House with five walls. To saw or not to saw, that is the question

TYPES OF PEASANT ARCHITECTURE

When determining the typology of peasant log architecture Altai Territory The principle of vertical and horizontal layout of a traditional East Slavic dwelling is taken as a basis, with changes being made to the layout and distribution of economic and living space, reflecting regional characteristics due to both adaptation to new natural and climatic conditions and the mixing of traditions of different colonization flows and aboriginal culture. Peasant frame, adobe, cast architecture had only a horizontal ground layout, which practically coincides with log architecture.

By vertical type Peasant log-frame architecture is divided into two types. First type- residential buildings with a lower framed or sheathed room used for household needs (moss farm, workshop, trading store) or, if necessary, easily converted into residential premises. The lower room, called the "basement" (later - "underground") is arranged with a recess into the ground of 1.5 - 2 meters, has low earthen windows, often not framed or not cashed, and an independent entrance through a low door from the yard and an entrance is required from inside the living space. Typically, the lower room repeats the layout of the upper living space and is divided into chambers by extending the walls of the internal cut inwards. In the case of a multi-chamber basement, each upper chamber has an independent entrance through a hatch in the floor. Second type With vertical layout is a two-story log house. Third type— ground installation of a log house without a lower room.

By horizontal type Peasant log-frame architecture is represented by four main types of dwellings: hut, connection, cross and five-walled. Each type has several options, reflecting the evolution of one type or another in order to expand the living or commercial space.

Most ancient type- a log one-chamber hut, known from archaeological sites of the 9th - 10th centuries. During the period of colonization of the south of Western Siberia, it was the dominant design. Still widespread throughout rural areas. Exists in Altai under the names - "hut", "foot"(genetic memory of the roots of the origin of the word “izba” from the word “istopa”, “to heat”, i.e. a heated room with a stove), "chicken"(preserved as an echo of the name “smoking hut”, i.e. heated in black).

First type presented In Altai, the log hut based on the roof structure is represented by two types - a hut with a male structure of a gable roof and a hut with a rafter structure of a gable roof. According to the presence of an additional extension, the huts are divided:

1) a log house single-chamber dwelling without an additional log house, 2) a hut with a log house along the long wall, in which the entrance unit is located, 3) a hut with a log house to the end wall and an entrance unit through it.

In some cases, the cut may be made of half-logs (slabs) or plank blocks. Typical dimensions of a hut in Altai are “3 by 4” or “4 by 5” meters. Characteristic feature is the location decorative ornaments: on the piers (boards covering the exits slightly), the edge of the board is figuratively processed, on the platbands the decorative load is carried by the frontal (upper) board of the platband, the under-eaves overhang most often has the shape of triangular teeth or “braiding” (a decorative tape of semicircular cutouts with a through hole). In general, the carving of huts uses the simplest geometric ornament with archaic ancient Slavic symbolism.

Second type peasant architecture in Altai is also represented by the ancient, which is logical development log one-chamber hut. On the territory of Russia it was formed in the 10th - 11th centuries. Appeared in Altai in the 18th century, but already from late XIX centuries, it was preserved mainly in peasant construction and was gradually replaced by a more advanced design of the cross house. At present, there are few communications huts left. In modern rural construction this type is not used at all.

Existing huts can be divided by connection:

three-chamber communication hut without a cut-out on the basement,
three-chamber hut connected to a log house along the long side on the basement,
ground three-chamber communication hut,
ground three-chamber hut connected to the prirub.

This type of architecture is characterized by the elongated shape of the house and its division by two parallel internal walls into three chambers: the two outer ones - large sizes and between them - small size. the traditional name of the chambers has been preserved: a large room with a stove - "hut", second big - "upper room", the middle room between them "canopy" or "sensy". In all examined options, the three-chamber building was installed perpendicular to the street, which generally coincided with the dominant direction of the cold northern ( "siver") wind.

The connection hut on the basement is large in size. Basement height among old-timers, represented by immigrants from Pomerania, the Urals and the north European Russia, from 1 m 80 cm to 2 m. The log houses in the described options are installed on “chairs” made of larch. In all surviving monuments of the first two types, the roof shape is gable with a rafter or gable structure. The roof design depended on the volume of the building. For large volumes, a rafter roof shape was used, for smaller volumes, a male roof shape was used. Distinctive feature of this type are small window sizes and doorways. The entrance node is located in the middle of the courtyard facade through the middle chamber. More often, communication huts in Altai were built by representatives of the ethnographic group “Kerzhaks”, less often by “Pomortsy”. Geographically, communication huts are not localized, but are distributed everywhere.

