, even produced by the same company, differ in design, variety of purposes and external design.
According to the type of fastening, the hinges can be divided into overhead, inset, semi-overhead, complex hinges. Overhead hinges are furniture hinges in which the part to be opened completely covers the end face of the supporting part and is at a 90 ° angle to it. Inset hinges are furniture

hinges, in which the outer plane of the part to be opened is at an angle of 90 ° to the supporting part and in the same plane with its end.

Half-overlay hinges - this type of furniture hinges is used when two opposite hinges are installed on one supporting part, while the parts to be opened cover the end of the supporting part (each by an equal half, depending on the model of the used hinge) and are also at an angle of 90 ° to her. Complex hinges - furniture hinges, in which the angle of rotation during opening can be + -45 °, + - 30 °, 180 ° and differs from the standard opening angle of 95-110 °.

Furniture guides

The runners are a drawer pull-out system. All pull-out systems can be divided into two types:
- guides for ordinary boxes made of chipboard or wood;
- boxes in the structure of which there are metal parts (sides, sometimes back walls)

Nowadays, roller and ball guides.

Roller- are easy to use and, when properly installed, make the drawers easy to open and close.

Ball guides- high-tech, diverse, differing in complexity. They allow drawers to be fully extended, provide smooth running and quiet, soft closing of drawers.

Metaboxes- sidewalls for boxes of economy class. Metaboxes are made on the basis of roller guides, but they have serious differences. The set of metaboxes consists of two support guides (left and right) and two guides that are both side walls of the box (left and right). This is one of the niceties of metaboxes, since no need to make the side walls of the box from chipboard or other material. It is only necessary to make the bottom, back wall and front of the box of the required size. And the fact that the bottom is made of laminated chipboard (mainly the thickness of the laminated chipboard is exactly 16mm), and not from fiberboard (mainly the thickness of the fiberboard is exactly 4mm), gives the product extraordinary strength and reliability. Another advantage of the metaboxes is the fasteners for the front, which are adjustable to ensure that the front of the drawer is installed exactly on the furniture body. Also, for metaboxes, there are special extension bars that allow you to increase the working height of the metabox to the desired size, and the separation systems will allow you to properly organize the working space inside the metabox itself. Metaboxes are made of steel, 1.2mm thick and covered with high-strength enamel in various colors (mainly white and metallic). The material of the rollers themselves is high-strength plastic, designed for more than one thousand openings. The load (weight of the box) supported by metaboxes directly depends on their length. The longer the length, the less the load: from 10kg to 20kg. (open state). Metaboxes are considered an incomplete extension system (3/4), i.e. extend out to three quarters of their total length. Metaboxes can be used for both overhead and inset facades.

Alpha drawer- high-tech drawer extension mechanism. The Alpha drawer is equipped with a sliding system that does not require maintenance and is hidden from view under other parts and is highly resistant to lateral loads. The high-quality drawer pull-out system has excellent movement, easily pulls drawers into the cabinet. The guide system is maintenance-free and highly wear-resistant. It does not leave traces of metal abrasion or any other contamination: cleanliness and hygiene are guaranteed! Maximum load - 40kg. White boxes are added to the warehouse program.

Furniture fasteners

Fasteners that provide a fixed interaction of furniture elements include:
-strings,
-screws,
- confirms,
-scants,
- self-tapping screws,
- corners and so on. Moreover, all these listed fasteners belong to the screed group, but they are called differently.
If we take the origins of furniture, then at the beginning of the carpentry craft there was no such variety of fasteners as now, and all furniture was built on castle joints,

