“Electric lamps” - The beginning of the history of electric lighting. P.N. Yablochkov. Introduction. In 1879, Edison became interested in the problem of electric lighting. Davy. In the fall of 1875, Yablochkov conducted an experiment in the electrolysis of table salt. J.B. Foucault. First consumer electrical energy a system of electric lighting appeared.

“Incandescent lamps physics” - Tariff 2.1 rub/kWh. All energy-saving lamps are harmful because... contain mercury vapor and are not environmentally friendly. Saving money. Incandescent lamp. Myth No. 1. Energy saving lamps. Analysis of electricity consumption statistics by month. To. In Russia, a similar law comes into force in 2011. A plant for the production of energy-saving lamps is opened in St. Petersburg.

“Lighting” - Basic requirements for industrial lighting systems. Emin = 0.5 lux at night at ground level. The contrast is large at K > 0.5; average at K = 0.2 – 0.5; small at K< 0,2. Контраст объекта с фоном К: K = (Lф? Lо)/Lф. Искусственное освещение. Emergency lighting divided into safety and evacuation lighting.

“History of the incandescent lamp” - Plan History Internet resources used. The path to the development of artificial lighting was long and difficult. In 1844, the French physicist Jean Bernard Foucault (1819-1868) replaced electrodes from charcoal electrodes made of retort carbon. Increasing the current caused more intense light output until the melting point was reached and the lamp went out.

“Energy-saving lamps” - Most likely, it’s simply a matter of lack of basic housekeeping. Reasonable savings. Incandescent lamps heat up approximately 4 times more than energy-saving lamps. Rationale for my topic. Reasonable savings (continued). Research has proven that an energy-saving lamp consumes 5 times less energy.

“Incandescent lamp” - Let’s check your attention... B). What is the purpose of fuses? A). The light bulb does not have one single inventor. Frontal testing. Torch flame; splinter; oil lamp; candle; kerosene lamp. 1879 Inventor - Thomas Edison - “Incandescent lamp”. What do the numbers on the base or bulb cylinders mean?

There are 10 presentations in total

Ceiling lamps, as a rule, are used for general or combined lighting of a room. Lamps suspended from the ceiling scatter light throughout the room, visually increasing its volume. IN long corridors, extended rooms large area It may be necessary to install two ceiling lights. The purpose of uniform distribution of light is served by multi-arm and compact chandeliers with several light elements on one rod, and crystal chandeliers. Ceiling lamps are appropriate in the hallway, corridor, bathroom and toilet on the stairs. They are usually also present in the kitchen or living room, but they create only background lighting, while individual functional areas and work surfaces are illuminated using wall, table, and spotlights. In the bedroom, wall lamps such as sconces can be used for general lighting. Over dining table in the dining room, the lamp is hung at a distance of approximately 2.3-2.5 m from the floor so that the light source is above eye level standing man. It is advisable to purchase a pendant lamp of a design that will allow you to lower the light source lower during meals, at a distance of at least 75 cm from the plane of the table

Spotlights Spotlights are very convenient because they can be combined with almost any other lamps, take up little space, can be recessed and built into the ceiling, shelves, alcoves, and racks. Depending on the light source and reflector, they can produce both a narrow directional beam of light (from a halogen lamp) and diffuse light (from an incandescent lamp). Consequently, with their help you can organize both general and directional lighting. Recessed spotlights almost invisible, good in those rooms, corners of the apartment where voluminous, bright chandeliers are inappropriate, attract too much attention, and there is nowhere to put a lamp. They are ideal for dressing room lighting, lighting internal space built-in wardrobes. Recessed spotlights are ideal for installation in a room with a suspended or suspended ceiling.

Wall lamps - sconces Wall lamps create local lighting. They provide a directional flow, designed for high illumination of a relatively small part of the space. Such lamps are attached to the wall in the hallway (on both sides of the mirror, near the telephone), in the corridor, in the bathroom, at the head of the bed. Lamps with a light beam directed upward use the ceiling as a reflector and illuminate diffused light adjacent surfaces of walls and ceilings.

Table lamps Table lamps are used to illuminate work surfaces, are sources of local working lighting, and, as a rule, require a movable design of the optical part. Lamp design for desks extremely functional although not devoid of attractiveness, since their main task create directional lighting of the table surface.

Floor lamps - floor lamps Floor lamps and table lamps with voluminous lampshades made of translucent materials. They are placed on magazines, dressing tables, on consoles, cabinets, floor lamps near a sofa or armchair, at the foot of the stairs (with a stream of light directed upward), etc. Such lighting devices usually have an accentuated decorative design: bright, oddly shaped lampshades, curly supports, etc.

Decorative lamps Decorative lamps: a) a lantern lamp resembles one of those gas lamps that were mounted on horse-drawn carriages, appropriate in the kitchen or hall (candles or a low-incandescent lamp can be inserted inside); b) lampshade this original lamp made of crumpled tissue paper stretched over a heart-shaped frame

“Characteristics of vegetables” - Vegetables. Conditions for processing vegetables. Sunflower seed cutlets. Radish. Eggplant. Zucchini. Seed. Turnip. Useful tips. Parsley. Vitamins. Characteristics of vegetables. Pumpkin. Cabbage. Spicy. Pepper.

"Toast" - Toasted pieces of bread. Ingredients. Croutons in onion oil with dill. The history of the origin of each product. The history of salt. The history of milk. Salad “Sardine with croutons”. History of origin chicken egg. Croutons with cheese. Various dishes with croutons. The history of bread.

“Ornament of Russian folk embroidery” - Ornament. Sun signs. Meaning. Setting an artistic task. Solar signs. Wedding towel. Geometric symbols. Types of towels. Towel elements. Images and motives. Build an ornamental composition. Silhouette pattern. Color. A pattern based on rhythmic alternation. Respect for the past.