In the ground type hut-connected building, the building does not have a foundation. The bottom row of logs is laid on the ground, which is typical for the steppe and southern provinces of European Russia. In Altai, small stone slabs at corners or around the entire perimeter. Therefore, the entrance to the hut (middle communications chamber) is through a low doorway lined with blocks, often without a porch or with one step. There are no windows on the courtyard wall with the entrance. The roof in the last two types is usually truss structure with four slopes, has a small height. Izb-connections are characterized by limited use of threads, usually on the top board of the platband, or its absence.

Third type- chronologically younger. According to ethnographers, it appeared in the 14th century. But it spread to Altai with the beginning of the development of the territory by the Russian population. A five-walled house presented in Altai various options, which can be classified according to a number of characteristics: by the shape of the roof, by the presence of a basement, by the position of the building relative to the street, by the shape of the main building, by the presence and shape of a truss. The first group is represented by five-walled houses small sizes with a gable roof:

A five-walled house with a gable roof without a cut-out or basement,
A five-walled house with a barn without a basement,
A five-walled house with a gable roof without a cut on the basement,
A five-walled house with a gable roof with a porch and basement.

The log house has rectangular shape, divided by a transverse wall into two chambers: "hut" And "upper room". Traditionally, the log house is located along the long courtyard wall. In a five-walled house on a basement, there are two ways to enter through the grove. In the first case, the flooring of the house and the farmhouse is at the same height, so front door leads indoor high porch or an open porch with a locker and a single-pitched canopy. In the second case, the prirub has a low flooring, so the street porch is not high (usually two or three steps), but in the prirub there are steep steps in the form of steps for entering the living space. In five-walled houses without a basement, there is only a street porch. Unlike the previous two types of peasant architecture, a five-walled house with a gable roof usually has abundant carvings on the architraves, lintel, under-eaves frieze and overhang.

Another group of five-walled houses is different hipped roof, close in shape to square, similar to cross houses:

A five-walled ground house with a hipped roof and a log or plank shed under a separate pitched roof,
An above-ground five-walled house with a log house under a hipped roof shared with the living space and a hemmed ceiling in the log house,
A five-walled house with a log house under one hipped roof and a hemmed ceiling on the basement,
A five-walled house with a log house or half-log house, in which the ceiling is not hemmed,
A five-walled house with a hipped roof and a log or half-log building under a separate pitched roof on a basement,
A two-story, five-walled house under a hipped roof and a log or half-log or plank frame under a separate pitched roof,
A two-story, five-walled house with a log or half-timbered log house under a single hipped roof.

Fourth type- appeared in Altai at the end of the 19th century, reflected the growth in the economic well-being of the rural population and is distinguished by large volumes. Presented with the following options:

Crusader houses are characterized by different types input nodes and porch. Window openings in cross- and five-walled houses are usually large in size, often semi-circular in shape. Such types of decorative design as carvings on platbands, cornices, friezes, enveloping blades, as well as tin cuts on organized gutters, chimneys, and parapets are widely used. Wood carving presented different types both in terms of manufacturing technology - cutting, blind chiseled, sawn overlay and sawn openwork carving, and in terms of ornamentation - geometric, ornithomorphic, floral ornamentation predominates in nature - large carving details, small ones, rich or sparse ornamentation. Geographically, the predominance of the Volga style of carving is noticeable in the northeastern part of the region, the North Russian style in the southeastern part of the region, and in other areas there are mixed types of carving.

Fifth type architecture - . It is called in Altai "cross connection". The appearance is associated with the growth of the financial situation of the rural population of Altai no earlier than the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the urban population, who, according to archival data, built houses with a cross connection at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries in Biysk and Barnaul. In terms of species, most of the surviving monuments correspond to the North Russian type of houses, primarily with the high setting of the house:

Cross connection with gable rafter roof on a high basement.
Cross connection with a gable rafter roof, with a tenon without a cornice device on a high basement,
Cross connection with a hipped rafter roof on a high basement,
Cross connection with a four-pitched rafter roof on the middle basement,
Cross connection with a gable roof on the middle basement,
Two-story cross connection.

The latter option appeared in the village as commercial and industrial entrepreneurship developed and traders and industrialists emerged from the rural environment. The presence of the first floor with six rooms made it possible to use them as production - workshops, shops, etc.

Northern Russian characteristics include types of carved decorations: the use of cuts, the predominance of geometric lines, small details, hanging cone-shaped earrings (towns) on the side boards of the platbands, as well as the presence of a massive ridge on gable roofs and towels in the form of a truncated four-pointed cross with diamond-shaped decorations at the points of intersection and contact with the side. A number of houses of the cross connection have window sizes typical for the North Russian ethnocultural zone, platbands with a rectangular high forehead and single-leaf shutters. The most striking representative is the monument in the village of Altaiskoye, with abundant small carvings in the form of cuts, sawn, relief and blind carvings on the platbands. Sawn openwork carving is located on the cornice, frieze, and pediments of dormer windows.

