Basic theories for passing the OGE in geography. Material for preparing for the OGE in geography

№2. Countries bordering Russia. Extreme points.

Atlas 8th grade. Map "Geographical position of Russia".

Countries bordering Russia: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China (China), Mongolia, North Korea (Korea), Abkhazia, South Ossetia,

by sea - Japan and USA

№3. Questions about the climate of Russia.

Atlas 8th grade. Climate map.

In summer, the air temperature increases from north to south. In winter it decreases from west to east (the closer to the west, the warmer). Precipitation increases to the west, in the mountains, on the coast Pacific Ocean.

№5. Questions on the Russian economy.

Atlas 9th grade. Cards, for example, “Mechanical Engineering”, “Fuel Industry”, etc.

№6. Questions about nature reserves.

Atlas 8th grade. Natural shrines of Russia

№7. Which region has the highest population density?

Atlas 9th grade. Population Density Map. Correlate two maps: “Population density” and “Administrative map”. The population density is higher the closer to the south and to the European part. (The main zone of settlement: the European part of Russia, except for the north and south of Siberia).

№8. Questions about graphics. Determine the required value from the graph or table.

№9. Questions: determine:

Natural increase = Fertility – Mortality

Mortality = Fertility – Natural increase

Migration increase = Immigration – Emigration

Migration increase = Those who arrived – Those who left

Total population growth = Migration increase + Natural increase

Migration increase = Total population growth - Natural increase

Natural increase = Total population growth - Migration growth

Population density = Population

Network density railways = Rail length

Territory area

Immigration - entry into the country

Emigration – leaving the country

№10. Which city is located in the zone of action of a cyclone or anticyclone.

Question about the synoptic map. IN– anticyclone ( high blood pressure) N– cyclone (low pressure)

№11. Question about the synoptic map.

In which city is cold snap possible? (Where the cold front goes)

In which city is warming possible? (Where the warm front goes)

Where precipitation will fall - where there is a cyclone or atmospheric front

№12. Ecology questions

Acid rain is caused by coal combustion and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Greenhouse effect- increase carbon dioxide(transport, fuel combustion)

Smog is formed in the centers of iron and steel industry

Natural resources

Exhaustible inexhaustible (energy of the Sun, wind, tides

Non-renewable Renewable

(mineral resources) (forest, water, soil, living world)

№13. Which statement talks about the process:

Urbanization – the increasing role of cities and urban lifestyles

Migration is the movement of people from one place of residence to another

Population reproduction is a process of continuous generational change

Natural population growth - the difference between the birth rate and death rate

River regime - changes in the water level in the river according to the seasons of the year (freezing of the river, breaking up of the ice cover)

The sectoral structure of the Russian economy is a set of industries that satisfy the homogeneous needs of society and form a single economy of the country.

№14. Determine coordinates.

If a city - Atlas 7th grade - political map of the world. (Atlas 8th grade - cities of Russia)

If a mountain, a volcano – Atlas 7th grade – physical map world (Atlas 8th grade – Russia)

Coordinates: for example, 40 0 N; 80 0 east

Latitude: northern and southern Longitude: western and eastern

№16. Calculation problem

Problems to determine the share (%). Let's make a proportion. Integer (total) -100%, what needs to be found is x%.

20 – 100% x= 8 x100

Define relative humidity(we make up a proportion).

Determine the temperature at the top of the mountain.

Determine salinity (Measured in ppm% 0, if salinity is 15% 0, then 15 grams of salts are dissolved in a liter of water)

№17. Arrange cities in order of increasing (decreasing) population.

Atlas 9th grade. Kata population density. We look at the cities in circles.

Millionaire cities in Russia:

Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara,

Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh

№18. Determine the distance using a topographic map.

1.Measure the distance between objects with a ruler 2.Multiply by the scale value (for example 100 m)

4 cm x 100 = 400 m

№19. Determine the direction from one object to another. Topographic map

№20. Determine which area is suitable for:

Sledding, alpine skiing (1. There is a slope 2. There are no bushes, holes)

Football field (1. Flat terrain 2. No holes, bushes, forests)

Orchard (1. Southern slope 2. Near the road)

№21. Determine which profile is suitable

By the height of points, by lowering the relief, etc.)

№22. Maps of which area should you choose in order to explore the territory….

Atlas 8th grade “Administrative map”, 9th grade “Economic zoning”

№24. Arrange the regions in the order in which they occur New Year

Atlas 8th grade. Administrative map. Find the desired regions or cities. New Year starts on east .

