Composition of special vocabulary, terms and professionalisms. Sources of Technosphere Vocabulary Formation
Special vocabulary
Special vocabulary is words and word combinations, denoting concepts of a certain area of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings ("cash, checks, bills of exchange, letters of credit, due to which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners can be extinguished "), dividend("part of the profit received by the shareholder"), convertible currency("currency that can be freely exchanged for another currency") - words related to the field the economy; apsuda("semicircular or polygonal protruding part of the building that has its own floor"), attic("the wall located above the cornice crowning the structure"), nave ("longitudinal part Christian temple, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side aisles ") - words referring to architecture; camel("a verse that is not linked by either rhyme or a certain metric"), litota("stylistic figure of the understatement of the subject"), tank("an ancient form of a five-line poem in Japanese poetry, without rhymes and without a clearly felt meter") - words that name concepts from the field literary studies, etc.
Among the special words, terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.
A term (from Lat. Terminus - "border, limit") is a word or a combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name for a concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of this terminology (i.e. in the system of a given scientific discipline or a given scientific school) the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.
Among the terms, highly specialized and commonly used * (they are also called generally understood) are distinguished, meaning by last words, understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the former - medical: immobilization("creating immobility, peace"), hemothorax("accumulation of blood in the pleura"), pericarditis("inflammation of the pericardial sac"), etc .; linguistic: abrogation("transformation of the previously articulated stem of words into an indivisible one, into a new root", cf .; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis("the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of the word", compare: "eight" and "octopus", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "homeland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the latter - medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix etc.
* Of course, this designation has a somewhat conventional character, like the term "common vocabulary".
The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are fluid. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into common ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective * factors. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Great importance also has the role of this or that science, branch of the economy, the field of culture in any period of the life of society. The awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements is associated with the propagation of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this area, etc., which are carried out by means at the disposal of society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, finally modern facilities mass media - print, radio, television. So, for example, the enormous public interest that aroused the development of astronautics, the constant coverage of its achievements in periodicals determined the exit of a number of corresponding terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. These terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, isolation chamber, smooth landing, selenology and etc.
* In the development of the term by non-specialists, individual factors play a certain role, personal experience acquaintance with the term. So, admirers of M. Bulgakov's work, in particular the novel "The Master and Margarita", probably remembered and learned the medical term hemicrania, naming the disease from which the procurator Pontius Pilate suffered. Those who are confronted with any disease, learn and assimilate the medical terms that call this disease, the methods of its diagnosis, the means of its treatment. Children who constantly hear the terms of this area from parents-musicians (physicists, historians, etc.) not only remember, but also use them spoken by friends, thereby to some extent expanding the sphere of existence of special vocabulary, etc. etc. etc.
The proclamation and implementation of a course of economic reforms by the government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements of companies, banks, etc. made the property of a wide range of non-specialists such terms as share, dividend, investment, freely convertible currency, marketing.
Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with marine terms: rush, brig, drift, cabling, cockpit, wheelhouse, schooner, node and others. Science fiction writers brought readers closer to a considerable number of scientific terms, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field etc.
The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of generally understood words is also associated with its structure. So, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily learned, cf.: airbus, seamless, bitumization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neocapitalism etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of the rethinking of words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices, similar in appearance, by function, etc. with household items: fork, janitor, hammer, sled, apron. Wed See also anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx(knee), Apple(ocular), a term of cybernetics memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of familiarity with the concepts they designate. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, how apse, attic, litota, nave, prosthesis, tanka and under.
Entering literary use, many terms are subject to metaphorization and thus serve as a source of figurative means of language. Compare, for example, those that appeared in different time metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) like agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo;center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, state of weightlessness etc.
Professionalism is also referred to as a special vocabulary. Professionalisms are words and phrases that in this moment are not officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in those cases when it becomes necessary to designate a variety of any concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be illustrated by the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilin (M., 1960), among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" error, "reins", "corridor" were classified as "to siege the slime" and "hat" ( marashka - typographical defect in the form of a square, a strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space that appears on the sheet; a cap - a large headline in a newspaper common to several stories). In the second edition of the Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, the word turn given as a term, marked typography, hat is given here without any marks, in the later editions of the Ozhegov Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) at a cap worth the litter specialist.(i.e. the litter that accompanies terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that the generic concept of "heading" turned out to be insufficient and a special word was needed - a cap, which began to be called the large headlines typical for a newspaper, "covering" several materials on the same topic. (The word was also necessary turn, to designate just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with the mark specialist. Ozhegov's dictionary also gives one more relatively recently spread designation of the headline in the newspaper sold-out - "cap, big headline in the newspaper."(True, this interpretation lacks an indication that a full house - This is a sensational headline.) In any case, it is clear that professionalisms arise when there is a need to name a specific concept, a special phenomenon.
