Myers typology. Myers-Briggs Psychological Testing System
MYERS-BRIGGS TEST
To obtain information about which job a particular candidate is most suitable for, it is best to use the comprehensive but fairly simple Myers-Briggs test.
To administer the test, ask the candidate to answer a series of questions. Explain to him that there are no right or wrong answers to the questions, since they are not testing the level of knowledge and abilities, but the characteristics of their personal make-up. So when answering, you need to choose those points that are most relevant to reality.
1. When you are in society, do you usually prefer:
a) participate in the general conversation;
b) talk to each person separately.
2. You are more of a person:
a) realistic;
b) prone to theorizing.
3. In your opinion, worse:
a) “hover in the clouds”;
b) “roll along the knurled track.”
4. You are more impressed by:
a) principles;
b) emotions.
5. You are more attracted to:
a) convincing;
b) touching.
6. If you have to do unusual work, you better:
a) plan it in advance;
b) find out what needs to be done during the work.
7. You tend to make choices:
a) carefully;
b) impulsively.
8. At parties you:
a) stay late, become more and more animated;
b) leave early, feeling tired.
9. You are more attracted to:
a) realists;
b) people with a rich imagination.
10. Are you more interested in:
a) actually existing;
b) possible.
11. Your judgments about people are based on:
a) on rules more often than on circumstances;
b) on circumstances more often than on rules.
12. In relation to other people, you usually:
a) objective;
b) subjective.
13. You act more often:
a) punctually;
b) leisurely and unhurriedly.
14. Do you prefer:
a) complete the work in advance;
b) putting everything off until the last minute.
15. Among your friends you:
a) full of news about everyone;
b) you will be the last to know what is happening.
16. Doing regular work makes you more enjoyable:
a) do it in the generally accepted way;
b) invent your own method.
17. When you read for pleasure, do you like it when the writer:
a) clearly says what he means;
b) expresses thoughts in an unusual, original form.
18. Are you more attracted to:
a) consistency and logic of reasoning;
b) harmony of human relations.
19. It is easier for you to make judgments:
a) based on logic;
b) values-based.
20. You are more attracted to situations:
a) defined and completed;
b) uncertain and incomplete.
21. You can say that you are more of:
a) a serious and strong-willed person;
b) a person who has an easy-going attitude towards life.
22. When talking on the phone, you:
a) rarely wonder if everything will be said;
b) think in advance what you will say.
23. Facts:
a) “speak for themselves”;
b) illustrate some patterns.
24. Dreamers and visionaries:
a) irritate you;
b) captivate and enchant.
25. More often than not you are a person:
a) cool and calm;
b) cordial and sympathetic.
26. Do you think it’s worse to be:
a) unreasonable;
b) unfriendly.
27. In most cases you should:
a) control the course of events;
b) rely on the natural course of events.
28. You feel better when:
a) have already made a purchase;
b) you have the opportunity to make a purchase.
29. In the company you:
a) you are the initiator of the conversation;
b) wait for someone to contact you.
30. Common sense statements:
a) rarely raise doubts;
b) often raise doubts.
31. Would you like your friend to be a person:
a) who stands firmly on the ground;
b) who always has new ideas.
32. When making decisions, it is easier for you to deal with:
a) rules and standards;
b) feelings.
33. You are more of a person:
a) hard than soft;
b) soft than hard.
34. You are more attracted to the ability to:
a) purposefully organize;
b) use available opportunities.
35. Do you value more in a situation:
a) clarity;
b) unknown.
36. New and unusual interactions with people:
a) stimulates you and fills you with energy;
b) tires you and wastes energy.
37. In most cases, you are a person:
a) practical;
b) with imagination and whims.
38. You are more inclined to try to find out:
a) how other people can be useful;
b) other people's point of view.
39. Brings you more satisfaction:
a) thorough discussion of the issue;
b) reaching agreement on what is being discussed.
40. Your actions are largely controlled by:
a) Your head;
b) Your heart.
41. When you know that at a certain time you will be doing a certain thing:
a) You are glad that you can plan your time;
b) It’s unpleasant for you that you are bound by something.
42. Usually you:
a) strive to achieve specified results;
b) you are satisfied with what happens.
43. Do you prefer:
a) many friends and short relationships;
b) several friends and long-term relationships.
44. You are guided to a greater extent by:
a) facts;
b) patterns.
45. Are you more interested in:
a) production and distribution of products;
b) research and design.
46. Do you consider it a compliment if they call you:
a) a logical thinking person;
b) a sensitive person.
47. What you value more about yourself:
a) determination;
b) devotion.
48. Do you prefer statements:
a) final;
b) trial and preliminary.
49. You feel better:
a) after making a decision;
b) before making a decision.
50. When communicating with unfamiliar people, you:
a) easily carry on long conversations;
b) find it difficult to find topics for conversation.
51. Do you trust more:
a) your experience;
b) your intuition.
52. Would you prefer to be considered:
a) a practical person;
b) an inventive person.
53. A person more worthy of praise:
a) has a clear mind;
b) capable of strong feelings.
54. Are you more likely to be:
a) fair and impartial;
b) sympathetic and empathetic.
55. If you act according to plan, this is:
a) you like it;
b) constrains and limits you.
56. Are you better at:
a) follow a well-thought-out plan;
b) cope with the unexpected.
57. You think that people close to you know your opinion:
a) about most things;
b) only if you tell it to them.
58. What you value more about yourself:
a) a strong sense of reality;
b) vivid imagination.
59. If you were a teacher, would you prefer to teach:
a) practical subjects;
b) theoretical subjects.
60. Do you consider it a bigger mistake to:
a) too hot-tempered;
b) too objective.
61. Do you consider yourself:
a) sober-minded;
b) merciful and sympathetic.
62. You are more attracted to situations:
a) ordered and planned;
b) disordered and unplanned.
63. You do:
a) in accordance with the rules more often than eccentrically;
b) eccentrically more often than in accordance with the rules.
64. Usually you:
a) a sociable person;
b) a calm and reserved person.
65. When you write, you prefer:
a) be expressed literally;
b) express yourself figuratively.
66. It’s more difficult for you:
a) feel solidarity with others;
b) benefit from others.
67. Would you wish for yourself:
a) greater mental clarity;
b) greater capacity for compassion.
68. Would you prefer to work with a manager:
a) who is always fair;
b) always friendly.
69. Do you prefer:
a) planned events;
b) unplanned events.
70. Are you more likely to:
a) to thoughtful behavior;
b) to spontaneous behavior.
The test determines personality type based on four characteristics:
1) energy replenishment (extrovert-introvert);
2) obtaining information (sensory-intuitive);
3) decision making (thinking-feeling);
4) lifestyle (decider-perceiver).