“Dresses and suits” - Costume of the second half of the 19th century ROCOCO style. Fashionable women's suit acquired elaborate forms. The skirt has become wider. The corset laces tightly at the back. Costume from the Restoration period 1825-1850. Style ROMANTICISM. A narrow bodice with a corset came into fashion. Skirts were decorated with frills, soft folds, and draperies.

“Crafts from fabric” - Holiday - Mother's Day. Painting techniques. Manufacturing sequence. I see the feminine principle in everything. Wisdom. Product requirements. Free painting technique. Creativity: traditions and modernity. Mother is the soul of the world. Mother Russia. Ideas. Elaboration best idea. Economic justification.

“Professional kitchen equipment” - What might a professional kitchen look like? (“Molteni”). The connecting power is approximately 34 kW. Example 4. Induction cookers They heat only the food, not their own surface and air. 1. Professional restaurant equipment small sizes. We supply a wide variety of equipment (both by price and by manufacturer).

On the world around us for 2nd grade, in the topic about the history of things, there was an assignment to tell classmates about history lighting fixtures. This is how the presentation The History of Lighting Devices with illustrative exhibits turned out.

For the presentation we managed to prepare a variety of visual material: candle and various types lamps from kerosene to gas-discharge and LED. For better preservation, the glass was placed in a box with holofiber.

visual material for presentation History of lighting devices

The first lighting device was open fire. The fire illuminated the caveman's dwelling. In the castles of the feudal lords, torches burned - sticks with a recess for pouring resin. And until the 20th century, Russian huts were illuminated with thin wood chips - a torch.

light from an open fire

Candles. The candle was invented in ancient Rome about 2000 years ago. At first these were plant fibers impregnated with resin and coated with wax. Wax and tallow candles appeared only in the 10th-11th centuries. They are still used today, but more often paraffin and stearic.

candle - source of light

Kerosene lamps. In the mid-19th century, kerosene was first produced from oil, and kerosene lamps began their march across the planet. Glass protects the flame from the wind and creates draft.

kerosene lamp - fire behind glass

Incandescent lamp. In 1870, Russian engineer and inventor Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin made the world's first incandescent lamp.

In Russia, the first electric lamps appeared in 1881 in the Kremlin.

electric incandescent lamp

Halogen lamp. In the mid-20th century, halogen lamps were created. This is an incandescent lamp, the cylinder of which is filled with iodine or bromine vapor (halogen elements). The lamps stopped burning out, and their brightness increased 3 times.

halogen lamp - incandescent lamp with gas

Gas-discharge (fluorescent) lamps. In everyday life they are called energy-saving (although they are not the only ones who save energy).

Some gases glow when exposed to current. They are pumped into a glass tube, which is coated on the inside. special composition, it converts the glow of the gas into visible light. These lamps are much more efficient than incandescent lamps.

gas-discharge fluorescent energy-saving lamps

LED lamp is one of the most environmentally friendly clean sources Sveta. LED lamps 5 times more durable than incandescent lamps and heat up less.

LEDs are the most environmentally friendly lamps

The history of lighting devices does not end here...

Slide 2

Justification of the problem and need that has arisen.

• Definition of a specific task and its formulation.
• Identification of basic requirements for products.
• Development of ideas, options.
• Analysis of ideas and selection of the best option.
• Selection of materials.
• Selection of tools, devices, equipment.
• Sequence of product manufacturing.
• Safety precautions.
• Economic justification.

Slide 3

For the school canteen, I decided to make a DIY gift “Russian style lamp” so that they could use it in practice.

I cut the basis from wood base, and made of plywood petals for the lamp and decorated with paintings with floral patterns.

Slide 4

Before starting work, I defined a number of parameters and constraints that my project must meet.

Products must meet the following requirements:

• The completed work must be beautifully presented
• The appropriateness of the chosen color combination
• Originality and uniqueness
• Workmanship

Slide 5

Wood painting

Wood painting is one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art. Since ancient times, decorating various wooden products with color painting has been highly valued, and every home certainly had several painted boards or plates. Today, interest in wood painting is being revived, and the Land of Soviets will tell you about the main features of this type of painting.

Slide 6

Preparing a wooden product for painting

Preparation wooden product before painting begins with grinding (“sanding”) the surface to be painted. Sanding is necessary so that in the future the coloring pigments will better “adhere” to the wood and the painting will be more durable. For grinding experienced craftsmen It is recommended to use at least 2 types sandpaper: first with larger grains, and then with finer grains. Sanding is always carried out in the direction along the grain of the wood.

The next stage is application protective coating onto the surface of the wood. As a rule, such a coating is stained: alcohol, water, oil. Stain helps the wood to store better. The stain should be applied to the surface of the wood product according to the manufacturer's instructions.

After applying the protective coating, begin priming the wood surface. The primer ensures a more uniform application of paint during painting. The primer composition is applied to the product either with a wide flat brush, or, if the surface is large enough, with a roller.

Finally, it’s time to do the painting itself.

Slide 7

• I chose to paint floral patterns. The composition is placed in the center.
• Colors used: red, yellow, green.

Slide 8

Materials

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Safety precautions

1. Firmly secure the workpiece in a vice.
2. Perform the work only with serviceable, well-adjusted tools.
3. Do not check the quality of the treated surface with your fingers,
4. Use carpentry tools only for their intended purpose.
5. To avoid injury, be sure to:

• tools (files, etc.) with pointed shanks must be equipped with wooden, tight-fitting handles of the established shape without splits or cracks;
• do not be distracted while working;
• When working with a hacksaw, use tools when making cuts.