* See, for example: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978.S. 140.
The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activities, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". These activities include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not get into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations should always be defined in precise terms of the law).
Professionalism of this kind is a vocabulary, overwhelmingly Russian in origin: white-trope("the first powder"), wipe("fade"), on 2yaw("fox trail"), rule 2lo("the tail of a dog, a fox), spike("the muzzle of a greyhound dog"), flower("hare's tail") - hunting words widely reflected in our classical literature - by N.V. Gogol *, L.N. Tolstoy **, I.A. Bunin and others. Of the Soviet writers, hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianki. We find professionalism of fishermen in V. Soloukhin's essay "Grigorov Islands" (compare, for example, the types of artificial bait for fish mentioned here - jigs, bedbugs, coffins, pellets, droplets, fish eye etc.).
* Wed: "Nozdryov was among their [dogs] exactly like a father among a family: all of them, immediately throwing their tails up, calling the dogs rules, flew straight towards the guests ... "( Gogol N.V. Dead Souls).
** See, for example: "Rusak is already half rubbed out(molted) ";" - Oh goy! - I heard at this time that inimitable hunting subclick, which combines both the deepest bass and the thinnest tenor "( Tolstoy L.N. War and Peace).
Terms and professionalisms are adjoined by professional jargon - unofficial designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature that exist in colloquial speech representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glass blowers - glassmakers; in the speech of the military (and those who served military service) guardhouse - lip, guardhouse guard - gubari, civil life - citizen, demobilization - demobilization; sailors' boatswain - the Dragon, captain - cap, mechanic - grandfather, tell fables or just amuse, amuse - poison etc. Professional jargon is usually expressively colored.
The meaning of SPECIAL Vocabulary in the Dictionary linguistic terms
SPECIAL Vocabulary
Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to different areas labor activity human, and are not commonly used. Special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is SPECIAL Vocabulary in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- SPECIAL
ECONOMIC ZONE - see FREE ECONOMIC ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS STATISTICS - information from customs authorities Russian Federation used to ensure the solution of special tasks assigned to these bodies, and ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS DUTY - a duty that is applied as protective measure if goods are imported into the customs territory of a given country in quantities ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DISCOUNT - price discounts provided to those buyers with whom the company has long-term relationships and forms of special relationships. The size of these discounts ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DUTY - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTY ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
MISSION - a temporary foreign body for external relations, also called. diplomatic mission (temporary). In Art. 1 of the Convention on Special Missions ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SHARE - a share owned by a government organization. Takal promotion within a certain period of time gives government organization broad rights, close ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from the Greek lexis - speech; way of expression, syllable; turnover, word) - the totality of all words of the language, its vocabulary. V … - VOCABULARY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - aggregate words of some or lang., vocabulary lang. L. - one of the sides of the language, most clearly revealing the connection of the language. ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word) 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - referring to a word), a set of words, a vocabulary of a language. L. any language or dialect is studied by lexicology and ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, pl. no, well. The vocabulary of the language or works of some writer. Russian l. L. Dostoevsky. Lexical - related to ... - VOCABULARY v Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -and, w. The vocabulary of the language, what n. his style, scope, as well as anyone's. works, a separate work. Russian l. Common l. ... - SPECIAL
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY (special theory of relativity), see Relativity theory ... - SPECIAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SPECIAL ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY (SAO) RAS. Main in 1966 in Zelenchuksky district of Karachay-Cherkessia. Introduced in 1975 at the height. 2070 m is the largest ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LEXICO (from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. The set of words characteristic of this variant ... - VOCABULARY in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
le "xika, le" xiku, le "xiki, le" xik, le "xike, le" xikam, le "xiku, le" xiki, le "xikoy, le" xikoyu, le "xikami, le" xike, ... - VOCABULARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from g * ver. lexikos - referring to a word) - a set of words of a language, its vocabulary. This term is also used in relation to ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(from the Greek lexikos - verbal, vocabulary). 1) Vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words associated with the scope of their use. Oral vocabulary ... - VOCABULARY in the Popular Explanatory and Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, only units. , well. 1) Aggregate words of some... language, dialect. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2) About the layers of the vocabulary: the totality ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Vocabulary ... - VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