№26. Arrange the rock layers shown in the figure in order of increasing age.

(from youngest to oldest).

How higher layers of rocks - the younger

№28. Tasks using tables. Analyzing tables

№29. - In the capital of which of the listed republics does the Sun rise above the horizon the earliest according to Moscow time? The further east you go, the earlier it rises above the horizon.

- Where is the angle of incidence? sun rays will be the greatest.

The closer to the south, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.

- Highest above the horizon

On the day of the summer solstice, the Sun is at its zenith over the northern tropics. On the day of the winter solstice, the Sun is at its zenith over the southern tropics

The 2019 state final certification in geography for graduates of the 9th grade of general education institutions is carried out to assess the level of general education training of graduates in this discipline. The assignments test the following types of activities within the discipline of geography:

Know and understand the geographical features of the nature of the continents and oceans, the peoples of the Earth; differences in the economic development of different territories and water areas; outstanding results geographical discoveries and travel.
Know the specifics geographical location Russia.
Know and understand the peculiarities of Russian nature.
Know and understand the natural and anthropogenic causes of geo-ecological problems; measures to preserve nature and protect people from natural and man-made disasters.
Know and understand the features of the main sectors of the Russian economy, natural economic zones and regions.
Be able to give examples of natural resources, their use and protection, the formation of cultural and everyday characteristics of peoples under the influence of their habitat; be able to find in different sources information necessary for studying environmental problems.
Know and understand the characteristics of the Russian population.
Be able to find the information necessary to study different territories of the Earth, their provision with natural and human resources.
Be able to analyze information from different sources necessary to study different territories of the Earth, their provision with natural and human resources.
Understand geographical phenomena and processes in geospheres.
Know and understand the natural and anthropogenic causes of geo-ecological problems.
Be able to identify (recognize) the essential features of geographical objects and phenomena.
Be able to determine geographic coordinates on a map.
Know and understand basic terms and concepts; be able to use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for solving practical problems.
Be able to use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life to read cards of various contents.

Date of passing the OGE in Geography 2019:
June 4 (Tuesday), June 14 (Friday).

There are no changes in the structure and content of the 2019 examination paper compared to 2018.

In this section you will find online tests that will help you prepare to take the OGE (GIA) in geography. We wish you success!

Standard OGE test(GIA-9) format of the 2019 year in geography consists of 27 tasks with a short answer and 3 tasks with a detailed answer. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMM), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMM), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMM), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2017 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2016 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. In three tasks, the answer is supposed to be written in the form of a word or phrase, and in the remaining 7 tasks - in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2015 format in geography consists of 27 short-answer tasks and 3 long-answer tasks. This test contains only 27 tasks that require a short answer. According to the current exam structure, among these tasks, only 17 questions offer answer options. But for the convenience of passing tests, the site administration decided to offer answer options in all tasks. However, for tasks in which the compilers of real test and measurement materials (CMMs) do not provide answer options, the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The test contains multiple choice questions only. one correct answer.
So if you had question number 14, and then 18 came out, that means that questions 15, 16, 17 need to be answered in writing with a detailed answer, so we did not include them.

Repetition for the OGE in Geography 2

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Repetition for the OGE in Geography 2
Rubric (thematic category)	Geography

1. Often in tasks a synoptic map is given and from it you need to determine which city is located in a cyclone, anticyclone, warm or cold front.

Let's remember cyclone- ϶ᴛᴏ an atmospheric vortex with low pressure in the center (H), it lasts about a week, in the summer it rains, just warm, not hot weather; in winter there is thaw and slush; anticyclone– an atmospheric vortex with high pressure in the center (B), in summer the weather is hot, without precipitation, in winter it is clear, frosty and without precipitation. Atmospheric front– the transition zone between a cyclone and an anticyclone, indicated by a curved line with semicircles (warm) or triangles on it (cold). A warm front brings warming, goes from the cyclone towards the anticyclone, and a cold front brings cooling, goes from the anticyclone to the cyclone (usually). Fronts have variable weather with precipitation. When analyzing a synoptic map, you also need to pay attention to the winds, indicated by arrows and their direction.

Assignment: what kind of vortex is Moscow in? Which front is coming to Turkey?

2. Remember the definitions:

weather - the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere in given time and in this place;

climate - annually recurring types of weather characteristic of a given area. Climatic zone is a territory (geographical zone) with the same temperatures and precipitation across the seasons.