Thorn, "shkanakh" (now, - dowels and wedges that gave strength to benches and tables. Since then, a lot of things have changed, but the dowel has remained the fastener used until now. The dowels (8X30), however, also acquired other sizes, received corrugation and precise chamfer at the ends. Everything else gave way to special fittings. Joining the furniture on dowels now allows us to quickly and correctly position the furniture parts during assembly, and prevents their mutual displacement during operation, taking on all lateral loads. The dowel is a very cheap and simple part, but it also has its own difficulties. It is made from natural wood and, when made from undried wood or if stored improperly, is capable of changing its cylindrical shape, which noticeably affects the quality of the connection. However, on dowels alone, furniture of small dimensions is connected. With large sizes of products and, accordingly, increasing loads, the dowels can no longer withstand pulling, that is, longitudinal forces, and therefore, screeds can always be found next to them.
Screw tie or barrel tie consists of only two elements: a screw and a "barrel" - a cylindrical part with a transverse threaded hole. The "barrel" itself is made entirely of metal or plastic with a nut embedded inside (although its diameter increases slightly). The tie is very strong, since when the screw is tightened, very large forces are generated, a long pulling stroke, but visible screw heads always appear on the side surface of the product, spoiling its appearance. Of course, the head of the screw, especially with a hex slot, can be closed with a plastic plug, but the appearance will still leave much to be desired.
The screed is not very easy to assemble. The hole in the "keg" should line up exactly with the screw. Therefore, the mutually perpendicular axes of the holes for the "barrel" and for the screw in the layer and the end face of the part must exactly intersect. When the installed "barrel" is simply turned the wrong side, it is easy to unfold it using a specially provided slot at the end. But if the hole under it is too deep, and it simply "drowned" in it, it is extremely difficult to pull it back out. The tie is conical. The desire to hide the screw head from the front surface has led to the modernization of the "barrel" tie. As a result, the screw passing through the attached part of the assembled furniture frame was replaced by a rod screwed into a body with a threaded hole, screwed or pressed flush into the part.
Two holes are drilled in the main part: one is in the end, for the stock, the other is perpendicular to the first, in the plane, for the "barrel". The stem, at the end of which a conical recess is formed on the lateral surface, passes through the transverse hole of the body, along the axis of which a threaded hole with a screw is made. The tip of the screw has a pointed conical shape and, when screwing in the screw, abuts against the lateral surface of the recess of the tie rod, displacing it together with the attached part to the main end, which results in the tension in the connection. Furniture corner screed. The product is also very simple in design: a strip of metal bent at a right angle with a hole on one of its shoulders, and a groove on the other. It consists entirely of five elements: a corner, two countersunk screws and two threaded fittings. When assembling, the angle is fastened with screws to the parts to be joined using metal or plastic fittings with an internal threaded hole.
The pulling force is achieved by displacing the axis of the fastening hole on one of the parts to be joined. As a result, when screwing in the screw, it presses with the cone of its head on the tapered side surface of the hole in the corner, displacing the entire attached part and pulling it in. At one time, this screed even gained predominant distribution in our industry, since: it is strong; does not require drilling holes in the ends; easy to install; unpretentious to the accuracy of the location of the filler holes; Disadvantages: visible; interferes with the operation of furniture; a lot of defects in its manufacture; As for attempts to use metal or plastic corners fixed with screws to connect furniture parts, it is better not to buy furniture with such connections: this is not a screed at all, and you cannot get a reliable stressed corner connection in any furniture with their help.
Screw tie, or Euro screw, or Euro screw, or confirm- screw, usually made of carbon steel. In Europe, this tie is called "Einteilferbinder" or "single piece (single) tie". And for some reason in our country it is called "Euro screw" or "Euro screw". Although the name "screw tie" is much more suitable for it, especially since it is like two drops of water similar to a screw, only thick and dull.
Depending on the manufacturer's firm, as well as the specifics of the production, the confirmations have a different coating: electro-galvanized, brass-plated, nickel, with a thickness of about 5 mm. The simplest screed, which has found such widespread use among our furniture makers precisely because it does not require practically any precision at all when adding.
Only two holes are drilled: one is in the end face of the main part, the other is in the plane attached to it. The most popular are Euro screws with a thread diameter of 7mm and a length of 50 or 70mm. Screeds from different manufacturers have their own design features. The small diameter of the head often allows, using force, to recess the screed flush with the surface of the slab without first countersinking the hole. Also, screw ties can have a specially provided "tooth" under the head, similar to a flare in a poorly made nail, which allows it to be screwed flush without countersinking, forming a chamfer of the hole.