Depending on the number of walls, rooms and their location, as well as on the heating method, several types of layouts of wooden houses can be distinguished.

Typically, a four-walled hut was built as a temporary home by hunters or fishermen who were forced to fish for several months. Wooden houses with four walls were also built for permanent residence. In this case, to preserve heat (this was especially important for northern regions with a harsh climate), cold canopies were attached to them. To protect from rain and snow, the roof of the house was made large, protruding far beyond the walls.

Five-walled

A five-wall wooden house is a rectangular structure in which the entire living area was divided by a transverse wall into two unequal parts: a room and a vestibule. If a canopy was added to the house, it was divided into an upper room and a living room. A stove was usually installed in the living room, which heated the entire room, and food was prepared here.

The inner wall started from the very base and reached the ceiling. The cross sections of its logs went out, dividing the façade of the room into two parts. At first, the huts were not divided equally, but over time they began to make five-walled buildings with the facade divided into 2 equal parts.

According to a long-standing custom, after children grew up and started their own families, they still continued to live with their parents. The premises for both families consisted of two adjacent huts, each of which had its own entrance, vestibule (they were built behind the huts) and a stove.

Cross

Cross wooden house- This is a square structure in which the internal transverse wall intersected at right angles with the longitudinal one. As a result, four separate rooms were formed. The transverse wall made of logs (cut) was erected simultaneously with the dwelling. Its ends were visible on the facade. The roof of such a structure was made hip. The porch was in the lower part of the log building.

Izba - from the verb “to drown”

Sometimes it was placed perpendicular to the wall. In such a hut it was already possible to create a second floor.

Six-walled

The six-wall house was a wooden house with two transverse walls and one longitudinal, covered with one roof. Since there were many premises, they were used for both housing and household needs.

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Pyatistenok - No. 32 timber house project

Four-wall, five-wall and six-wall

A long time ago, Rus' was made of wood. The forest thickets provided an endless amount of building material. The work of our distant ancestors transformed the forest into masterpieces of wooden architecture. These masterpieces were fortresses, mansions, church buildings, but the very first and most important one was still the Russian Izba. It was the hut that was a simple and laconic structure, on the one hand, and the most popular one, on the other. The Russian hut, despite a certain primitivism, has gone through a difficult path of development. It all started with an ordinary wooden “cage”, now called a log house. So, the current “log house” is the most primitive version of a wooden house. Since ancient times, the log house (or four-walled structure) has gone through the same long path of evolution as the first steam locomotive, which developed into a mainline locomotive. But first things first.

Four-walled- the first and oldest type of Russian housing. Behind the apparent primitiveness lies a convenient and very advanced design of a residential building. Of course! Thick wooden walls could protect from any frost and fierce winds. It was the four-wall that was a chopped “cage”, a simple, but at the same time, very perfect design. Yes, the four-wall structure was optimal for southern and central Rus', but for the north this type of construction was not suitable. It is worth saying that, for lack of anything better, four-wall buildings were also built in the north, but here harsh natural conditions forced adjustments to be made to the image of the ideal Russian hut.

The earliest principles of construction of Russian folk housing can only be shown by ancient residential buildings that survived in the areas of initial settlement of the Urals, the North and Siberia. In the villages, lost among rocks, forests and wastelands, due to the conservatism and isolation predetermined by nature itself, the ancient way of life has been preserved. Over time, new traditions also introduced new compositional techniques, as well as planning solutions, which for a long time determined the appearance of the Russian village.

In the old Ural villages, residential buildings are still preserved, from which one can judge that “wallet” houses with symmetrical roof slopes were common in the region. Around the beginning of the 19th century, and where even earlier, the four-wall system began to give way to more complex solutions.

Five-walled– this design was a logical development of the four-wall. The five-wall building did not make any special adjustments to the appearance of the Russian residential building, but at the same time it was a serious stage of development. This is how the famous ethnographer Golitsyn describes the five-walled wall: Each such hut consists of two halves, connected by a vestibule. The entrance to the canopy from the porch is located on front side huts The porch is built on pillars, so that the floor and windows of the hut itself are quite high from the ground. A separate roof is attached to the top of the porch.

The tradition of building huts of similar design still lives in the Northern Dvina region, in the Kostroma region, as well as in the Komi Republic - now Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug. What is a classic five-wall? This is a classic hut stretched in one direction, blocked in the middle by another chopped log wall. But sometimes five-wall buildings were not built immediately, but were formed by “cutting” to an already existing four-wall wall. A five-walled house with a porch was built in two versions: there was a type of construction in which the porch was made along the main facade of the house with an old entryway, under one common roof. Another option assumed that the old canopy behind the hut was dismantled, and a chapel with new canopy was cut in their place.