Inside climatic zones(long) can stand out climatic zones, which differ slightly in temperature and quite strongly in precipitation, for example: marine type, continental type, sharply continental type, monsoon type, desert type, etc.

Climate zones change from the equator mirrored, have curved boundaries, because they sometimes fall on territories washed by the sea, sometimes far from the seas without sediment, sometimes in flat areas, sometimes in mountainous areas.

Listed below are belt changes from north pole to the south, you need to remember in that and reverse order.

· Arctic

Subarctic

· Moderate

Subtropical

· Tropical

Subequatorial

· Equatorial

Subequatorial

· Tropical

Subtropical

· Moderate

Subantarctic

·
Antarctic

There are 13 belts in total, seven are main (have their own air masses), six are with the prefix “sub” - transitional, the masses arrive there according to the seasons of the year: in our summer they come from the southern belts, in our winter they descend from the north.

Air masses– large volumes of air, characterized by temperature, precipitation, and dust. Marine and continental masses are distinguished. And geographically: equatorial ( all year round hot and humid), tropical (hot and dry all year round), temperate (4 seasons) and polar (cold and dust-free all year round). There are no others.

Assignment: determine in which zones Beijing, Cape Town, Washington, Anadyr, Paris, Cairo, Mexico City are located.

Assignment: make a table of the characteristics of the zones (which will help you with climatograms): zone, where it is located, summer, winter, amount of precipitation, precipitation regime.

Often in OGE tasks give climatograms (diagrams of precipitation and temperature) with instructions to determine their location. To do this, look at the temperature progression, whether there are negative ones, when there is more precipitation, try them on at different points, then select.

Learn (children often get confused): in the climatogram of the equatorial zone there are always only positive temperatures +25+28°, precipitation 1500-3000mm, falls evenly throughout the year. In the subequatorial zone, temperatures are almost the same, but precipitation occurs in SUMMER, in our hemisphere in our summer, in the southern hemisphere in our winter; in the tropics it is always hot, but summer is hotter, there is very, very little precipitation; in the subtropical summers are hot, dry, winters are warm, often without frost, precipitation occurs in winter; in the temperate zone frosts in winter, warm summers are clearly visible, precipitation is greater in spring-summer-autumn; subractic cool short summer, frosty winter, precipitation in summer and little.

Russia is located in the following basic zones: arctic, subarctic, temperate(moderate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon type), and at the very edge in Krasnodar region just a little subtropical Mediterranean type.

The temperate zone is so long in Russia that it has 4 regions (climate types). Temperate continental - our weather is completely continental colder winter, less precipitation, in the sharply continental summer it is hot, in the winter it is very cold, there is even less precipitation, in the monsoon, summer with the summer monsoon from the ocean, wet, in winter with the winter monsoon from the land, snowy, cold, windy. The coldest zone in Russia is the subarctic.

Assignment: determine the names of climatic zones; How does the climate of Moscow differ from other cities presented here?

Repetition for OGE in Geography 2 - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Repetition for the OGE in Geography 2” 2017, 2018.

Practical developments in preparing students for passing the OGE in Geography

A message from experience

prepared the work

geography teacher

MBOU "Secondary School No. 10"

Latina O.P.

for discussion on

regional seminar MO

geography teachers

Examination work in geography in the form of State Examination allows you to assess the quality of general education training in the subject with a sufficient degree of objectivity.
The content of the examination work is determined on the basis of the Federal component state standard main general education in accordance with the requirements for the level of preparation of students.

It tests the ability to analyze and summarize geographic information, correlate knowledge and skills from various school geography courses with life experience, and apply the geographical knowledge and skills acquired at school in practical activities.

I begin my work in preparation for the OGE by introducing students to the specification and codifier of CMM. Then students complete the input work (usually a trial version of the OGE)

This work makes it possible to determine the student’s level of knowledge. Understand what the student can do, what gaps in knowledge there are, and what tasks to pay special attention to.

I enter the results into the student’s individual record.

Then I develop individual plan preparation of each student, where I reflect gaps in knowledge on topics, indicate the sections that need to be repeated by the student, and then on this topic I offer the student to solve a series of tests to consolidate this topic. (I carry out this work both in class and in consultations, practice tests I give it home to complete.)