Extrovert (E). Prefers to draw energy from the outside world (people, activities, things).
Introvert (I). Prefers to draw energy from his inner world (thoughts, emotions, impressions).
Touch (S). Receives information through his own senses.
Intuitive (N). Generates information based on one’s own premonitions.
Thinker (T). Makes decisions with his head, based on logic and objective considerations.
Sensing (F). Makes decisions with the heart, based on personal beliefs and values.
Decisive (J). Prefers an orderly and planned lifestyle.
Perceiver (P). Prefers a spontaneous and flexible lifestyle.
Now choose the highest score from each of the four categories and write down your resulting personality profile as ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, or ENTJ.
Based on the test results, you can make a rough estimate of whether the candidate is capable of holding the position offered to him. For example, if you need to work with people, manage a team, then it makes sense to invite a specialist with an external orientation (extrovert, E), and to organize the material base, production, and target planning - an introvert (I), although both will be sensory and logical and practices. But the first of them is the leader, the second is the organizer. And when choosing a successful seller, it is better to choose an extrovert, an intuitive with ethical and practical components.
If you make a mistake about whether a candidate is externally or internally oriented and offer to trade to an introvert, you can’t come up with anything worse, because an introvert can direct the actions of the team, inspire it, but there will be no practical benefit to trading from him. So, dividing candidates by type will help you not regret your choice, especially since the division system is quite simple.
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Hello, dear blog readers! Have you ever seen the expression: “Myers Briggs typology”? And this, by the way, is very interesting system descriptions of not only character different people, but also their forms of behavior, motivation, value system, as well as characteristics and needs. It is popular among managers and executives, as it helps to better understand employees and their capabilities in order to establish overall mutually beneficial and effective activities.
A little about the history of its origin
It came about through the collaboration of Katarina Briggs and Isabella Myers-Briggs, mother and daughter. These beautiful and intelligent women took the ideas of Carl Gustav Jung as the basis for their typology; we talked about them in an article about. If you don’t remember, it’s best to re-read it for a better understanding of the entire system. So, now it is called MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), and indicators are taken into account even when applying for a job; the applicant must include his result in his resume.
And in Japan and other developed countries they name the type of affiliation almost during ordinary acquaintance, since no one needs to decipher it, knowledge about all types is almost the basic information that a person living in society and wishing to cooperate with others should possess people.
Basic Description
So, personality types according to the Myers Briggs questionnaire are also presented, like Jung’s, in 16 options, the difference is that these are paired, so there are 8 scales in total. To make it clearer, let's take a closer look at them:
1. S/N
Explains how a person navigates reality and various situations.
- S – prefer to be in the present tense. Well, let’s say such a person will not care about the future, trying to get the most out of life, and right here and now. They don't like to theorize. When absolutely any situation or difficulty arises, they rely, first of all, on common sense.
- N is the complete opposite of the previous type. Characteristic is the constant “running ahead”, that is, without having yet heard the story, he begins to put forward his own ideas and assumptions. Often he even tries to finish the interlocutor’s sentences. In a conversation, he likes to go from afar, even when answering a question, he starts with background and general provisions, theories, etc.
2. T/F
Characterizes exactly how a person is used to making decisions.
- T – is guided by logic, having first carefully studied the issue and selected maximum quantity ways to solve it, will conduct comparative analysis, will weigh all the pros and cons, and only then will he be able to put forward a final conclusion. He must be sure that he did the right thing by going through everything possible options and without losing sight of anything.
- F – orientation to one’s own feelings, that is, “if you wanted, you did, if you didn’t want, you didn’t.” No thinking or logical conclusions, everything is decided by impulse. Therefore, they act instantly, without thinking for a long time, which in some situations is an advantage, since there is no opportunity to experience confusion, it is necessary to immediately begin implementation. But the T option makes fewer reckless mistakes.
3.P-J
How exactly does he realize his desires and decisions made. That is, roughly speaking, what way of life one chooses.
- P - can adapt to changes in the environment, adapt to them creatively and do not react as sharply as people with J-function. They can change plans an infinite number of times, since the basic principles of life are to do everything perfectly and correctly, bringing it to perfection. Therefore, they can enjoy the process itself, without focusing only on the result.
- J – organize their life in such a way that everything is understandable, clear and orderly. They are attracted to structure, planning and schemes, since with the help of these processes the level of anxiety decreases and a feeling of security appears, because life is organized, scheduled and understandable. But the reality is different, and in the event of unpredictable events, they may well “fall off track”, experiencing stress and nervous shock.
4. E/I
How exactly do they recover and gain strength? It will help you determine your type.
- E – extroverts replenish their resources at the time of communication with other people, and the more communication, the more energy. Attention is usually dispersed; they can simultaneously conduct a dialogue and correspond with friends, while simultaneously listening to news on the radio. The absence of the “outside world”, when you have to spend some time alone, can cause sadness, anxiety and apathy.
- I – introverts are under extreme stress if they find themselves in large companies and crowds of people, where they need to communicate and get to know each other. They are restoring at home, in nature, in a favorite place, the main thing is that it is calm, quiet and secluded. Having collected their thoughts, been alone with themselves, maybe even fantasized, they begin to “return” to life, feeling a surge of strength.
Various combinations and variations of these scales create 16 different types of people. Below is a brief description of them.
16 types of people
1. ISTJ - Caregiver
Example: Maxim Gorky. He is distinguished by his increased concern for others, so he can endure almost any pain, as long as his loved ones do not worry about him. Decisive and reliable, believe me, if he promised something, he will do absolutely everything to keep his word. Thrifty, and is of the opinion that every thing should have its place. In marriage, he remains faithful and devotes every free minute to his family. Practicality is more important than aesthetics, so don't throw away shabby furniture just because it's comfortable - that's his style. Difficulty coping with criticism and avoiding conflict situations.
2. ISTP – Master
They are ready to fight to the last drop of blood for their freedom and independence, they are unpredictable and very curious. They can do long and painstaking work if they are given the opportunity to create. At first glance they seem closed and unfriendly, but in fact they are very simple and friendly. They like to think in their spare time, as well as explore the reasons for disagreements in relationships, instead of expressing their feelings and trying to get closer to their partner after a quarrel. Tom Cruise, Frida Kahlo and Clint Eastwood are among the Masters.
3. ISFJ – Keeper of Traditions
He is capable of much if something threatens his family or loved ones. Generous and friendly, a little pedantic. But this only benefits those around him, because he will fulfill his duties efficiently and on time. They tend to devalue their work, becoming frequent victims of manipulators who take credit for their achievements. Despite the fact that they are introverts, they still manage to be open and sociable, easily making new friends. They have an excellent memory, but they occupy their “head” with more information about people, events associated with them, etc., which makes them a kind of “walking database.” By the way, Vin Diesel is the Guardian.