The stove, in this case, was moved from the hut to the chapel, which turned the chapel itself not only into an additional room, but also into a kitchen. The hut itself also underwent structural changes: the room was partitioned off into a bedroom and a room with plank partitions (there was no drywall at that time)), and, as a rule, the room opened onto the street.

But such architectural delights were very difficult for many peasants. Often they did it simpler: the upper room was placed in the new aisle, and the stove itself was left in the “front” hut. Then the windows of the upper room were no longer front windows, but looked out onto the garden. Houses with a truss became widespread in the Nizhny Tagil factory district, and then in other factory districts of the Urals. For example, the house of one of the famous craftsmen of Nizhny Tagil, built in 1876, was a traditional Russian hut with three windows with a canopy, but already in 1897, due to the growth of the family, it was rebuilt. An extension was added to the hut, where a Russian stove was taken out and fixed benches were installed.

However, new things appeared. The Russian five-wall hut is far from the only architectural innovation in the vastness of the Urals, the North and Siberia.

Six-walled– the next stage in the evolution of the classic Russian hut. This type of residential building was not at all a response to the harsh Ural winter. Centuries before the first six-wall building appeared in the Ural taiga, this type of house was well developed in the Russian North. It was from there that the six-wall came to the Urals, and then further, to the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Actually, the six-wall came to the Urals earlier, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, but at first it did not receive further distribution.

When the construction of six-walled huts began in the Urals, initially this structure consisted of two four-walled log houses with a connection between them, made as a single whole. That’s right: the gap between the “cages” was sealed with the front and rear walls, the logs of which were cut into the grooves of the log houses. Such houses were called “with a reserve”.

What is a five-wall log house, how does it differ from a regular one?

Moreover, the Ural “backlog” was much wider than the “alley” in the houses of the Russian North.

It was the increase in the “backlog” in the wooden architecture of the Urals that allowed the backlog to become a full-fledged room - the same as the “main” parts of the six-wall building. In the Urals, the six-wall house went through an evolution: “twin hut” – “hut with a back street” – “house with a backlog”. Studies by local historians of six-walled houses in the Middle Urals show that a six-walled house with three rooms of equal importance was made from a house with a connection. The central cold vestibule increased in size, acquired a window to illuminate the work, was insulated and turned into an upper room.

Six-walled houses in the Middle Urals were common among the wealthier part of the population, among large families living near factories and river piers, as well as on important roads.

Traditional five-wall

Strip foundation

The cost of building a foundation for a house made of timber

Foundation size	Price, rub.
Cost of work	Cost of materials

6x6	35 000	90 000

6x7 five-walled	45 000	110 000

6x8 five-walled	50 000	115 000

6x9 five-walled	55 000	120 000

7x7 five-walled	50 000	110 000

7x8 five-walled	65 000	125 000

7x9 five-walled	65 000	130 000

8x8 five-walled	65 000	130 000

8x9 five-walled	70 000	135 000

8x10 five-walled	75 000	145 000

9x9 five-walled	75 000	145 000

8x9 five-walled	70 000	135 000

8x10 five-walled	75 000	145 000

9x9 five-walled	75 000	145 000

9x10 five-walled	75 000	155 000

10x10 five-walled	85 000	165 000

Foundation characteristics

Foundation - Tape, monolithic reinforced - trench depth 70 cm, of which 20 cm sand cushion, base 50 cm, tape width 40 cm, reinforcement - 2 rods in 3 rows, reinforcement diameter 12 mm. Concrete M300

When building a house on strip foundation, waterproofing is absolutely necessary, wood should not come into contact with concrete, our company uses waterproofing.

Attention! The price for making a strip foundation is not fixed, so it may change if there is a slope in the area!

Material required for making a strip foundation:

Lumber (edged board 40x150 mm)
Fittings, diameter 12 mm.
Sewage pipes for vents with a diameter of at least 150 mm.
Knitting wire (for tying reinforcement)
Self-tapping screws, nails
Sand, for making a sand cushion
Buckets, shovels
The amount of material for each foundation is calculated separately.

List of works for the manufacture of strip foundations

Marking the foundation;
Digging a trench around the perimeter of the foundation;
Backfilling and compaction of the sand cushion;
Production of formwork;
Installation of vents in the basement of the foundation and sewer pipes;
Foundation reinforcement;
Pouring ready-made concrete;
Distillation and leveling of concrete horizontally.

Wooden buildings differ not only in the type of wood used, but also in their design. Interesting solution is a five-walled log house, which has not four, but five load-bearing walls. In plan, it is an ordinary classic quadrangle, but inside it there is a full-fledged wall dividing the house or bathhouse into two parts. As a result, the box is more stable, and the sound insulation between rooms is improved. In addition, it becomes possible to create an independent entrance, which means that two independent families using separate living space can live under one roof.