A high-quality screed should not have a displacement of the head or slot relative to the axis. If there is no such alignment, then the tie will go unevenly when screwing in, and the thread will break the hole, which worsens the strength of the connection of the chipboard parts. A tie with a smaller pitch and a higher thread taper provides a stronger connection. The first four threads are tapered and have special notches.
Therefore, the tie works like a tap or a self-tapping screw, providing a smooth, high-quality thread to accommodate the rest of the threads, without disturbing the structure of the slab. Disadvantages: head visible from the end. It is usually closed with a plug; furniture assembled on such a screed should not be reassembled more than three times, as threads cut in a material as soft as chipboard are likely to break. The trouble is that many manufacturers, rightly hoping for the strength of the metal, have stopped using dowels with this tie at all. But if the assembly is carried out without securing the parts in a loan, then the parts can be "taken away", which is noticeable when inspecting some products.
Eccentric coupler- a type of connecting fittings that combines inconspicuousness and high strength of the connection and provides the possibility of repeated assembly of the product. Couplers from different manufacturers have their own characteristics, and because of their characteristics, eccentric couplers are also called minifixes, rondofixes and rafixes - these words are derived from the names of eccentric couplers from different manufacturers.
The principle of operation of the tie: A metal or plastic case is screwed or pressed into the face of the attached part flush with it, into which the tie rod with a "T" -shaped head is screwed. When assembling the product, the rod passes through a hole in the end face of the main part, and its head is in the middle of a transverse hole drilled in its face. An eccentric is installed in it, with its inner eccentric surface gripping the stem head. With further rotation, the eccentric, turning in its hole and acting on the stem head, first brings the parts to be connected together, and then creates the necessary force in the connection.
The eccentric coupler consists of a cast metal eccentric, a foot and a stem. There are also quite a few designs of such ties, in which the stem is wrapped directly into the material of the attached part, without using a lining. The main difference between eccentric couplers is the eccentric diameter. The larger it is, the greater the travel of the tie and the greater the possible force. The eccentrics are used with a diameter of 25, 15 and 12mm.
Eccentrics with a diameter of 25mm, and sometimes 15mm, must be closed with a plastic plug. Disadvantages: possible weakening of the screed during the operation of the product. Different manufacturers solve this problem differently. In some ties, the inner working surface of the eccentric is concave, and the spherical working surface of the rod head contacts it. In other designs, the inner working surface of the eccentric is stepped, and the adjacent working surface of the rod head is flat.
In this case, the outer surface of the eccentric is equipped with oblique smoothed teeth inclined in the direction opposite to the direction of its rotation during assembly, which, increasing the adhesion to the material of the part, additionally prevents its spontaneous rotation and weakening of the connection during the operation of the product. Also, the notches inside the eccentric increase its grip with the stem three times, compared to a smooth flat surface. The eccentric coupler requires extremely precise alignment of all mating holes. Drilling these holes "on the knee" often breaks the eccentric when force is applied during assembly. Actually, the lack of precise filler equipment limits the widespread use of eccentric couplers in domestic furniture. A screw (derived from the German Schraube) is a screw screwed into wood or other soft material, in which the screw itself forms a thread by deforming the material.
The screw gets the possibility of screwing into any material due to the thread, which is performed on the screw shaft. The thread of a screw is different from that of screws and bolts screwed into metal. It is taller and has a larger cutting pitch.
The threaded portion of the screw is tapered and tapers towards the end of the screw. The thread can be cut either along the entire length, or only on a part of the screw. The sizes of the screws are also varied depending on the tasks that are solved with their help.
Self-tapping screws- fasteners in shape corresponding to the definition of SCREWS, but having significant design improvements (first of all, this is the shape of the thread, tip and slot), made of high quality materials with various corrosion-resistant and aesthetic coatings.
These improvements make it possible to frequently use screws without pre-drilling holes (which greatly simplifies and speeds up the installation process of the items to be fixed), as well as to use screws for fastenings on a metal (aluminum, steel, etc.) base and in building materials (concrete, brick, etc.). NS.). Such screws have significantly expanded the scope of their application, significantly influenced the technology of many construction and mechanical assembly works.
Since the new screws were radically different from the traditional ones, a new term appeared in everyday life - SELF CUTTERS. This concept more accurately shows the purpose and capabilities of new screws, although today it is not legalized by the corresponding standard.

Shelf supports

- a piece of furniture holding the shelf. The task of these fittings is to firmly hold all the shelves at the desired height. A shelf installed on shelf supports between two vertical walls of the product at a high level, regardless of the design of the shelf support, must be insured against accidental overturning under the influence of a load on its front edge. Therefore, the shelf supports should be located at a distance of no more than 50-60mm from the front edge of the shelf. The main models of modern shelf supports are shelf supports for glass surfaces and chipboard, decorative and hidden, special shelf supports combined with ties, shelf supports for quick types of installation and many others.