4. ISFP - Mediator
Example: Michael Jackson, Sofia Copolla. Is very rare species. Just imagine, in the world only 2 percent of the population is born as Mediators. Smart, secretive and self-confident. Paradoxically, despite their curiosity, they are passive, as they strive to conserve their energy. They do not accept boundaries and restrictions, so you are unlikely to meet a superstitious or orthodox Mediator. They do not follow the lead of emotions, maintaining rationality and “sobriety of mind” in completely different, critical situations. Empty chatter will not be tolerated, but you will get a wonderful, interesting interlocutor if you can interest him.5. INFJ – Fortune Teller
A restless fighter for rights and ideas, of which he has countless numbers. He believes that the world will be saved by kindness and mercy, and therefore most often chooses a life path associated with charitable organizations and helping the suffering. Sociable, easy to get along with. Thanks to his sensitivity, he is able to win the trust and affection of absolutely any person. Replenishes the energy that it spends in colossal quantities when alone with itself. Having rested for a few days like this, I am ready to rush into battle against injustice again. I think I won't surprise you if I say that Mother Teresa and Nelson Mandela were Prophets.
6. INFP – Romantic
The definition is also quite clear and simple, such a person focuses more on personally created principles than on feelings or rationalism when solving a problem. Romantics love to philosophize and reflect, so you can often find writers and poets among them. William Shakespeare was one of them. Humanitarian abilities predominate; learning languages is generally easy. They don’t like to spread themselves thin, which is why they come into contact with a limited number of people, with whom they are careful. They are usually preoccupied with finding the meaning of life, and until they understand their calling, they experience anxiety and discomfort.
7. INTJ – Explorer
He lives in fantasies and thoughts about the future, counting, but it is difficult to rely on reality, since it is too changeable. Self-confident, and does not recognize authoritarianism, treating people with a high position or rank, as well as an ordinary, unremarkable passerby. Trusts intuition, not always being able to build a logical conclusion. Incompleteness is stressful, so he strives to finish things in advance in order to exhale and relax. The Researcher is found more often in a profession such as an engineer, because it is not difficult for him to create and develop something new. An example is Elon Musk, the billionaire inventor.
8. INTP – Architect
He is interested in the process of thinking as such, is inquisitive and diligent. Able to notice details and contradictions that are hidden to others. He wants to know the world and reveal its secrets, does not take into account the opinions of others and is distinguished by loyalty not only to his family, but also to friends and ideas. Slightly slow, but able to work on painstaking work. A bit underdeveloped emotional sphere, which can make you seem insensitive. Mostly calm, the Architect is difficult to anger, so the role of a parent is a success. Honore de Balzac could boast of his analytical skills and seriousness.
9. ESTP – Entrepreneur
An example is Ernest Hemingway. Created directly for action. Fire Man. The work in his hands is “boiling”, and sometimes it seems that he is inexhaustible and tireless. He has a subtle sense of humor and knows how to “read between the lines.” A mechanism for solving problems has been established; as soon as a difficulty arises, an action plan instantly appears and the Entrepreneur rushes into battle. Focused on achievements, in the process of which he does not really grasp reality. Sometimes strict, but honest and fair, there will be no concessions for anyone. He considers the manifestation of feelings to be a weakness, which is why it sometimes feels uncomfortable and “cold” to be around him.
10. ESTJ – Administrator
A striking example is Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany. The administrator does not waste his words and does not tolerate people who do not fulfill their promises. They can work tirelessly, sacrificing personal life and rest. They are guided by logic, have good patience and prefer to work alone so as not to be distracted by unnecessary conversations, and to care about the reliability and qualifications of their colleagues. “Terrible truth-tellers” also know how to rely on themselves; they are unable to remain silent or lie, even if they have to bear responsibility and losses for this truth. They do not express emotions openly, but this does not mean that they do not live them. It is stable, safe and reliable next to them.
11. ESFP – Toastmaster
If the questionnaire showed you this result, then your friends are very lucky to have you. After all, what is a holiday without a toastmaster? Likewise, this type of personality urgently needs to have fun and have fun. They do not take life seriously, preferring to play at it. After all, the main thing is to attract attention, for the sake of it they are ready to go to great lengths. If freedom is limited or they are not given the opportunity to show enthusiasm, they can “fall” into depression. They are friendly, love people, but can easily put an aggressor in his place. They love animals, in addition to domestic ones, they will definitely feed the homeless. Not only do they easily adapt to changes, they constantly organize and attract them. It's fun and interesting to be around them. Unexpectedly, Bill Clinton is a Toastmaster.
12. ESFJ – Merchant
He lives one day at a time, suffers without communication and seeks the approval of others. He does not notice reality, which is why he is often disappointed in people, since he idealizes them. Slightly conservative and pedantic. It is difficult for him to adapt to changes. He has few close friends, if only because he is overly emotional, and not everyone is able to withstand his pressure, as well as mood changes. Responsible and active, knows how to perfectly present a product and sell it, finding an approach to different clients. Steve Harvey belongs to this variety.
13. ENFP – Journalist
Cannot live without drama and turmoil, dreaming of balance and stability. Able to concentrate on a task, getting to the truth. Emotionally excitable, unstable and erratic. This is why it is rarely possible to build long-term and close relationships. “Infects” those around him with optimism and enthusiasm, which is why he often occupies a high position and position in society. Because of his sociability, he “grows” with connections absolutely from different areas life. Drew Barrymore and Will Smith Journalists.
14. ENFJ – Teacher
An example is Barack Obama. A leader by character who is able to lead a crowd. Charming and overly responsible, as he takes on more than he can handle. He is demanding of himself and those around him, which makes the latter feel uncomfortable because they are unable to live up to expectations, if only because they are unrealistic. Patient and attentive, has compassion even for strangers, deciding to help them no matter what. A workaholic, he feels great in leadership positions, and experiences a lot of dissatisfaction as a subordinate or low-level specialist.
15. ENTP – Inventor
An example is Mark Twain. Loves difficulties, riddles, disputes and challenging fate. Enjoys little things and life in general. Routine scares him, he is ready to move mountains as long as he is interested in the business. Humor is always present, even in tense situations. He prefers power in his own hands, and if someone is against it, conflict cannot be avoided, but if the competitor is clearly stronger, he will certainly capitulate in advance. Cunning and sometimes irresponsible, he never admits that he broke or ruined something, why would he unnecessary problems? Hobbies often involve collecting.