Characteristic features of a five-wall log house

An additional transverse wall allows you to increase the length of the house. It gives additional rigidity to the structure due to its connection with the longitudinal walls. Under her in mandatory the foundation is being built, so it is functionally ready to accept loads from the floor beams and roof. The joining of the crowns is done traditionally for log houses - using connecting bowls. The ends of the logs of the fifth wall go out, and therefore the five-wall is easily identified visually from the street.

The fifth wall prevents the longitudinal walls from moving apart and strengthens the log houses more than six meters high. With its help, living rooms are separated from the entryway, or entryway, which serves as a vestibule, hallway, storage room, as well as a thermal barrier between the street and the interior. In addition, a permanent transverse fence is placed at the border of the dressing room and the washing compartment. In these cases, the building area is divided into unequal parts. When building a house for two families, the internal wall is erected in the middle, without cutting any openings in it. To go outside, separate door blocks are installed.

The fifth wall of the log house is also called a cut-off.

A typical log has a length of up to six meters, but it is often necessary to install a larger log frame. A five-wall log house helps solve the problem, in which the cut simultaneously becomes both a stiffening rib and a connecting node. The high soundproofing properties of the logs allow you to get rid of the noise occurring in the adjacent room and create comfort in the recreation area. The back room will be much more effective in retaining heat in winter and keeping it cool in winter. Washing in a bath will keep the necessary longer temperature regime, which is unlikely to happen with a light partition.

Regarding the topic of design, we can say with confidence that a log as an internal wall looks much more interesting, more aesthetically pleasing and more solid compared to other materials. Classic Russian or rustic style internal space is provided without additional efforts to decorate the walls with clapboard or wood panels. Inside the house will reign:

favorable atmosphere;
home comfort;
healthy microclimate;
aromas of natural nature;
comfort.

But not everything turns out to be as rosy as it seems at first glance. The five-wall log house also has its disadvantages, some of which are so important that they force the future owner to abandon the dream of building a large house in favor of more modest options. Let's try to figure it out.

Disadvantages of a five-wall log house

First of all, it should be noted that building a log house with an internal load-bearing wall is not an easy task. Only experienced carpenters, who are difficult to find nowadays, can deliver such a log house with high quality. Of course, the profession is being revived due to the increased demand for wooden house construction, but experience is no longer passed on from generation to generation, and therefore many of the secrets of real masters, unfortunately, have been lost.

The next significant disadvantage relates to the high cost of a five-wall log house. Firstly, the volume of logs for construction is significantly added due to the expanded dimensions of the house and the presence of an additional main wall. Secondly, for the work of real professionals, who are difficult to do without, you will have to pay a tidy sum.

Next, it is necessary to note the complexity of the layout of the internal space. You will have to adapt to the location of the fifth wall, but this is familiar to owners of other houses, especially apartments in high-rise buildings. The downside is that the timber takes away part of usable area much larger than the thin partition. But you just have to come to terms with this drawback.

Question about improved thermal insulation interior spaces the five-wall is controversial. Opponents argue that heat may well escape through additional crown connections. In fact, joining logs into a bowl initially implies reliable protection of the joints from wind and moisture, and careful caulking only enhances the heat-insulating effect. Each side presents its own arguments, so it is not yet possible to come to a common opinion. Probably, a lot depends, however, on the quality of construction of the five-wall log house.

A long time ago, Rus' was made of wood. The forest thickets provided an endless amount of building material. The work of our distant ancestors transformed the forest into masterpieces of wooden architecture. These masterpieces were fortresses, mansions, church buildings, but the very first and most important one was still the Russian Izba. It was the hut that was a simple and laconic structure, on the one hand, and the most popular one, on the other. The Russian hut, despite a certain primitivism, has gone through a difficult path of development. It all started with an ordinary wooden “cage”, now called a log house. So, the current “log house” is the most primitive version of a wooden house. Since ancient times, the log house (or four-walled structure) has gone through the same long evolutionary path as the first steam locomotive, which developed into a mainline locomotive. But first things first.

The four-wall building is the first and oldest type of Russian dwelling. Behind the apparent primitiveness lies a convenient and very advanced design of a residential building. Of course! Thick wooden walls could protect from any frost and fierce winds. It was the four-wall that was a chopped “cage”, a simple, but at the same time, very perfect design. Yes, the four-wall structure was optimal for southern and central Rus', but for the north this type of construction was not suitable. It is worth saying that, for lack of anything better, four-wall buildings were also built in the north, but here harsh natural conditions forced adjustments to be made to the image of the ideal Russian hut.