“The map is the alpha and omega of geography,” said N. Baransky, a classic of Russian geographical science. Therefore, it is necessary that students know the map very well. Moreover, at the OGE in Geography it is allowed to use atlases of grades 7, 8, 9. So in preparation I give training tasks which require the ability to use several cards simultaneously using the “overlay method”. To consolidate knowledge I also use contour maps(for example, countries are neighbors of the 1st order) (No. 2).

For some topics, for example, “Topographic map” (No. 18,19,20), “Synoptic map” (No. 10) I use step by step instructions.

Task: Find all the cities where there is a cyclone (anticyclone)

Passage of warm and cold fronts. Warm front - warming, cold front - cooling. Assignment: find all the cities where warming (or cooling) is expected.

“Topographic map” (No. 18,19,20)

1. Take a ruler and measure the distance in a straight line from A to B - 10 cm.

2. It is known that 1 cm on the map is 100 m in reality. This means that to find the distance you need 100 m * per 10 cm = 1000 m or 1 km. Answer: 1 km.

The CMM assignments contain questions that can be practiced in 9th grade lessons. This is important because some students choose geography almost at the last moment and have very little time to prepare for the OGE. What can be worked on in lessons: 1. Coordinates (for example, determine the coordinates of cities of Federal significance) (No. 17) 2. Placement factors industrial enterprises. (№23,№5)

3.Cyclones, Anticyclones.

(when studying the nature of individual areas). (No. 10, No. 11)

Task		Cards		Algorithm of actions
	Determination of the main occupations of the population		Peoples of Russia Natural areas of Russia		1.What conditions are necessary for the given activities? 2. Determine the area where the peoples live 3. Which natural area is the area located? Does it have the necessary conditions?
Dynamics of population indicators		Job Data		1. Find the time period in the table or graph in accordance with the task 2. Find the rows (columns or graph points) of that indicator, dynamics which needs to be traced 3. Answer the question
Calculation of population indicators (natural and migration growth, population density, etc.)		Job Data		1. Remember the calculation formulas: ABOUT pr = E pr + M pr E pr = R – S M pr = Im – Em Density = Population/S(area) Find the required data in the table Substitute into formula CAREFULLY perform the calculations
Population of cities (millionaire cities)		Population density of Russia		Remember the list of (11) millionaire cities

4. Relief, natural phenomena. (when studying the nature of individual areas). (No. 14, No. 15, No. 4, No. 24)

5. Millionaire cities (when studying the composition of districts) (No. 16)

For independent work students over trial options I offer instructions-algorithms. For example,

Algorithm for solving typical test tasks GIA

Topic “Population of Russia”

“Climate of Russia and the world”

Task	Cards	Algorithm of actions
Reading a synoptic map, determining the coverage area atmospheric vortices	Job Data	1. Consider a fragment of the map and its symbols. 2. Find concentric circles – zones of cyclone action (low pressure) and anticyclones (high pressure) 3. Find cities located in their coverage area 4. In accordance with the terms of the assignment determine the desired city
Reading a synoptic map, diagnosing weather changes	Job Data	1.According to the task, determine what changes are predicted (cooling or warming) 2. Find on the map, in accordance with the task, a cold or warm front and the direction of its movement 3. Find on the map the cities (answer options) located on the path of the front movement
Reading a climatogram	Map of climate zones of the world	1. Determine by climate: temperature max and min, estimate the amplitude of temperatures, annual amount of precipitation, mode of precipitation. 2. Determine the hemisphere on the map based on the temperature change (discard two incorrect answers) 3. Based on the amplitude, amount of precipitation and its regime, determine the correct answer (remember the factors of climate formation and continentality) 4. Find a point on the belt map and check your reasoning. Select an answer.

Structure earth's crust and processes occurring in it and in other shells of the Earth, relief

Task	Cards	Algorithm of actions
Establishing cause and effect connections between phenomena	Maps of the structure of the earth's crust (or other)	1. Read the text for the assignment carefully 2. Identify the phenomenon you are talking about speech, remember its causes and places of distribution 3. Find on the map the object mentioned in the task 4. Correlate your knowledge of the causes of the phenomenon and the map data. 5. Build a chain of cause-and-effect relationships (structure of lithic plates - tectonic structure - their external manifestation)
Determination of areas of distribution of this phenomenon	The same is the political map of the world	1. Using the main map, determine the area of manifestation of the processes described in the text of the task 2. Find these areas on the political map of the world. 3. Select the country that is located in this area
Reading terrain on a map	Physical card	1. Find the cities indicated in the task 2. Using the color and scale of heights and depths, determine the height at which they are located 3. Write down the city and its height in a draft 4. Arrange the answers in the order given by the task