4.2 Functional (or front) fittings are visible fasteners that carry a specific functional load. Front fittings provide interaction between the product and the person. Functional fittings include furniture supports, handles, sliding systems, wardrobe equipment, and kitchen accessories.

4.2.1 Pen

Is an object or part thereof specially designed to grasp, grip or press on it with a hand when performing any short-term action, for example, to open something: the handle of a door, window, cabinet drawer, etc.
In the design of furniture, several types of handles are used, depending on their shape, which have received independent names: knobs-buttons, handles-strips, handles-sinks and handles-brackets (handle-bracket) and the so-called handles-rails. The pens are usually made in three stylistic directions: classic, retro, modern design. In most cases, handles are made of metal, but there are handles made of plastic, glass and ceramics.
Knob-button has a round, rectangular or other shape, attached to the furniture with a screw passing through its axis. Handles-buttons, if necessary, are equipped with devices that exclude the possibility of free turning or unscrewing them under normal operating conditions.
Handle bar attached to furniture at at least two points. Its body, most often, has a cross-sectional profile along the entire length.
Sink handles can be both protruding above the surface of the element to which they are attached, and recessed, cut into the product. The protruding handles are attached to the product at two points, the recessed handles are inserted into the hole selected for them.
Bracket handles have a fixed or movable end-to-end bracket fixed at two points.
Railing handles- chrome-plated steel rod with two attachment points. Railing handles are a fashion option and, as a rule, exceed in size the handles-staples. The handles are attached to the furniture with glue, screws and screws. Fastening with glue is rarely used, since the glued handles cannot be removed from the product, which may be required during transportation and repair. In addition, glued handles are difficult to replace with new ones. Mainly recessed shell handles are placed on the glue. Today, the widespread method of fastening handles with special screws, cast into the handle during its manufacture, and standard nuts. The nut and screw are closed with a metal or plastic cap.
4.2.2. Furniture supports or let's talk about "legs"

Furniture supports are furniture fasteners. They ensure the interaction of furniture items with the elements of the room and must be convenient and reliable in operation. At the moment, there are a huge number of different supports, which are divided by characteristics, structures, design, etc. Constantly changing fashion forces furniture manufacturers, manufacturers of front fittings, designers to come up with more and more new types of designs.

Heel- the simplest furniture support. In most cases, it is made of plastic and can be of various types: "under the nail", in the form of a button, with a foot, etc. Until now, it is very often used both in cabinet and upholstered furniture of economy class. Despite the seeming simplicity, it carries an important function - it prevents moisture from entering the slabs from which the cabinet is made, since later the laminate that is covered with chipboard can bubble and move away.

Roller supports(furniture wheels) - necessary for the manufacture of armchairs for the home, coffee tables, sliding sofas, medical furniture, various wheelchairs, etc. These supports are available with a stopper, without a stopper, are attached to furniture using a platform, a threaded screw, or have a U- shaped mount. The ability to carry an increased load, soft, quiet rolling - these are the main advantages of wheel bearings. The load on each support is determined by its intended use. The simplest wheel support is "upright", its name speaks for itself, such a product is used in furniture that does not require turning, for example, sliding sofas. The next class of "wheel" supports - supports for furniture that requires a turn around its axis. They differ in load, appearance, and fastening methods.