In the old Ural villages, residential buildings are still preserved, from which one can judge that “wallet” houses with symmetrical roof slopes were common in the region. Around the beginning of the 19th century, and somewhere earlier, the four-wall system began to give way to more complex solutions.

Five-walled - this design was a logical development of the four-walled one. The five-wall building did not make any special adjustments to the appearance of the Russian residential building, but at the same time it was a serious stage of development. This is how the famous ethnographer Golitsyn describes the five-walled hut: each such hut consists of two halves connected to each other by a vestibule. The entrance to the vestibule from the porch is located on the front side of the hut. The porch is built on pillars, so that the floor and windows of the hut itself are quite high from the ground. A separate roof is attached to the top of the porch.

The tradition of building huts of a similar design still lives in the Northern Dvina region, in the Kostroma region, as well as in the Komi Republic - now the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. What is a classic five-wall? This is a classic hut stretched in one direction, blocked in the middle by another chopped log wall. But sometimes five-wall buildings were not built immediately, but were formed by “cutting” to an already existing four-wall wall. A five-walled house with a porch was built in two versions: there was a type of construction in which the porch was made along the main facade of the house with an old entryway, under one common roof. Another option assumed that the old canopy behind the hut was dismantled, and a chapel with new canopy was cut in their place.

The stove, in this case, was moved from the hut to the chapel, which turned the chapel itself not only into an additional room, but also into a kitchen. The hut itself also underwent structural changes: the room was divided into a bedroom and a room with plank partitions and, as a rule, the room opened onto the street.

Cutting down houses with a “cut” is a fairly common phenomenon for the industrial region of Nizhny Tagil in the 19th century. The houses of factory serfs were not particularly diverse. Houses were built and developed according to one type. It turned out that one neighbor copied from another, and throughout the entire century before last, nothing new appeared. However, something new appeared. The Russian five-walled hut is far from the only architectural innovation in the vastness of the Urals, the North and Siberia.

The six-wall building is the next stage in the evolution of the classic Russian hut. This type of residential building was not at all a response to the harsh Ural winter. Centuries before the first six-wall building appeared in the Ural taiga, this type of house was well developed in the Russian North. It was from there that the six-wall came to the Urals, and then further, to the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Actually, the six-wall came to the Urals earlier, at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, but at first it did not receive further distribution.

It was the increase in the “backlog” in the wooden architecture of the Urals that allowed the backlog to become a full-fledged room - the same as the “main” parts of the six-wall building. In the Urals, the six-wall house went through an evolution: “twin hut” - “hut with a back street” - “house with a backlog”. Studies by local historians of six-walled houses in the Middle Urals show that a six-walled house with three rooms of equal importance was made from a house with a connection. The central cold vestibule increased in size, acquired a window to illuminate the work, was insulated and turned into an upper room.

Six-walled houses in the Middle Urals were common among the wealthier part of the population, among large families living near factories and river piers, as well as on important roads.

Log house 6x9 five-walled – classic version Russian wood construction. It is a classic 4-gon with a fifth wall cut into the middle, which is why it got its name. It divides the house into 2 parts, which has to be taken into account when planning the interior.

The five-wall is also used in construction country houses for permanent residence, and for bathhouses. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of building?

Advantages of a five-wall log house

A log house made of 6x9 m timber requires an additional wall, since standard length timber is 6 meters, and to connect the material while maintaining maximum strength, an additional wall is required. This type wooden structure It has been used for a very long time; today it remains one of the basic options for a log house, which is later used for various house layouts. Its use has a number of advantages that were appreciated by architects of past centuries:

An additional log wall allows you to strengthen a large frame, which ensures its durability. In addition, this solution is very convenient for planning a bathhouse: interior wall separates the washing compartment from the steam room, and this allows for the most convenient arrangement of rooms.
This solution is beneficial from an energy efficiency point of view: the fifth wall helps retain heat in the house, which is especially important for a bathhouse. This advantage was appreciated by our ancestors: the five-wall structure for a long time remained the warmest and most comfortable option for a log house.
Such a log house itself will cost a little more, but it allows you to save material when interior decoration. The wall will not require additional coatings; it is enough to treat the wood protective equipment. Chopped walls look beautiful; they allow you to create an interesting interior that will be appropriate both in a bathhouse and in an ordinary home. A 6x9 five-wall log house will become one of good options for finishing a building in Russian or Ukrainian style.

However, such a design will have many disadvantages that need to be foreseen in advance. In some cases, a five-wall structure is also used for decorative purposes for a house made of a solid log of a small area, but in this case the fifth wall can do more harm than good.

An additional component of the log house is additional cracks that will definitely need to be caulked. They will also need more inter-crown insulation since they will need to install all the exterior interlocks.