"Terrain Plan"

	Task	Algorithm of actions
	Determining distances according to plan	Find the given points on the map. Using a ruler, measure the distance, rounding to the nearest tenth (in cm) Find the named scale on the plan In accordance with the scale, convert the resulting distance to meters (or km) Write down your result
	Determining directions according to the plan	Find your starting point and destination on the plan From the starting point, draw a ray - direction north Connect origin and destination points Define given by conditions task direction (considering that west is on the left)
		1. Determine the purpose of the site based on the conditions of the task 2.Make a list necessary conditions(features of relief, vegetation, lighting, etc.) 3. Carefully consider each proposed site option, assessing their conditions. 4. Draw a conclusion indicating your choice. Justify it.
	Selecting a terrain profile based on a plan segment	1. Connect the points of the segment on the plan. 2. Determine the absolute height of point A and point B from the plan 3. Check the correspondence of the heights of these points on each of the proposed profile options. 4. Carefully examine the horizontal lines passing through the profile segment. Determine how the nature of the surface changes (decreases - increases - flat) Identify smooth and steep slopes. 5. Correlate each section of the segment with profile options, gradually rejecting unnecessary options 6. Make your final choice. Double-check your answer.

"Geographical coordinates"

Task

Algorithm of actions

Definition by geographical coordinates

1. By the name of longitude (eastern or western), determine the desired hemisphere

2. By the name of the latitude (north or south), determine the desired hemisphere (quarter).

3. Find the parallel on which the object lies

4. Select a larger map (world, continent, Russia)

5. Find the meridian on which the object lies

6. Draw simultaneously along the parallel and meridian lines to the point of their intersection. Find the object.

"Factors of industrial production location"

Tasks 23 and 22

JSC Tula Combine Harvester Plant is one of the largest agricultural engineering enterprises in Russia. The basis of modern production specialization is: a complex of grain harvesting equipment, complexes of forage harvesting equipment for the preparation of silage, haylage and hay. All designs

models of agricultural machines are designed taking into account modern technologies.

Task 22 Maps of which geographic area should be used to determine the location of Tula?

1) European North

3) Central Russia

4) North-West Russia

Task 23

How can you explain the location of combine production in Tula? Give two reasons. Write down your reasoned answer on a separate sheet or form, first indicating the task number.

Task 22 usually does not cause any difficulties. IN in this case, knowledge of the composition of the economic regions of the country is tested. If a student doubts the correctness of the answer, then he has the opportunity to check his version of the answer using the atlas (since 2009, it is allowed to use atlases of grades 7, 8, 9 during the exam).

Task 23. The main material that the student should know is knowledge of the factors of location of Russian industries. For each production, the set of factors will be different. A complete, logical, coherent explanation is the main thing in this answer. For correct execution For this open-ended task, the student receives 2 points.

Mistakes made by students:

1) Lists all the factors that the student knows

2) The student names the factor and does not give an explanation (Example answer: The placement is influenced by the raw material factor)

3) The student names only one factor, but the task asks him to name two reasons. In this case, the student will receive only one point for the correct answer.

Sequence (algorithm) of actions,

1. Ask yourself the question: “What products does the described enterprise produce?”

2. What conditions are necessary for the release of this product? (raw materials, fuel, energy, water, transport, labor, etc.) What are the technical and economic features of the production of these products? (material intensity, energy intensity, labor intensity, use of waste from other industries as raw materials, water intensity, etc.)

3. What are the features of the final products? (compact size, large dimensions, short shelf life, etc.)

4. What factors (reasons) influence placement similar industries.

5. Compare these reasons with the conditions existing in the economic region specified in the task. A map is used for this economic region in the atlas. In some variants of work, a map diagram is offered directly in the task.

Let's see how this diagram applies to the task above. So:

If your knowledge of industrial production location factors fails you, we recommend the following table:

Factors of location of some branches of industrial production

Technical and economic features of production and features of finished products that affect placement

Leading factors of production location.

Ferrous metallurgy

Peredelnaya

metallurgy

High material consumption of production (high costs of raw materials and fuel for the production of one unit of finished product)

It uses scrap metal as raw materials.

The raw material factor is the attraction to places of extraction of raw materials (iron ore), the Fuel factor is the attraction to places of coal extraction.