16. ENTJ – Commander
Example - Steve Jobs and Margaret Thatcher. As befits a Commander, such a person loves to lead, “establish order” and command. Able to plan and direct the abilities of subordinates in the right direction. Work is the main value, then family and so on. Despite the fact that he doesn’t really show up at home, he won’t tolerate it if his partner behaves the same way. Requires discipline and adherence to boundaries and boundaries from children and loved ones. An optimist and a lover of life, he is looking for a reason to prove his fearlessness, but he himself is terribly afraid of appearing funny in the eyes of others.
Inspiration and patience to you on the path of self-development and self-knowledge. Take care of yourself and your loved ones!
The material was prepared by Alina Zhuravina.
The article discusses the development of Jung's typology. The American and domestic branches of the development of his ideas are compared. The overlaps and divergences between socionics and MBTI are discussed.
Key words: Jung, socionics, MBTI, Myers-Briggs typology, tests, theory, distribution.
As is known, the analogue of socionics in the USA is the Myers-Briggs typology, which is often briefly called MBTI after the name of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire test - Today it is an officially recognized test and scientific direction in psychology. More than 3 million typings are carried out per year in the USA alone; 86 of the 100 largest companies form teams taking this typology into account.
Developing independently and, accordingly, having differences in terminology and models, socionics and MBTI still represent one scientific direction and coincide in the main thing: types and their descriptions. At the same time, many of the obstacles that socionics faces today are already a passed stage in the development and recognition of MBTI.
Socionics and MBTI, being in unrelated, parallel development, repeat the history of many exact and natural sciences that have been developing for a long time according to different sides iron curtain or oceans. Examples of such development can be aircraft rocket science, cybernetics, genetics and many other sciences. Today we see that MBTI is more focused on practical application, while socionics is more focused on deep study of the theoretical part, as well as on the development of additional models.
What is socionics?
T.N. Prokofiev describes the basis of socionic theory as follows:
“The socionics approach is based on the idea of K.G. Jung about the presence of mental functions in a person, each of which performs its own work. K.G. Jung identified four mental functions: thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation, which can be considered as channels for perceiving, processing and transmitting information of varying quality. By analogy with the natural metabolism of cells, the flow of information coming to a person is split by the psyche into separate components. But not just any one, but a specific channel corresponding only to it is responsible for receiving and processing each of these components.”
In this regard, A. Augustinavichiute writes:
“The discovery of C. G. Jung is the discovery of a mechanism for selecting signals perceived by the psyche. This mechanism can be called the information metabolism (IM) code or the rules of the language through which information is transmitted.” Therefore, the second name of Socionics is “the theory of types of information metabolism.”
In socionics, Jung's mental functions are renamed by A. Augustinavichiute, and thinking, feeling, intuition and sensations are called logic, ethics, intuition and sensory, respectively.
“By presenting, following Jung, each of the four functions in an extroverted and introverted setting, Aushra received eight mental functions, which correspond to eight aspects of information flow. The combination of computer science and psychology made it possible for Aušra Augustinavičiūta to build models of structure psychological types. Model A is built in accordance with the position of S. Freud's psychoanalysis on the structure of the psyche, including consciousness and the unconscious: ego - superego - id. The structure is depicted as two rings of functions. The mental ring reflects primarily the social in a person, the vital ring reflects the biological. The socionic model serves for reliable diagnosis of psychological types, as well as for determining the relationships between personality types» .
What is MBTI?
In 1921 K.G. Jung published his book Psychological Types. academic language which was difficult for the average person to understand, and, accordingly, few could apply his ideas in practice. However, during the Second World War, two women from the United States - Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother - Katherine Briggs developed affordable way use Jung's ideas in everyday life. Their goal was to give people the ability to easily determine their type without diving deeply into Jung's academic theory.
The Myers-Briggs Indicator has been the subject of extensive scientific analysis and study, and considerable evidence has been collected for the validity and reliability of the test (Carlson, 1985; Furnham & Stringfield, 1993). The Myer-Briggs Indicator Form G is based on Jung's teachings about personality types. Typing is carried out in a self-diagnosis format using a test printed on paper. It consists of 94 questions with a choice of one of 2 answer options. Based on these answers, preferences are determined according to the four dichotomies described in Jung’s theory: extraversion/introversion (Extraversion–Introversion), sensory/intuition (Sensation–Intuition), logic/ethics (Thinking–Feeling), rationality/irrationality (Judging–Perceiving). By the way, it should be noted that Russian word“irrationality” has a negative connotation, corresponding to the Russian “unreasonable”. “Form G” is a marking of the evolutionary development of the questionnaire, which went through several stages of clarifying questions based on the results of a scientific analysis of the methodology and results of this test. Thus, MBTI theory currently defines dichotomies, types (16), and several small groups have been described.
The MBTI is the most popular test in the United States and, according to written sources, in the world. It is mainly used in business and education for more efficient work with students and employees in corporations. The test results are used primarily for career guidance, as well as to determine your leadership style and to form effective teams. Those. Most often, the test is financed not by the person being typed, but by an interested organization. There are special practices and exercises aimed at teaching workers how to use their strengths for more effective solution tasks and to better understand the actions and thinking of other team members.
The questionnaire is also informally used during hiring, although the MBTI organization itself is categorically against this and regards it as discrimination. In the USA, the resume does not indicate gender, age, nationality or skin color, because... If denied, the company may be sued for denial on grounds of discrimination, even if the person provided the information themselves. That is, for ethical reasons, the MBTI is considered a tool for improving the inclusion of people in the work process, and not for filtering.
It is important to note that MBTI is not a science, it is a product. It was created to make Jung's type theory accessible to people, and the result is a branded, proprietary test. The test has been developed for decades, tested and verified. But nevertheless, the test itself is a derivative of psychology, including Jungian psychology, which is developing and includes interpretations and analysis of the MBTI test.
The main development in the popularity of MBTI is thought to have occurred in the 1970s, with 1.5 million typings recorded in 1986 and 3.5 million typings in 2011. This means personal paid typing followed by work with a licensed specialist.
Anyone can obtain the right to use the test by completing a four-day training and briefly learning how to interpret its results. The main target audience is trainers personal growth, corporate trainers and psychologists. Psychology in the USA is a licensed profession. Therefore, according to the law, to work with clients you need to constantly gain qualification points vocational education and take exams every 5-10 years. The MBTI is part of a scoring system in psychology.
Similarities and differences
Over the past decades, many attempts have been made to link these two systems. We would like to present the resulting conclusions from an article by Lithuanian researcher Lilita Zelita from 2014 in the journal “The humanities and social studies”.
