That intensification of the romantic beginning, which we have already noted in prose, also manifested itself in poetry. It is no coincidence that in the poetic heritage of this period, the civic direction, based on the traditions of freedom-loving lyrics, remained the leading one. The greatest artistic achievements in line with this direction are associated with the names of A. N. Pleshcheev, A. M. Zhemchuzhnikov, L. N. Trefolev, S. D. Drozhzhin.

The poems of S. Ya. Nadson (1862-1887), who spent his childhood in Kyiv, were widely known among democratically minded youth. Many of them are fanned by a romantic hope for the coming triumph of the ideals of goodness and justice:

Let the holy ideal be broken and desecrated And innocent blood flow, Believe: the time will come - and Baal will perish, And love will return to earth!

As for drama, in its development it always correlates with the state of prose (to a lesser extent, poetry), sometimes overtaking it, sometimes lagging behind. This process is typical for the entire XIX century. and it is explained, in particular, by the fact that our greatest prose writers were often dramatists at the same time (suffice it to mention the names of Turgenev, Leskov, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov). Only one Ostrovsky devoted himself, as you know, exclusively to dramaturgy, but it was he who had the greatest influence on Russian theatrical art.

After the death of Ostrovsky (1886), the situation in the Russian theater deteriorated. True, the playwright had numerous imitators who strove to continue to develop the images and motifs bequeathed by their great predecessor. Some plays could even enjoy temporary success, but this so-called mass drama-turgy could not create anything that would open a new page in the history of the Russian theater.

A new word was said by Chekhov. Taking into account, of course, the existing traditions associated mainly with the names of Turgenev and Ostrovsky, Chekhov creates his own theater, guided by the new principles of dramatic art. We will talk more specifically about Chekhov's work in the section devoted to him, but here we only note that further development not only Russian, but also world dramaturgy will go under the sign of Chekhov's artistic discoveries. material from the site

Russian literature of the last third of the 19th century. strove to artistically capture and recreate all the diversity of life phenomena in their individual originality, socio-historical and psychological complexity. In the novels of Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the satires of Saltykov-Shchedrin, essays by Uspensky, dramas by Ostrovsky, novellas and short stories by Leskov, Garshin, Chekhov, Korolenko, the main issues of the era, new conflicts were reflected with exceptional depth and artistic perfection. , types and characters, the most important ideological, moral, aesthetic problems posed by time. This also explains the growth of world recognition of Russian literature, which was especially clearly manifested in the last third of the 19th century.

The Golden Age of Russian Poetry At the beginning of the 19th century, both classicism and sentimentalism coexist on equal terms in Russian poetry. But in the wake of the national-patriotic upsurge caused by Patriotic War 1812, Russian romanticism is born, and then realism. romanticismrealism

Great start. At the origins of Russian romanticism was V.A. Zhukovsky. He wrote elegies, messages, songs, ballads, ballads. According to Belinsky, he "enriched Russian poetry with deeply moral, truly human content." PushkinPushkin considered himself a student of Zhukovsky, highly appreciated "the captivating sweetness of his poetry."

civic passion. VC. Kuchelbecker Russian Decembrist poet, critic, translator. He studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he began his friendship with A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig. The romantic poetry of Küchelbecker sang of freedom. The poet was worried about the fate of the Fatherland.

To F. Ryleev K. F. Ryleev, the most prominent poet - K. F. Ryleev, the most prominent poet - Decembrist, wrote accusatory Decembrists, wrote accusatory and civil odes, political and civil odes, political elegies and messages, thoughts, poems. elegies and messages, thoughts, poems. He saw poetry as a means of fighting for political freedom. The Decembrists started talking about the national character of literature, put forward the demand for nationality, extending it to themes, genres, and language.

Pleiades stars. A.A. Delvig The heroes of his songs are simple fellows and girls who suffer at will and happy love. N. M. Yazykov expressed the protest of free youth in elegies, songs, hymns. He glorified the heroic scope of forces, the enjoyment of youth and health.