« Decorative "supports- performing the function of the actual support, they are also an element of the constructive design of furniture (i.e. clearly visible in the finished product). With their help, you can completely change the appearance of furniture. They differ in a variety of shapes and sizes and can be metal, plastic, wood, or combined.
In the modern furniture market there is a huge number of "decorative" supports, but experience shows that, first of all, this support must be made of quality material, and the outer covering must meet the highest quality standards. There are many different fakes on the market now. At first glance, it is sometimes impossible to distinguish a fake from a "native" product, and only during operation are their shortcomings revealed. The coating fades and falls off, and the load does not correspond to the declared one, since recycled metal is used in fakes.
The existing problem of uneven floors was solved with the help of adjustable feet. The simplest adjustable supports are sets of screws with a plastic head and a counterpart, which can be a regular nut for a leg with an external thread, a mustache nut (it must be driven into the bottom end of the furniture), or an angle bracket. The adjustment of such a leg is carried out by screwing the screw into the counterpart, by hand or with a screwdriver.
The disadvantage of this design is that in order to adjust the height of the cabinet, you have to raise it, turn the leg by the required number of turns, put the cabinet in place, evaluate the correctness of the adjustment and, if necessary, repeat this sequence of actions several more times. And the cabinet has to be unloaded before adjustment. But this problem has also been resolved - there are hidden adjustable supports of different design, designed to compensate for uneven floors and equalize the height of heavy wardrobes and wardrobes, even if they are already filled with clothes.
Output: The above is only the main and small part of furniture fittings, lifting mechanisms, pantographs and other complex mechanisms and furniture components and fittings are not affected. One piece of equipment in a kitchen or dressing room can be talked about for hours.

(By what signs can you distinguish a respectable piece of furniture from a pirate one?)

Recently, a lot of cheap, unscrupulous fittings from China have appeared in Russia.

Dealing with her is not recommended.
1. On a quality hinge, you can easily find the brand of the manufacturer. Our most famous ones are Blum, FGV, Firmax, Woward, Ferrari, Grass, Hettich, Lama, Samsung .. Many of these companies have factories in China and provide tight control over production, so such Chinese products do not arouse suspicion.
2. True signs of "left" fittings - defects in electroplating, uneven color ("tarnishing"), large burrs, creaking when opening, incomplete closing of the door.
Drawer guides are most often of two types - roller and ball. They can be easily distinguished by their appearance, and most importantly, by their sound. Roller ones by their nature have a backlash. Balls move smoothly and almost silently. Ball guides are a sure sign of more expensive and solid furniture. Roller ones have their advantage: drawers on such guides can easily be completely removed from the cabinet, which is important for office furniture.
3. In recent years, hidden guides, which are used in expensive and high-quality furniture, have gained particular popularity. These guides are highly reliable: thanks to the built-in dampers, the drawer moves smoothly and closes softly and silently.
4. When buying or ordering cabinet furniture, you need to pay attention to the shelf supports. A penny detail, a trifle! But after all, it is precisely the attention to detail that testifies to the respectful attitude of the manufacturer to his product, to the buyer. The simplest shelf support seems to be durable, time-tested. However, the shelf on it is not fixed securely enough. Today, such shelf supports are used only in the cheapest furniture. Angular shelf supports are much more reliable - they have a much larger contact area with the shelf, and they look much neater.
Output: In order not to worry about the furniture you like, you need to study the certificates for it, and then carefully check all the components of its quality in order:
-It is desirable that all surfaces of the chipboard or MDF boards be faced;
-On the chipboard board and its coating, chips, peeling of the film or edging material are unacceptable;
-The thickness of the slab on countertops must be at least 18 mm, the use of a 16 mm slab is discouraged;
-Connections of decorative strips (panels, cornices), made at an angle, must be neat, without gaps;
-Door hinges should be out of suspicion (marking, high-quality coating, no squeak);
-Fasteners - as hidden as possible, hidden inside the slab, or closed with plugs;
-Shelves must be firmly held in place; backlash (swinging of the shelf) testifies to the "pirate" origin of the furniture;
-The back walls of the cabinets must be securely fixed; it is desirable that they be made of laminated chipboard or MDF, and not hardboard (fiberboard) - the risk that you accidentally "push" the wall out of the cabinet is reduced;
- In the places where the doors adhere to the frame, special pads or dampers should be installed, thanks to which the doors will not rumble when closed.
-Silumin (aluminum alloy) screed "corner" today already looks suspicious. Eccentric ties are preferred - they are more neat and less conspicuous. On the other hand, such joints require more sophisticated filler equipment. Therefore, the furniture assembled on "eccentrics" is, most likely, of "factory", and not of pirate origin.
-Screw tie (aka "eurovint", aka "confirmation") is very popular, but has a significant drawback: furniture "on confirmation" cannot be disassembled and assembled more than two or three times. The carving in the chipboard face no longer lives!