Syn: see ... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. lexikos verbal lexis word, expression, turn of speech) a set of words included in the composition of some, language; vocabulary works by, … - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a set of words that make up a language; the vocabulary of the works of a certain, author, or a set of words used in some. sphere ... - VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of the Russian language:
Syn: see ... - VOCABULARY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: see ... - VOCABULARY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova:
f. 1) a) The totality of words language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in some. field of activity. c) The set of words used ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
vocabulary, ... - VOCABULARY full spelling dictionary Russian language:
vocabulary, ... - VOCABULARY in the Spelling Dictionary:
vocabulary, ... - VOCABULARY in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
! vocabulary of a language, some of its style, sphere of Russian l. Common l. L. Pushkin. vocabulary vocabulary of a language, some of it ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
vocabulary, pl. no, well. (from the Greek lexikos - vocabulary) (philol.). A set of words language, dialect, works of some kind, writer, etc., ... - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
vocabulary 1) a) The totality of words language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in some. field of activity. c) A set of words, ... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
f. 1. The set of words of any language, dialect. Ott. A set of words used in any field of activity. Ott. A collection of words used by someone ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
f. 1. The set of words of any language; the vocabulary of this language. 2. A set of words, distinguished by any characteristic (origin, sphere ... - Nitroglycerine in the Directory of Medicines:
NITROGLYCERIN (Nitroglycerinum). Chemically, nitroglycerin is a glycerin trinitrate. Synonyms: Angibid, Anginine [one of the synonyms for Parmidin (see)], Angiolingual, Angised, ... - ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY
The first steps in the development of its own rocketry were made in Japan in the early 50s. at the Research Institute of Industrial Technologies ... - BON MATSURI in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
- Day of Remembrance of the Dead - celebrated since the VI century. In ancient times, it was associated with the religious ritual of the cult of the ancestors. ... - CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL STATS - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS ... - CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL DUTY - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTY ... - STATISTICS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see CUSTOMS SPECIAL STATISTICS ... - DISCOUNT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL DISCOUNT ... - DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTY ... - DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL. see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTY ... - GRADE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ACCOUNTING BALANCE ARTICLES - expression in monetary terms of the types of economic assets reflected in the balance sheet and the sources of their formation: capital ... - MISSION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL MISSION ...
An integral part of the vocabulary of modern Russian literary language is special vocabulary. Unlike dialect vocabulary, special vocabulary is part of the literary language.
Special vocabulary is a set of words, the use of which is limited to special areas. human activity: science, production, technology, agriculture, art, etc. These are words that are limited in use. professional area:
- solfeggio, reprise, libretto (from the world of music);
- atrophy, emphysema, cataract, lymph, erythrocytes (medicine);
- diphthong, parcellation, cataphora (linguistics).
Table 4.
The terms are words or SS, upot- Professionalisms are semi-official
| used to denote logically precisely formulated concepts. Each term is based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate, succinct description of the object. | nal names of concepts, tools, processes in the language of representatives of various professions. As criteria differentiating prof. And the terms, the features of the LZ and their functioning are put forward. |
| Official titles | Semi-formal, have synonyms. |
| The presence of a definitive function is the ability to express a precise scientific concept. | Greater differentiation in the designation of concepts: in the speech of woodworkers, there are different words for naming boards: plate, slab, bed, sieve. In the speech of the hunters, hares are called differently depending on the time of the litter: deciduous, mentor (according to the crust), spring (spring), leaf-leaf, herbalist, etc. |
| Monosemicity | Polysemicity |
| Lack of emotive-expressive coloring | Not only nominative, but also expressive. |
| Book style | Mostly conversational style. |
Terminological vocabulary is different not only in its composition, but also in the scope of use.
Some terms are widespread, well-known and generally understood: globe, jazz, excavator, proposal. This is due to familiarity with the terms back in high school, the increased level of culture of the population as a whole; popularization of science on the pages of newspapers and magazines.
Nevertheless, in the composition of terminological vocabulary there are highly specialized words, the meaning of which is clear to a limited circle of people, for example, a rift is a depression formed when a site is lowered crust, chrona is a unit of sound longitude, subito is an abrupt transition in music from loud sonority to quiet. Highly specialized vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries usually marked with marks indicating a special area - music, technical, physical.