Another disadvantage of a five-wall building is the limited layout. Such a log house is very convenient for a classic bathhouse, as it allows you to neatly divide the rooms, but it does not leave room for additional rooms: rooms with a swimming pool, relaxation rooms, etc. In addition, if construction is planned two-story bathhouse, inevitably there is a problem with the location of the stairs.

An interesting solution is a 6x9 log house with an attic. In this case, the fifth wall divides only the lower room in half, and the upper space can be used at your discretion. This will allow for a spacious room upstairs that can be used as a bedroom, guest room, hobby area, etc.

Thus, the five-wall log house remains a common solution, which, although not without certain disadvantages, will not lose its popularity in wooden construction for a long time.

Features of the construction of a five-wall log house

To build a 6x9 house from a log frame, a timber or round log is used, the diameter of which must be at least 22-26 cm. The thickness of the material must be selected taking into account the climatic conditions of the region. At the same time, the difference in cost will not be so significant, since fewer thick logs will be required to build the wall. Manual cutting five-wall – complex process, requiring skilled carpentry skills, so sometimes it is more profitable to purchase a ready-made house kit.

The classic material for construction is sanded logs. Many do not advise purchasing rounded material, since the protective layers of wood are removed from it, which somewhat reduces the durability of the log. However, a rounded trunk is much easier to install, so it can be chosen if a completely smooth walls. Logs for 6x9 log houses are numbered during processing, after which the set is assembled on the site according to a pre-developed scheme.

The internal wall is called a recut; it is erected simultaneously with the main building with the remainder - this means that the ends of the logs will protrude beyond the walls of the house. This design allows you to conserve heat, since the corners will be protected from the effects of cold.

Key stages of construction:

Waterproofing is laid on the prepared and completely hardened strip foundation, after which the first crown is placed on it. For it, strong thick logs are used, hewn from below to a flat surface so that the connection is even.
Subsequent logs are laid on the first crown, connecting traditional way“into the bowl” or “into the clap.” In the first case, a semicircular notch is made in the lower log, in the second - in the upper one. Cutting "in the hole" is considered more reliable, since it completely prevents rain moisture from getting inside the joints.
The logs are connected to each other using wooden dowels, which are installed in special holes. Insulation is laid between the crowns. When the log house is assembled to the end, it must be given time for final shrinkage, only after that a permanent roof is built and finishing begins.

A 6x9 log bathhouse, built in the form of a five-wall structure, is an opportunity to create a reliable and durable structure that will be both warm and quite cozy. Log houses of this type allow you to use the most different options finishing, this great solution for a classic Russian log house.

Rus' has stood for a thousand years, stretching from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka. And some traditions wooden house construction, the rules and customs among us, our contemporaries, are still preserved. Now they are becoming popular again wooden houses and baths, especially in suburban areas summer cottages. Pulls people to their roots, from stone and dusty stuffy cities closer to nature, forests and rivers...

The name of the Russian house “izba” comes from the Old Russian “istba”, which means “house, bathhouse” or “istobka” from the “Tale of Bygone Years...”. The Old Russian name for a wooden dwelling is rooted in the Proto-Slavic “jьstъba” and is considered borrowed from the Germanic “stubа”. In Old German "stuba" meant " warm room, bathhouse."

Based on the number of walls in the hut, the huts were divided into four-walled, five-walled, cross-walled and six-walled. The Russian hut most often was either a “four-walled” (simple cage) or a “five-walled” (a cage partitioned inside with a wall - “overcut”).

A five-wall hut is a log house with a fifth main transverse wall inside the log house, the most common type of hut in Rus'. The fifth wall in the frame of the house divided the room into two unequal parts: the larger part was the upper room, the second served either as an entryway or as an additional living area. The upper room served as the main room common to the whole family; there was a stove - the essence of the family hearth, which warmed the hut during harsh winters. The upper room served as both a kitchen and a dining room for the whole family.

Five-walled

Modern five-wall

A four-wall hut is the simplest structure made of logs, a log house made of four walls. Such huts were sometimes built with canopies, sometimes without them. The roofs in such houses were gable. In the northern territories, canopies or cages were attached to four-walled huts so that frosty air in winter would not immediately enter the warm room and cool it.

Four-wall

A six-wall hut is the same as a five-wall hut, only with two transverse fifth and sixth main walls made of logs, parallel to each other.

Most often, huts in Rus' were built with a courtyard - additional wooden utility rooms. The courtyards in the house were divided into open and closed and were located away from the house or around it. IN middle lane In Russia, open courtyards were most often built - without a common roof. All outbuildings: sheds, sheds, stables, barns, wood sheds, etc. - stood at a distance from the hut.