P.A. Vyazemsky contributed to the fusion of civil and personal themes, explaining elegiac feelings by social causes. E.A. Baratynsky is the largest poet of Russian romanticism, the author of elegies, epistles, poems. Instead of illusions, he prefers calm and sober reflection. His poems are filled with philosophical meaning.

High Duma power M.Yu. Lermontov The poetic era, which Lermontov became the spokesman for, according to Belinsky, is distinguished by "disbelief in life and human feelings, with thirst and an excess of feelings." The lyrical hero openly opposes the hostile outside world.

Gifts of Life After Pushkin and Lermontov, original talents appear in Russian poetry - A. Pleshcheev, N. Ogaryov, Ap. Grigoriev, I am Polonsky, A. Tolstoy, I. Turgenev, A Maikov, N. Nekrasov. With their poetry they made the transition to realism. Their poems are imbued with sympathy for the poor man. Lyrical hero often a person becomes from the nobility or raznochintsy, who has risen to the defense of the people, the peasants.

genres of romanticism. elegy - a poem middle length, usually sad content, imbued with sadness. Elegy Ballad A ballad is a poem, which is most often based on historical event, folk legend with a tense plot Fable A fable is a short moralizing poetic or prose story, to which there is an allegory, allegory.

In the second half of the 19th century, there was a surge of Russian lyric poetry. Only the listing of the most famous names of poets says a lot - Apollon Nikolaevich Maikov (1821-1897), Apollon Alexandrovich Grigoriev (1882-1864), Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1819-1898), Ivan Savich Nikitin (1824-1861), Alexei Nikolaevich Apukhtin ( 1840-1893), Konstantin Konstantinovich Sluchevsky (1837-1904), Semyon Yakovlevich Nadson (1862-1887), Konstantin Mikhailovich Fofanov (1862-1911), Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873), Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875), Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820-1892), Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821-1877/78).

Unfortunately, the triumph of poetry was short-lived. In Russian literature, prose is developing, especially large epic forms. The triumph of prose turned out to be more durable and is associated with the names of I. Turgenev, F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy. And yet the poetry of the second half XIX century had huge role in the development of Russian literature and culture in general. Poetry was a multifaceted system in which there were various forms of manifestation of the lyrical "I". To understand this "I", and the reader must have an open heart and soul. N.V. Gogol noted: “Reading a lyrical work properly is not a trifle at all.”

It is important to remember that poetry developed in two directions - Pushkin's and Gogol's. Romantics of the 19th century (especially A.S. Pushkin) proclaimed its independence from the authorities and the people, considered the poet a creator who was inspired by God. The program for them was a poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Poet and the Crowd". The slogan is the final words "Not for worldly excitement, / Not for self-interest, not for battles, / We were born for inspiration, / For sweet sounds and prayers." The ideas of the Romantics of the beginning of the century were picked up by the Romantics of the second half of the 19th century and substantiated the theory of "pure art". The main provisions of "pure art" can be formulated as follows: art should not depict reality, play public role. The purpose of art is to create beautiful, i.e. poetic world. Art should exist for the elite.

The opposite point of view on the art of the civil direction was substantiated by N.V. Gogol in the poem Dead Souls(beginning of the seventh chapter). He compared the creator of "art for art's sake" and the writer-denunciator. The principles of the “civilian” direction in the poetry of the second half of the 19th century are most consistently and vividly implemented in the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov.

Gogol proclaimed and embodied the idea that poetry should serve the people. Nekrasov made the peasant the main character of poetry, and the struggle for his happiness - the pathos of his work. The ideas of "pure art" are the basis of the worldview and artistic system of A.A. Feta. From the point of view of the history of poetry, the Pushkin and Gogol trends enriched the literature, culture, poetry of the 19th century and prepared many phenomena cultural life Russia.