Lilita Zelita has studied more than a hundred works of socionic researchers and more than sixty works of MBTI specialists. The general conclusion is: “Socionics and MBTI have a common theoretical basis (Theory of Psychological Types by C. G. Jung), general description main dichotomies, partially divergent functional models and common final results (16 types and their characteristics). Both theories do not contradict each other, but are mutually complementary, and thus can be used to better understand oneself and others in everyday situations, in the family, in education, in work.".
That's what it means. All basic dichotomies coincide, several small groups are known in MBTI, the general description of the types coincides with the socionic one.
At the same time, the MBTI also has functional models of each type.
Rice. 1 Type functions in MBTI
For half of the types (extroverts), the models completely coincide with the socionic ones. And the models of introverted types differ from socionic ones (Fig. 1). So, for example, for the ISFP type, which stands for introvert/sensory/feeling/receptive or in socionic terms introvert/sensory/ethical/irrational, i.e. SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”) theoretical model of the order and scope of functions is as follows - the first, dominant function is introverted ethics, and the second, complementary one is extroverted sensing. According to the socionic model, this would correspond to the ESI type (ISFJ, “Dreiser”)..
The functions in the MBTI model are defined as follows.
It is important to note that the type in MBTI is determined through the dichotomies of Jung’s basis based on the results of filling out the questionnaire, and the models do not form the basis for further theoretical constructions and practical application.
Lilita Zelita explains the differences in the theoretical layout and descriptions in MBTI and socionics by differences in the types of their founders and key representatives. The language used in type theory is understandable to ordinary people, since its founders - Katherine Briggs, Isabel Briggs Myers and others, were from the humanities club, and their leading functions were ethics and intuition. Socionics was founded by A. Augustinavichiute, and most of its key representatives, including V. Gulenko, G. Reinin, A. Bukalov, T. Prokofieva - from the club of researchers with the leading functions of logic and intuition.
It is important to note that MBTI is considered as self-identification, self-report: a person shows who he wants to be, what interests him. This is done on the basis of independently completing a test of 96 questions within 20 minutes. Additionally, information is provided on the percentage preponderance of the dominant trait. In this way, a person can see which functions are more pronounced, and where the excess or deficiency is insignificant. Often a recommendation is given to look at information about a related type. The test results are then verified by a specialist.
Socionics focuses on assessing the type from the outside, which is more objective, but technically much more difficult. For correct self-diagnosis, a person must not only have a very deep knowledge of socionic theory, Model A, the characteristics of various types and be free from social stereotypes and approved models of behavior, but also understand and know himself well, accept himself as he is. Such requirements make self-diagnosis very difficult and biased. This issue is discussed in more detail in the article by T.N. Prokofieva and V.G. Prokofiev “Puzzle technology. Quality standards for socionic diagnostics".
This fact - self-diagnosis - explains the difference in assessing the uniformity of the distribution of types among people according to MBTI and socionics. In socionics, as far as we know, it is believed that the distribution is approximately uniform, but in MBTI there are statistics according to which the distribution is uneven. The extreme representatives are the types ISFJ - ethical-sensory introvert - 13.8% of the population, and ENFJ - ethical-intuitive extrovert - 1.5%
A number of articles discussing the complexities of MBTI typing emphasize that the main problem is an overly simplified description of types. After all, extroverts are not necessarily noisy and introverts are quiet, but the point is how a person perceives and processes information. Here you can see a direct connection with the concept of “information metabolism” and the coincidence in this issue between MBTI and socionics. And in order to avoid superficial interpretation, it is recommended that the diagnostician personally explain the results of the MBTI test.
In 2008, personality researchers (Linda V. Behrens and Dario Nardi) added four additional features in the MBTI model, the so-called “shadow” functions that a person does not normally exhibit, but which can arise when a person is under stress. Shadow processes " work more at the edges of our awareness... We usually experience these processes in a negative way, but when we are open to them they can be quite positive“- write scientists in the manual for working with the MBTI test “Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code”. Thus, in latest model MBTI has 8 functions, of which 4 are in the conscious block, and 4 in the shadow block. Here is a table with a translation into Russian based on materials from the site http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/16types/16types.cfm.
Accordingly, extroverted functions of the type in MBTI are reflected by introverted ones in the shadow block, and vice versa. Thus, in the latest theoretical model of MBTI researchers, the presence of 8 functions, 4 main and 4 shadow, is deduced, which theoretically corresponds to the mental and vital rings in the socionic model A. At the same time, “shadow” functions “are activated at the borders of awareness” and more often demonstrate themselves with the negative side, which coincides with the characteristics of the subconscious according to Freud and Jung, but does not quite correspond to their location in model A, because the reaction to the vital functions of model A is not always negative.
It should be noted that the interpretation of the “main” functions of the MBTI is generally similar to the socionic one, but not in all respects.
The first one is basic. Develops first in childhood, requires a minimal amount of energy to use, is the strongest and most confident, can sometimes cause inconvenience to others with its “dominance”
The second is auxiliary, the second is developing. With it we support both ourselves and those around us. In a positive manifestation - a caring parent, in a negative one - too caring, critical, inhibiting.
The third is additional to the auxiliary(although interpreted as a function of children's joy). Source of energy. At the age of 20-30, we are attracted to activity in this function. Often creativity occurs through the third function, but in its negative manifestation a person is too infantile.
The fourth is painful. This function can develop already in adulthood, giving balance to life. Before this, fears, negative projections on others and “shoulds” are associated with it.
The interpretation of the role of each of the identified “shadow” functions in MBTI still differs from the interpretation of the socionic model, while reflecting the corresponding main functions.
Fifth the function is characterized as capricious child.
Sixth – critical parent, stopping and demoralizing others.
Seventh - a deceptive distraction, according to it, what is not important seems important to us.
Eighth – demonic, destructive a function whose actions are usually regretted later.
Comment by T.N. Prokofieva:
"Let us analyze the correspondence of models using the example of TIM ILE (ENTP, Don Quixote) to see the similarities and differences.
What can we say? In some places the characteristics are similar, in others they are not at all. Especially in terms of the functions of the ID block, the MBTI interpretation is not similar to the socionic one. And with awareness and unconsciousness, not everything is clear.
Of course, I would like to read more detailed descriptions, which means "basic" in the MBTI, for example.
Is it the same as in socionics? What about “auxiliary”? This was the case with Jung, but a lot of time has passed since then. How do Western colleagues understand all this now?
Well, what about introverted models? Let's look at the example of SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”).
If certain similarities were observed with the extroverted model, then judge for yourself with the introverted model. So far the result is puzzling. Does anyone use this model? Does she have detailed interpretation and practical application?