Purchasing furniture is a long-term purchase. Sometimes it has served us for decades. Buying furniture is not only a rather lengthy and painstaking process, but also expensive. According to statistics, the cost of buying furniture ranks third among the expenses of the average family, after the cost of real estate and vehicles. Considering the importance of the costs of purchased furniture, the specifics of Russian legislation in the field of consumer protection and the specifics of doing business by many large and small companies, it is necessary to know some rules for buying furniture and to warn potential buyers of furniture against fatal mistakes. To avoid any problems that could cloud your shopping experience, please take note of this consumer information and follow the advice.
1. When purchasing materials for the manufacture of furniture, citizens, as a rule, look at the dimensions, design, colors, and few people pay attention to marking labels and other accompanying documents. When buying furniture or materials, it is necessary not only to check the quality of the goods, the conformity of the dimensions of the furniture to the dimensions indicated in the specification, but also the availability of accompanying documentation. First of all, you should pay attention to the presence of a label, which is a kind of visiting card of the manufacturer. Furniture and materials for production must be accompanied by the following information for the consumer:

The firm name (name) and location (legal address) of the manufacturer of the goods, the location of the organization (organizations) authorized by the manufacturer (seller) to accept claims from buyers and perform repair and maintenance of the goods;
- details of the manufacturer and (or) supplier;
Name of product;
- designation of standards, the mandatory requirements of which must correspond to the product;
-information about the main consumer properties of the product;
- the rules and conditions for the effective and safe use of the goods;
- technical control mark, batch number and date of manufacture;
- about the functional purpose;
-on the materials from which the furniture is made and which are used in its decoration;
- about the methods, terms, conditions of delivery and transfer of goods to the buyer;
-the price and conditions for the purchase of goods;
-packaging furniture must be accompanied by instructions for use or use.
2. Samples of furniture offered for sale must be displayed in the sales area in such a way as to provide free access to buyers for inspection.
3. The seller is obliged to carry out pre-sale preparation of furniture, including checking the completeness, the availability of parts necessary for assembly, furniture assembly diagrams (if the furniture is collapsible), as well as checking the availability of all items included in the set (set) of furniture.
4. Assembly and delivery of furniture is carried out for a separate fee, unless otherwise provided by the contract.
5. When selling furniture, the seller is obliged to bring to the attention of the buyer information on the confirmation of conformity in the form of a certificate of conformity or information on the confirmation of its conformity with the established requirements (number of the certificate of conformity, its validity period, the authority that issued the certificate, or registration number). These documents must be certified by the signature and seal of the manufacturer (supplier, seller) indicating his address and telephone number. In the absence of this information from the seller, it is not recommended to buy furniture.
6. Pay attention to the storage conditions of furniture in the trade organization. At high humidity, the destruction of phenol-formaldehyde resin is accelerated, and the material from which the furniture is made begins to more intensively release more harmful chemicals into the air.
7. Remember that the materials used in the manufacture of furniture, such as chipboard, MDF (fiberboard), plywood are sources of formaldehyde. If during the purchase you feel a distinct, easily perceptible, attention-grabbing unpleasant chemical smell from the furniture material, then do not buy it. This material is recognized as inadequate to hygiene requirements, even without further complex research. Furniture made from plywood and solid wood or all solid wood can also be a significant source of formaldehyde. In this case, it becomes oxidizing finishing (paints and varnishes, etc.) materials containing urea formaldehydes, especially during the first six months after application. Studies of the effect of many coatings (oil paint, wood veneer, fiberglass) have shown that they, to varying degrees (from 1.5 to 30 times), reduce the release of harmful substances from the polymeric materials underneath, but do not completely stop this process. The release of harmful substances into the air is associated both with their diffusion through the thickness of the coating, and with their penetration through the seams, cracks and other defects in the coating.

Output:The logic is simple: if a furniture manufacturer used the most primitive and cheapest fittings for the sake of economy, then where is the guarantee that he did not "save" on the quality of chipboard, technology, and workers' qualifications?

Good furniture manufacturers never skimp on furniture fittings, because they know that furniture fittings have a "decisive voice" in their field of activity and that the success of furniture sales depends on furniture fittings. After all, no one needs a wardrobe without convenient pull-out shelves and drawers (only for this we take it - for its convenience and spaciousness) or a wardrobe with a hard-to-open steel door and without "trouser holders".