In the north, closed courtyards were built, under a common roof, and panels lined with wood on the ground, along which one could move from one outbuilding to another without fear of getting caught in rain or snow, the territory of which was not blown by a draft wind. The courtyards, covered with a single roof, were adjacent to the main residential hut, which made it possible, during harsh winters or rainy autumn-spring days, to get from the warm hut to the woodshed, barn or stable, without the risk of being wetted by rain, covered with snow or windy from street drafts.

There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. A single large two-story house for several related families under one roof was called a “koshel.” If utility rooms were added to the side and the whole house took on the shape of the letter “G”, then it was called “verb”. If the outbuildings were built from the end of the main frame and the whole complex was stretched out in a line, then they said that it was a “timber”.

Typical "verb"

But this type of house is a six-walled building with a side street, and the side street here serves as a vestibule (“a hut with longitudinal
canopy").

A “porch” led into the house, which was often built on “pochi” (“releases”) - the ends of long logs released from the wall. This type of porch was called a “hanging” porch.

The porch was usually followed by a “canopy” (canopy - shade, shaded place). They were arranged so that the door did not open directly onto the street, and the heat did not escape from the hut in winter.

The front part of the building, together with the porch and entryway, was called in ancient times “the sunrise.”

If the hut was two-story, then the second floor was called “povet” in outbuildings and “upper room” in living quarters. The premises above the second floor, where the maiden’s room was usually located, were called “towers”. Especially in outbuildings, the second floor was often reached by an “import” - an inclined log platform. A horse and cart loaded with hay could climb up it. If the porch led directly to the second floor, then the porch area itself (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor under it) was called a “locker.”

In ancient times, huts were “black” or “smoky”. Such huts were heated by stoves without a chimney. The smoke from the fire did not come out through the chimney, but through a window, door or chimney in the roof. Since almost all of the huts were “smoky”, the walls inside up to the height of a man were white, specially polished, and above them they were black from constant smoke.

At the smoke border along the walls there were usually long wooden shelves— “Voronets” that prevent smoke from penetrating into bottom part premises. The smoke came out of the hut either through small “volokok windows”,

or through the “smoke” - wooden pipe, richly decorated with carvings.

The first blond huts, according to archaeological data, appeared in Rus' in the 12th century. At first, rich, wealthy peasants lived in such huts with a stove and chimney, gradually all peasant classes began to adopt the tradition of building a hut with a stove and chimney, and already in the 19th century it was rarely possible to see a black hut, except perhaps only baths. Black-style bathhouses were built in Rus' until the twentieth century; just remember the famous song by V. Vysotsky “Black-style Bathhouse”.

In rich houses and churches, a “gulbische” was often arranged around the log house - a gallery covering the building on two or three sides.

There have always been many carvers and carpenters in Rus', and it was not difficult for them to carve a complex floral ornament or reproduce a scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cockerels, and skates.

A house was rarely built by everyone for themselves. Usually the whole world (“society”) was invited to the construction. The timber was harvested in winter, when there was no sap flow in the trees, and construction began in early spring. After the laying of the first crown of the log house, the first treat for the “pomochans” ("plate treat") was arranged. Such treats are an echo of ancient ritual feasts.

After the “salary treat” they began to arrange the log house. At the beginning of summer, after laying the ceiling mats, a new ritual treat for the pomochans followed. Then they began to install the roof. Having reached the top, having laid down the skate, they arranged a new, “skate” treat. And upon completion of construction at the very beginning of autumn there will be a feast.

When building a new hut, our ancestors followed the rules developed over centuries, because the construction of a new house is a significant event in life peasant family and all traditions were observed to the smallest detail. One of the main behests of the ancestors was the choice of a place for the future hut. A new hut should not be built on a site where there once was a cemetery, road or bathhouse. But at the same time, it was desirable that the place for the new house should already be inhabited, where people lived in complete prosperity, bright and dry.

The construction of the house was accompanied by a number of customs. When laying the first crown of the log house (mortgage), a coin or paper bill, in another piece of wool from a sheep or a small skein of woolen yarn, grain was poured into the third, and incense was placed under the fourth. Thus, at the very beginning of the construction of the hut, our ancestors performed rituals for the future home that signified its wealth, family warmth, well-fed life and holiness in later life.

The cat should be the first to enter the new home.

In the North of Rus', the cult of the cat is still preserved. In popular belief, it was believed that the brownie and the house cat are relatives. When a brownie disappears from the house, the cat performs its functions. This popular belief forced all residents of village houses to acquire cats. In most northern houses, thick doors in the hallway have a hole at the bottom for a cat.

The entire yard with buildings was surrounded by fences of various devices. A solid fence made of horizontal logs or ridges was called a “zalot”, and one made of the same vertical logs was called a “palisade”. Both of these types of fences were often called “tyn”. They also made a fence from obliquely placed poles - “oseki”, or from rare horizontal poles - “spinning”.