And the most important thing I want to say is: a model is just a model. It is designed to model some processes for easier study and description. It is far from a fact that this model is conceived and interpreted as a model of information metabolism in the socionic sense. Perhaps it serves to model completely different processes.
There is no way to say that there are different types in the MBTI just because the functions have been assigned a different number. We know the main thing: types are determined using a questionnaire based on basic dichotomies and applied on the same grounds. Models are not involved in diagnostics, nor in type descriptions. What exactly do they describe and whether they are used for something or whether they remain simply written on paper - I would like to understand"
Conclusions
The MBTI test does not fundamentally contradict socionic theory in terms of Jung’s basis. This is not surprising, because both theories have the same basis. Moreover, the latest theoretical research MBTI brings it even closer to socionic theory. At the same time, the MBTI test is supported by a significant number of international studies confirming both its scientific significance and reliable support for the idea of four dichotomies and 16 types.
The key difference between MBTI and socionics is the point of view of the person being typed. In one case, this is self-typing, which, in fact, results in information not so much about who a person is, but about who he sees himself as. In socionics, the methodology is aimed at independently typing a person the way he interacts with the real world. The difference between the results of self-typing and typing can be very significant, because in fact, these are answers to completely different questions.
The article discusses the development of Jung's typology. The American and domestic branches of the development of his ideas are compared. The overlaps and divergences between socionics and MBTI are discussed.
Key words: Jung, socionics, MBTI, Myers-Briggs typology, tests, theory, distribution.
As you know, the analogue of socionics in the USA is the Myers-Briggs typology, which is often briefly called MBTI after the name of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire - Today it is an officially recognized test and scientific direction in psychology. More than 3 million typings are carried out per year in the USA alone; 86 of the 100 largest companies form teams taking this typology into account.
Developing independently and, accordingly, having differences in terminology and models, socionics and MBTI still represent one scientific direction and coincide in the main thing: types and their descriptions. At the same time, many of the obstacles that socionics faces today are already a passed stage in the development and recognition of MBTI.
Socionics and MBTI, being in unrelated, parallel development, repeat the history of many exact and natural sciences, which for a long time developed on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain or oceans. Examples of such development can be aircraft rocket science, cybernetics, genetics and many other sciences. Today we see that MBTI is more focused on practical application, while socionics is more focused on deep study of the theoretical part, as well as on the development of additional models.
What is socionics?
T.N. Prokofiev describes the basis of socionic theory as follows:
“The socionics approach is based on the idea of K.G. Jung about the presence of mental functions in a person, each of which performs its own work. K.G. Jung identified four mental functions: thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation, which can be considered as channels for perceiving, processing and transmitting information of varying quality. By analogy with the natural metabolism of cells, the flow of information coming to a person is split by the psyche into separate components. But not just any one, but a specific channel corresponding only to it is responsible for receiving and processing each of these components.”
In this regard, A. Augustinavichiute writes:
“The discovery of C. G. Jung is the discovery of a mechanism for selecting signals perceived by the psyche. This mechanism can be called the information metabolism (IM) code or the rules of the language through which information is transmitted.” Therefore, the second name of Socionics is “the theory of types of information metabolism.”
In socionics, Jung's mental functions are renamed by A. Augustinavichiute, and thinking, feeling, intuition and sensations are called logic, ethics, intuition and sensory, respectively.
“By presenting, following Jung, each of the four functions in an extroverted and introverted setting, Aushra received eight mental functions, which correspond to eight aspects of information flow. The combination of computer science and psychology made it possible for Aušra Augustinavičiūta to build models of the structure of psychological types. Model A is built in accordance with the position of S. Freud's psychoanalysis on the structure of the psyche, including consciousness and the unconscious: ego - superego - id. The structure is depicted as two rings of functions. The mental ring reflects primarily the social in a person, the vital ring reflects the biological. The socionic model serves for reliable diagnosis of psychological types, as well as for determining the relationships between personality types» .
What is MBTI?
In 1921 K.G. Jung published a book called Psychological Types, the academic language of which was difficult for the layman to understand, and, accordingly, few could apply his ideas in practice. However, during World War II, two American women, Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katherine Briggs, developed an accessible way to use Jung's ideas in everyday life. Their goal was to give people the ability to easily determine their type without diving deeply into Jung's academic theory.
The Myers-Briggs Indicator has been the subject of extensive scientific analysis and study, and considerable evidence has been collected for the validity and reliability of the test (Carlson, 1985; Furnham & Stringfield, 1993). The Myer-Briggs Indicator Form G is based on Jung's teachings about personality types. Typing is carried out in a self-diagnosis format using a test printed on paper. It consists of 94 questions with a choice of one of 2 answer options. Based on these answers, preferences are determined according to the four dichotomies described in Jung’s theory: extraversion/introversion (Extraversion–Introversion), sensory/intuition (Sensation–Intuition), logic/ethics (Thinking–Feeling), rationality/irrationality (Judging–Perceiving). By the way, it should be noted that the Russian word “irrationality” has a negative connotation, corresponding to the Russian “unreasonable”. “Form G” is a marking of the evolutionary development of the questionnaire, which went through several stages of clarifying questions based on the results of a scientific analysis of the methodology and results of this test. Thus, MBTI theory currently defines dichotomies, types (16), and several small groups have been described.
The MBTI is the most popular test in the United States and, according to written sources, in the world. It is mainly used in business and education to work more effectively with students and employees in corporations. The test results are used primarily for career guidance, as well as to determine your leadership style and to form effective teams. Those. Most often, the test is financed not by the person being typed, but by an interested organization. There are special practices and exercises aimed at teaching employees to use their strengths to more effectively solve problems and to better understand the actions and thinking of other team members.
The questionnaire is also informally used during hiring, although the MBTI organization itself is categorically against this and regards it as discrimination. In the USA, the resume does not indicate gender, age, nationality or skin color, because... If denied, the company may be sued for denial on grounds of discrimination, even if the person provided the information themselves. That is, for ethical reasons, the MBTI is considered a tool for improving the inclusion of people in the work process, and not for filtering.
It is important to note that MBTI is not a science, it is a product. It was created to make Jung's type theory accessible to people, and the result is a branded, proprietary test. The test has been developed for decades, tested and verified. But nevertheless, the test itself is a derivative of psychology, including Jungian psychology, which is developing and includes interpretations and analysis of the MBTI test.
The main development in the popularity of MBTI is thought to have occurred in the 1970s, with 1.5 million typings recorded in 1986 and 3.5 million typings in 2011. This means personal paid typing followed by work with a licensed specialist.
Anyone can obtain the right to use the test by completing a four-day training and briefly learning how to interpret its results. The main target audience is personal growth coaches, corporate trainers and psychologists. Psychology in the USA is a licensed profession. Therefore, according to the law, in order to work with clients, you must constantly gain qualification points for professional education and pass exams every 5-10 years. The MBTI is part of a scoring system in psychology.