Placement at the intersection of raw material and fuel flows.

The raw material factor is the attraction to areas with a high concentration of industrial production and transport routes, i.e. to areas where available large number scrap metal

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Metallurgy of heavy metals

Metallurgy of light metals

High material consumption of production (high costs of raw materials and for the production of one unit of finished products), costs

raw materials are much higher than in ferrous metallurgy.

High energy intensity

Raw material factor – attraction to places of extraction of raw materials (non-ferrous metal ores)

Raw material

Heavy engineering

Produces equipment for other industries, for example:

Energy

Metallurgical

Chemical

Production of mining equipment

Production of road construction equipment

Transportation of products is associated with high costs

Raw materials - attraction to metallurgical enterprises

Consumer factor - attraction to the consumer of finished products (for example, to mining areas, to areas with a high concentration of electric power enterprises, etc.)

Complex and precision engineering (instrument making, radio engineering and electronic engineering, computer manufacturing

Labor intensity

Science intensity

Labor - attraction to areas of population concentration

The scientific factor is a gravitation towards regions and centers with

scientific base (large research institutes, design bureaus, etc.)

Agricultural engineering

Agricultural The equipment is quite bulky, which means that transportation costs for its transportation will be very high.

Material intensity – high metal costs per unit of production

Consumer factor – attraction to the consumer of finished products, i.e. to agricultural areas

Raw materials factor – attraction to metallurgical enterprises

Pulp and paper

industry

Water intensity – high water consumption in

production

High energy intensity – high energy costs

Water factor – attraction to fresh water sources (rivers, lakes,

reservoirs)

Energy factor - attraction to sources of cheap electricity (hydroelectric power plants)

Production mineral fertilizers(nitrogen)

Waste from coke production, natural gas, oil, etc. can be used as raw materials.

Quite free accommodation

The factor of combining production is a tendency towards coke-chemical production

Transport factor – attraction to pipeline lines

Raw materials - attraction to places of extraction or processing of oil and gas raw materials.

Electric power industry

thermal

hydropower

The cost of electricity is included in the cost of any product. Electricity determines the development of scientific and technological revolution.

Uses peat, shale, brown coal as fuel

Uses as

fuels natural gas, fuel oil)

built on rivers with a large fall and flow of water

low material consumption - 1 kg of nuclear fuel releases the same amount of energy as generated by burning 3000 tons of coal.

For all types of power plants, the leading factor when locating is consumer - the attraction to the consumer of the product (population and production)

fuel - attraction to fuel production areas

consumer –

attraction to the consumer

natural resource factor

consumer factor

Food industry(sugar)

Raw materials have a limited shelf life and a large amount of waste

Raw material factor - attraction to areas where raw materials are grown (in our country this is sugar beets)

Food industry (confectionery, bakery)

Finished products has a limited shelf life, raw materials (flour, sugar, etc.) can be transported over long distances

Consumer – attraction to the consumer of the product

ATTENTION! Students often misunderstand the expression mining equipment (mining equipment), meaning equipment for working in the mountains and write in their answers that this industry has developed because There are mountains in this area. Mining equipment is intended for productionrocks, those. minerals, which can be mined not only in mountainous areas.

Assignments No. 29 on the topic “Earth - planet” solar system»

When solving these problems, it is necessary to take into account two movements of the Earth: around the Sun and around its axis. Let's look at the features of each of them:

When the Earth moves around the sun there is a change in the seasons of the year and a change in the length of the day and the height of the Sun above the horizon throughout the year. The main reason is the tilt of the Earth's axis by 66.5 0 and, as a result, a change in the poles of illumination. It is necessary to remember several significant dates and their characteristics:

June 22 – summer solstice day– The sun is at its zenith (at an angle of 90 0) over the northern tropic (23.5 0 N), from the North Pole to the Arctic Circle (66.5 0 N) – polar day, therefore, from the south pole to the southern polar circle (66.5 0 S) polar night. Pattern: duration

December 21– winter solstice day - and everything is the other way around: the Sun is at its zenith over the southern tropic, in the northern hemisphere there is polar night, and in the southern hemisphere there is polar day...

March 21 and September 23– days of the spring and autumn equinoxes– The sun is at its zenith above the equator and the length of day and night is equal at all latitudes.

Daylight hours increase from the Arctic Circle to the Arctic Circle and at the same time decrease to the Antarctic Circle.