The poets of the second half of the 19th century turned out to be receptive to life, to the spiritual atmosphere of Russian society. They continued and developed the traditions of the Russian poetic school of the 18th - early 19th centuries. At the same time, poets were looking for a new poetic language, original forms of its expression. They were concerned about issues of national identity; ratio of good and evil; death and immortality; spiritual generosity of people. A feature of Russian poetry of the 19th century is the magic of sound and words. I. Nikitin conveys the subtlest shades of color, form and sound. Intensively developing landscape lyrics(A. Maykov, "Landscape"; I. Koltsov, "South and North"; K. Sluchevsky, "Oh, don't scold me because I lived aimlessly ...", etc.).

Song character, folklore, Russian antiquity, the beauties of domestic nature, the originality of the Russian national character became the source of Russian poetry. Alexander Blok called A. Grigoriev's poem "The Gypsy Hungarian Woman" "the only pearls of its kind in Russian poetry." The "guitar" nature of the poem, set to music, made it a popular romance. Many poems by Y. Polonsky, "The Song of a Gypsy" (arranged to music by P.I. Tchaikovsky) became romances and folk songs. Famous romances were A. Apukhtin's poems, set to music, "A Pair of Bays", "Crazy Nights, Sleepless Nights ..."; S.Ya. Nadson "In the shadow of a pensive garden...".

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian poetry gradually moved towards modernism. Such was the movement in world literature, especially in French poetry. Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine - the French symbolists were contemporaries of N. Nekrasov, late A.A. Fet, V. Solovyov. The harbingers of modernism in Russia were primarily F.I. Tyutchev, A.A. Fet.

As the researcher V.S. Babaevsky: "Russian poetry XIX century, as a whole, with all the structural and chronological diversity, the phenomenon of the spirit of the people, does not fit strictly into the boundaries of the century. The last decade, the 1890s, already belongs in its essence to modernism. We can say that for Russian poetry the 20th century began in 1892. Poetry K.M. Fofanova and S.Ya. Nadson connected two centuries of Russian poetry “golden” and “silver”.

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Presentation on the topic: Writers and poets of the 19th century

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Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Alexandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary school, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Region

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Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous family of Shimon. Love for nature - the future writer inherited from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in the "Childhood of Bagrov's grandson".

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Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province in the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He was directing in the theatre. Wrote several plays for the theatre: Rural Holiday, Suvorov and stationmaster". Fame Ershov brought his fairy tale "Humpbacked Horse"

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Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; his mother, a Turkish woman, Salkha, ended up in Russia among the prisoners. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino, wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: A boy with a finger, There is no dearer native sky, Lark.

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Alexey Vasilyevich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, in a merchant family. The father was a merchant. Aleksey Koltsov penetrated from the inside into a variety of economic concerns of the villager: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the gifted, receptive nature of the boy, such a life brought up the breadth of the soul and the versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov learned to read and write at home and showed such outstanding abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the county school, bypassing the parish. He started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about labor, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc.

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Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Petersburg in summer garden there is a bronze monument where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Chizh and Dove. A Crow and a fox.

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Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov Born in Moscow in the family of Captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov's childhood passed in the estate of Arsenyeva "Tarkhany" of the Penza province. The boy received a metropolitan home education, from childhood he was fluent in French and German. In the summer of 1825, Lermontov's grandmother took him to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and the life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moved to Moscow and Lermontov was enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he received a liberal arts education.

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Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician, a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. A good translator of English language, Russian poet. Marshak was familiar with M. Gorky. He studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot in England, listening to English folk songs. Even then he began to work on translations of English works.

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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born November 22, 1821 in the Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. All the childhood and youth of the poet passed in the family estate of Nekrasov, the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw the hard work of people. They pulled barges across the water. He devoted many poems to the lives of people in tsarist Russia: green noise, Nightingales, Peasant children, Grandfather Mazai and hares, Motherland, etc.

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Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh to the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at the theological school, at the seminary. He dreamed of graduating from the university, but the family went bankrupt. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Russia, Morning, Meeting of Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather.