Similarities and differences
Over the past decades, many attempts have been made to link these two systems. We would like to present the resulting conclusions from an article by Lithuanian researcher Lilita Zelita from 2014 in the journal “The humanities and social studies”.
Lilita Zelita has studied more than a hundred works of socionic researchers and more than sixty works of MBTI specialists. The general conclusion is: “Socionics and MBTI have a common theoretical base (C. G. Jung’s Theory of Psychological Types), a general description of the main dichotomies, partially divergent functional models and common final results (16 types and their characteristics). Both theories do not contradict each other, but are mutually complementary, and thus can be used to better understand oneself and others in everyday situations, in the family, in education, in work.".
That's what it means. All basic dichotomies coincide, several small groups are known in MBTI, the general description of the types coincides with the socionic one.
At the same time, the MBTI also has functional models of each type.
Rice. 1 Type functions in MBTI
For half of the types (extroverts), the models completely coincide with the socionic ones. And the models of introverted types differ from socionic ones (Fig. 1). So, for example, for the ISFP type, which stands for introvert/sensory/feeling/receptive or in socionic terms introvert/sensory/ethical/irrational, i.e. SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”) theoretical model of the order and scope of functions is as follows - the first, dominant function is introverted ethics, and the second, complementary one is extroverted sensing. According to the socionic model, this would correspond to the ESI type (ISFJ, “Dreiser”)..
The functions in the MBTI model are defined as follows.
It is important to note that the type in MBTI is determined through the dichotomies of Jung’s basis based on the results of filling out the questionnaire, and the models do not form the basis for further theoretical constructions and practical application.
Lilita Zelita explains the differences in the theoretical layout and descriptions in MBTI and socionics by differences in the types of their founders and key representatives. The language used in type theory is understandable to ordinary people, since its founders - Katherine Briggs, Isabel Briggs Myers and others, were from the humanities club, and their leading functions were ethics and intuition. Socionics was founded by A. Augustinavichiute, and most of its key representatives, including V. Gulenko, G. Reinin, A. Bukalov, T. Prokofieva - from the club of researchers with the leading functions of logic and intuition.
It is important to note that MBTI is considered as self-identification, self-report: a person shows who he wants to be, what interests him. This is done on the basis of independently completing a test of 96 questions within 20 minutes. Additionally, information is provided on the percentage preponderance of the dominant trait. In this way, a person can see which functions are more pronounced, and where the excess or deficiency is insignificant. Often a recommendation is given to look at information about a related type. The test results are then verified by a specialist.
Socionics focuses on assessing the type from the outside, which is more objective, but technically much more difficult. For correct self-diagnosis, a person must not only have a very deep knowledge of socionic theory, Model A, the characteristics of various types and be free from social stereotypes and approved models of behavior, but also understand and know himself well, accept himself as he is. Such requirements make self-diagnosis very difficult and biased. This issue is discussed in more detail in the article by T.N. Prokofieva and V.G. Prokofiev “Puzzle technology. Quality standards for socionic diagnostics".
This fact - self-diagnosis - explains the difference in assessing the uniformity of the distribution of types among people according to MBTI and socionics. In socionics, as far as we know, it is believed that the distribution is approximately uniform, but in MBTI there are statistics according to which the distribution is uneven. The extreme representatives are the types ISFJ - ethical-sensory introvert - 13.8% of the population, and ENFJ - ethical-intuitive extrovert - 1.5%
A number of articles discussing the complexities of MBTI typing emphasize that the main problem is an overly simplified description of types. After all, extroverts are not necessarily noisy and introverts are quiet, but the point is how a person perceives and processes information. Here you can see a direct connection with the concept of “information metabolism” and the coincidence in this issue between MBTI and socionics. And in order to avoid superficial interpretation, it is recommended that the diagnostician personally explain the results of the MBTI test.
In 2008, personality researchers (Linda V. Behrens and Dario Nardi) added four additional functions to the MBTI model, so-called "shadow" functions, which a person does not normally exhibit, but which can arise when a person is under stress. Shadow processes " work more at the edges of our awareness... We usually experience these processes in a negative way, but when we are open to them they can be quite positive“- write scientists in the manual for working with the MBTI test “Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code”. Thus, in the latest MBTI model there are 8 functions, of which 4 are in the conscious block and 4 in the shadow block. Here is a table with a translation into Russian based on materials from the site http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/16types/16types.cfm.
Accordingly, extroverted functions of the type in MBTI are reflected by introverted ones in the shadow block, and vice versa. Thus, in the latest theoretical model of MBTI researchers, the presence of 8 functions, 4 main and 4 shadow, is deduced, which theoretically corresponds to the mental and vital rings in the socionic model A. At the same time, “shadow” functions “are activated at the borders of awareness” and more often demonstrate themselves with the negative side, which coincides with the characteristics of the subconscious according to Freud and Jung, but does not quite correspond to their location in model A, because the reaction to the vital functions of model A is not always negative.
It should be noted that the interpretation of the “main” functions of the MBTI is generally similar to the socionic one, but not in all respects.
The first one is basic. Develops first in childhood, requires a minimal amount of energy to use, is the strongest and most confident, can sometimes cause inconvenience to others with its “dominance”
The second is auxiliary, the second is developing. With it we support both ourselves and those around us. In a positive manifestation - a caring parent, in a negative one - too caring, critical, inhibiting.
The third is additional to the auxiliary(although interpreted as a function of children's joy). Source of energy. At the age of 20-30, we are attracted to activity in this function. Often creativity occurs through the third function, but in its negative manifestation a person is too infantile.
The fourth is painful. This function can develop already in adulthood, giving balance to life. Before this, fears, negative projections on others and “shoulds” are associated with it.
The interpretation of the role of each of the identified “shadow” functions in MBTI still differs from the interpretation of the socionic model, while reflecting the corresponding main functions.
Fifth the function is characterized as capricious child.
Sixth – critical parent, stopping and demoralizing others.
Seventh - a deceptive distraction, according to it, what is not important seems important to us.
Eighth – demonic, destructive a function whose actions are usually regretted later.
Comment by T.N. Prokofieva:
"Let us analyze the correspondence of models using the example of TIM ILE (ENTP, Don Quixote) to see the similarities and differences.
What can we say? In some places the characteristics are similar, in others they are not at all. Especially in terms of the functions of the ID block, the MBTI interpretation is not similar to the socionic one. And with awareness and unconsciousness, not everything is clear.
Of course, I would like to read more detailed descriptions of what “basic” means in MBTI, for example.