I, , a, , a, , , , (China), , (Korea), Abkhazia, I,

by sea - and

№3. Questions about the climate of Russia.

Atlas 8th grade . Climate map.

№5. Questions on the Russian economy.

Atlas 9th grade. Cards, for example, “Mechanical Engineering”, “Fuel Industry”, etc.

№6. Questions about nature reserves.

Atlas 8th grade. Natural shrines of Russia

№7. Which region has the highest population density?

№8. Questions about graphics.

Determine the required value from the graph or table.

№9. Questions: determine:

Natural increase = Fertility – Mortality

Mortality = Fertility – Natural increase

Migration increase = Immigration – Emigration

Migration increase = Those who arrived – Those who left

Total population growth = Migration increase + Natural increase

Migration increase = Total population growth - Natural increase

Natural increase = Total population growth - Migration growth

Population density =Population

Square

Density of the railway network =Rail length

Territory area

Immigration - entry into the country

Emigration – leaving the country

№10. Which city is located in the zone of action of a cyclone or anticyclone.

Question about the synoptic map.

IN – anticyclone (high pressure)N – cyclone (low pressure)

№11. Question about the synoptic map .

In which city is cold snap possible? (Where the cold front goes)

In which city is warming possible? (Where the warm front goes)

Where precipitation will fall - where there is a cyclone or atmospheric front

№12. Ecology questions

Acid rain is caused by coal combustion and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Greenhouse effect – increase in carbon dioxide (transport, fuel combustion)

Smog is formed in the centers of iron and steel industry

Natural resources

Exhaustible inexhaustible (energy of the Sun, wind, tides

Non-renewable Renewable

(mineral resources) (forest, water, soil, living world)

№13. Which statement talks about the process:

Urbanization – the increasing role of cities and urban lifestyles

Migration is the movement of people from one place of residence to another

Population reproduction is a process of continuous generational change

Natural population growth - the difference between the birth rate and death rate

River regime - changes in the water level in the river according to the seasons of the year (freezing of the river, breaking up of the ice cover)

Sectoral structure of the Russian economy - This a set of industries that satisfy the homogeneous needs of society and form a single economy of the country.

№14. Determine coordinates .

If a city - Atlas 7th grade - political map of the world. (Atlas 8th grade - cities of Russia)

If there is a mountain, a volcano - Atlas 7th grade - physical map of the world (Atlas 8th grade - Russia)

Coordinates: for example 40 0 N; 80 0 east

Latitude : northern and southernLongitude : western and eastern

north latitude

w.d. e.d.

№16. Calculation problem

Problems to determine the share (%). Let's make a proportion. Integer (total) -100%, what needs to be found is x%.

20 – 100% x= 8 x100

8 - x% 20

Determine relative humidity (we make a proportion).

Determine the temperature at the top of the mountain.

Determine salinity (Measured in ppm% 0, if salinity is 15% 0, then 15 grams of salts are dissolved in a liter of water)

№17. Arrange cities in order of increasing (decreasing) population .

Atlas 9th grade. Kata population density. We look at the cities in circles.

Millionaire cities in Russia:

Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara,

Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh

№18. Determine the distance using a topographic map.

1.Measure the distance between objects with a ruler 2.Multiply by the scale value (for example 100 m)

4 cm x 100 = 400 m

№19. Determine the direction from one object to another. Topographic map

WITH

W E

№20. Determine which area is suitable for:

Sledding, alpine skiing (1. There is a slope 2. There are no bushes, holes)

Football field (1. Flat terrain 2. No holes, bushes, forests)

Orchard (1. Southern slope 2. Near the road)

№21. Determine which profile is suitable

By the height of points, by lowering the relief, etc.)

№22. Maps of which area should you choose in order to explore the territory….

Atlas 8th grade “Administrative map”, 9th grade “Economic zoning”

№24. Arrange the regions in the order in which they celebrate the New Year

Atlas 8th grade. Administrative map. Find the desired regions or cities. New Year starts oneast .

№26. Arrange the rock layers shown in the figure in order of increasing age.

(from youngest to oldest).

Howhigher layers of rocks - the younger

№28. Tasks using tables. Analyzing tables

№29. - In the capital of which of the listed republics does the Sun rise above the horizon the earliest according to Moscow time?The further east you go, the earlier it rises above the horizon.

- Where the angle of incidence of the sun's rays will be greatest.

The closer to the south, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.