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Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist, writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew well the life of the forest, its inhabitants. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and ducklings, Pantry of the sun, Calendar of nature, etc.

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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC for children and four Russian books for reading. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana and taught children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He himself plowed the land, mowed the grass, sewed boots, built huts. His works: Stories about children, Toddlers, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, Old grandfather and granddaughters.

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Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the childhood of the future poet passed in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. As a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834 Tolstoy was assigned as a "student" to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany, in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber junker. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.

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Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small estate nobleman. The mother of Konstantin Dmitrievich - Lyubov Stepanovna died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them " Child's world” and “Native word”. He taught me to love his native people and nature. His works: Learned Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a shirt grew in a field.

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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the estate of Novoselki, Oryol province. Since childhood, he loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14 they were taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840, the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are gone, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life, he officially bore the surname Shenshin.

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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, doctor by profession. Born January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Yekaterinoslav province. Anton's early childhood proceeded in endless church holidays, name days. On weekdays, after school, he guarded his father's shop, and at 5 in the morning he got up every day to sing in the church choir. First, Chekhov studied at the Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: Beloloby, Kashtanka, Spring, Spring waters, etc.

Ministry of Health and Social Development
Volgograd State Medical University
Department of History and Cultural Studies

Abstract on the topic: "Russian poetry of the 19th century"

Completed: 1st year student of the Faculty of Dentistry
Gamayunova A.A.
Checked by: Bushlya A.A. Volgograd, 2015
Content
Introduction
1. Golden age of Russian poetry: general characteristics period
2. The golden age of Russian poetry: the main representatives
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction
In the history of the thousand-year-old culture of Russia, the 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It was the rise of the Spirit, a cultural upsurge that can rightly be considered the great Russian Renaissance.
The 19th century fully expressed the synthesizing, philosophical-moral, conciliar-collective character of Russian culture, its patriotic-ideological character, without which it loses its ground and destiny. It manifests itself everywhere - from universal-cosmic quests to almost practical "instructions" for answering the age-old Russian questions: "Why? Who is to blame? What to do? And who are the judges?"
Literature in the 19th century is the most influential form national culture. This is the time when its largest representatives created, who gave spiritual food to two centuries of all mankind! So, Paul Valery called the Russian literature of the 19th century one of the three greatest wonders of human culture.
Poets A.S. Pushkin, V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, D.V. Davydov, F.N. Glinka, P.A. Katenin, V.F. Raevsky, K.F. .A. Bestuzhev, V.K.Kyukhelbeker, A.I. Odoevsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, A.A. .Venevitinov and others. Their poetry left a noticeable mark in Russian literature.
Thus, this topic is still quite relevant today.

1. Golden age of Russian poetry: general characteristics
Russian literature of the nineteenth century, which continues to "work" to this day, has become poetry.
The beginning of the "Golden Age" can be called 1808, because already in some of the first mature works of Zhukovsky, the individual intonation, so characteristic of poetry that has become "higher", is very clearly visible. In the early 1920s, Byron's influence was noticeable, and such a form of expression as a poetic story became popular.
What was the peculiarity of the Russian "golden age"?
Firstly, the breadth and grandeur of the tasks set for ourselves. Secondly, the high tragic tension of poetry and prose, their prophetic effort. Thirdly, the inimitable perfection of form.
Another feature of the "golden age": the tragic, prophetic tension of poetry and prose - even stronger than Alexander Pushkin himself, is expressed by his direct heirs. The poems of this time are very original, in contrast to what earlier previous eras borrowed more.
Most of what was written by our classics in the 19th century has long become a literary reader. Today it is impossible to imagine a person who would not know and read such a cult novel in Pushkin's verses as "Eugene Onegin" or Lermontov's great poems "Demon" and "Mtsyri". Dozens of poems memorized from the school bench still evoke feelings of warmth and joy in our hearts, these poems, just like many years ago, continue to breathe and live in our souls. They continue to warm us, give us hope, help us not to lose heart; they are always ready to be our guiding light.
"Golden age"...