Is it the same as in socionics? What about “auxiliary”? This was the case with Jung, but a lot of time has passed since then. How do Western colleagues understand all this now?
Well, what about introverted models? Let's look at the example of SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”).
If certain similarities were observed with the extroverted model, then judge for yourself with the introverted model. So far the result is puzzling. Does anyone use this model? Does it have detailed interpretation and practical application?
And the most important thing I want to say is: a model is just a model. It is designed to model some processes for easier study and description. It is far from a fact that this model is conceived and interpreted as a model of information metabolism in the socionic sense. Perhaps it serves to model completely different processes.
There is no way to say that there are different types in the MBTI just because the functions have been assigned a different number. We know the main thing: types are determined using a questionnaire based on basic dichotomies and applied on the same grounds. Models are not involved in diagnostics, nor in type descriptions. What exactly do they describe and whether they are used for something or whether they remain simply written on paper - I would like to understand"
Conclusions
The MBTI test does not fundamentally contradict socionic theory in terms of Jung’s basis. This is not surprising, because both theories have the same basis. Moreover, recent theoretical studies of MBTI bring it even closer to socionic theory. At the same time, the MBTI test is supported by a significant number of international studies confirming both its scientific significance and reliable support for the idea of four dichotomies and 16 types.
The key difference between MBTI and socionics is the point of view of the person being typed. In one case, this is self-typing, which, in fact, results in information not so much about who a person is, but about who he sees himself as. In socionics, the methodology is aimed at independently typing a person the way he interacts with the real world. The difference between the results of self-typing and typing can be very significant, because in fact, these are answers to completely different questions.
Latest update: 20/12/2014
Have you ever heard someone describe themselves as an INTJ or ESTP? Have you wondered what these mysterious letters could mean? So, these people mean their personality type according to Myers-Briggs typology. The Myers-Briggs psychological testing system is a self-administered questionnaire designed to determine a person's personality type, strengths and preferences. The questionnaire was developed by Isabella Myers with Katherine Briggs, her mother, based on their work on Carl Jung's theory of personality types.
Today, this questionnaire is considered one of the most widely used psychological tools in the world.
Working on the Myers-Briggs test
Both Isabella Myers and her mother Catherine were fascinated by Jung's theory of psychological types; they concluded that the theory could have real applied value. During World War II, Myers and Briggs began research and began developing a scale that could be used to measure individual differences. By helping people understand themselves, Myers and Briggs decided that they could also help people choose a career that would best suit their personality type and lead to a healthier, happier life.
Myers created the first handwritten version of the test in the 1940s, and women began testing it on friends and family members. Over the next two decades, they continued to refine the language and content of the test.
Myers-Briggs System Overview
Based on the answers to the questions, people are classified into 16 personality types. The purpose of the MBTI is to allow respondents to further explore and gain a better understanding of themselves: their preferences, strengths and weaknesses, possible career options and compatibility with others. None of the following personality types can be considered better or worse. This system is not a tool designed to look for dysfunction or abnormality. The goal of its developers was simply to help you learn more about yourself.
The questionnaire itself consists of four different scales:
- Extraversion(E)- introversion(I). This scale was first studied by Jung in his theory of personality types, and was presented as a way of describing people's reactions to phenomena and interaction with the outside world. While these terms are familiar to most people, the way they are used here is somewhat different from the popular way. Extroverts are outward-oriented and tend to prefer activities that involve social interaction; they feel energized by spending time with other people. Introverts focus on their inner world and tend to be reflective and introspective. In solitude, they find what they need to feel great. To some extent, we can exhibit traits of both an extrovert and an introvert, but most of us are still inclined to one of these “poles.”
- Common sense(S)- Intuition(N). This scale draws our attention to how we collect information from the world around us. Just as with extroversion and introversion, all people from time to time resort to both common sense and an intuitive search for a solution, depending on the situation. But, according to MBTI, one thing still dominates in a person. People who prefer common sense tend to pay close attention to reality, especially what they can perceive through their own senses. They tend to focus on facts and details and enjoy hands-on experience. Those who prefer intuition tend to pay more attention to things like patterns and impressions. They love to think about the possible, imagining the future and formulating abstract theories.
- Thinking(T)- Feeling(F). This scale focuses on how people use the information they have collected when making decisions. People who prefer to think focus their attention on facts and objective data. When making decisions, they are usually consistent, logical and objective. Those who prefer feeling are likely to consider only their emotions.
- Judgment(J)- Perception(P). The last scale shows on what basis people base their interaction with the outside world. Those who are prone to judgment prefer balanced and firm decisions. People who are more receptive are more open, flexible, and adaptable.
Each personality type has a four-letter code, there are 16 in total:
The Myers-Briggs system will help you look at yourself from an interesting point of view; that's why it is still very popular. Even without filling out a formal questionnaire, you can probably already recognize some of the tendencies described above in yourself.
The only important thing to remember is that all types are equal, and that each type has a special meaning. By studying or working in a group, you can benefit from understanding your own strengths and understanding others' strengths. For example, working on a project together with other group members, you could understand what each of them is strong in, what each of them really has a talent for. By recognizing these differences between team members, you will be able to distribute tasks more accurately and achieve your goals faster.
How is the Myers-Briggs system different from other instruments?
First, the MBTI is not actually a test as such. There are no right or wrong answers to this questionnaire and no one type can be considered superior to the others. The purpose of the questionnaire is not to evaluate mental health or selection of diagnostic tools.
Second, unlike many other types of psychological tools, your results are not compared to any norms. Instead of comparing your results to other people's, the system simply offers additional information about your unique personality.
Reliability and validity of the questionnaire
According to Myers and Briggs, the MBTI meets accepted standards of reliability and validity. However, some studies have shown that the reliability and validity of the test results have not been adequately demonstrated.
Studies have shown that between 40% and 75% of respondents received completely different results when taking the test a second time. Released in 1992 by the Committee on Human Performance Techniques and the National Council on scientific research The book states that “...no research has been conducted to justify the use of the MBTI in career guidance programs. Most of the evidence is based on unapproved techniques."
MBTI today
Because the Myers-Briggs Inventory is relatively easy to use, it has become one of the most popular and most commonly used psychological instruments today. Approximately two million adults in the United States undergo it each year.
There are many versions of the MBTI available on the Internet today, but it should be noted that none of the unofficial questionnaires that are freely available can be considered even as close to the real thing. The actual MBTI questionnaire must be completed under the guidance of a qualified and experienced professional who can then correctly interpret the results.
The current version of the Myers-Briggs questionnaire includes 93 questions in the North American version and 88 in the European version. For each question there are two answer options, from which the respondent must choose only one.
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