Ways to form special vocabulary
- Semantic path (rethinking the semantics common words) - person, proposal, union.
- Word formation path (education using morphemes) -
- Syntactic path (formation of a term-word combination) - question mark, white verse.
- The lexical path (borrowing) is chrona, dieresa, assimilation.
More on the topic Special vocabulary:
- 8. Outdated vocabulary. Special vocabulary. Dialectal vocabulary.
- 1.19. Special vocabulary (professional and terminological)
- Functional-style layering of vocabulary. Colloquial and book vocabulary (varieties). Expressively colored vocabulary. The use of functionally fixed and expert-colored vocabulary in various styles of speech. Stationery and stamps.
- § 1. Philosophical vocabulary and special philosophical terms in poetic texts
- STRUCTURE. PRINCIPLES. PRIORITIES OF MODERN SPECIAL EDUCATION. SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS AND STANDARDS. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX DISORDERS.
Special vocabulary is words and word combinations denoting concepts of a certain area of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings ("cash, checks, bills of exchange, letters of credit, through which payments can be made and the obligations of their holders can be settled"), dividend ("part of the profit received by the shareholder"), convertible currency (" freely exchanged for another currency ") - words related to the field of economics; apsuda ("a semicircular or polygonal protruding part of a building that has its own ceiling"), áttik ("a wall located above the cornice crowning the structure"), a nave ("a longitudinal part of a Christian temple, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side aisles") - words related to architecture; verlubr ("a verse that is not bound by any rhyme or a definite metric"), litota ("stylistic figure of the understatement of an object"), tanka ("an ancient form of a five-line poem in Japanese poetry, without rhymes and without a clearly felt meter") - words that name concepts from the field of literary criticism, etc.
Among the special words, terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.
A term is a word or a combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name for any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of a given terminology (i.e., in the system of a given scientific discipline or a given scientific school), the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.
Among the terms, highly specialized and commonly used * are distinguished (they are also called generally understood), meaning by the latter words understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the first are medical: immobilization ("creating immobility, rest"), hemothorax ("accumulation of blood in the pleural region"), pericarditis ("inflammation of the pericardial sac"), etc .; linguistic: derogation ("transformation of the previously articulated stem of words into an indivisible, into a new root", cf .; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis ("the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of the word", compare: "eight" and "octopus", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "homeland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the second are medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris, etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix, etc.
The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are fluid. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into common ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective * factors. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. The role of this or that science, branch of the economy, and the field of culture in any period of the life of society is also of great importance. The awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements is associated with the propaganda of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this area, etc., which are carried out by means at the disposal of society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, and finally, modern media - print, radio, television. So, for example, the huge public interest that aroused the development of astronautics, the constant coverage of its achievements in periodicals determined the exit of a number of relevant terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. These terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, isolation chamber, soft landing, selenology, etc.
The proclamation and implementation of a course of economic reforms by the government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements of firms, banks, etc. have made such terms as stock, dividend, investment, freely convertible currency, marketing known to a wide range of non-specialists.
Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with marine terms: emergency, brig , drift, cables, cockpit, wheelhouse, schooner, knot, etc. Science fiction writers have brought to their readers a considerable number of scientific terms, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field, etc.
The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of generally understood words is also associated with its structure. So, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily learned, compare: airbus, seamless, bitumization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neocapitalism, etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of the rethinking of words are easily understood and mastered. Such terms can be illustrated by the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices, similar in appearance, function, etc. with household items: a fork, a janitor, a hammer, a slide, an apron. Wed also anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx (knee), apple (eye), cybernetics term memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of familiarity with the concepts they designate. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, such as apse, attic, litota, nave, prosthesis, tanka, and so on.
Entering into literary use, many terms are metaphorized and thus serve as a source of figurative means of language. Compare, for example, such metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) that appeared at different times, such as agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo; center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, state of weightlessness, etc.
Professionalism is also referred to as a special vocabulary. Professionalisms are words and phrases that are not currently officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in those cases when it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, an object, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be illustrated by the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilin (M., 1960), among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" mistake, "reins," - a typographical defect in the form of a square, a strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space that appears on a sheet of paper; a heading is a large headline in a newspaper common to several materials). In the second edition of the academic "Dictionary of the Russian language" the word marashka is given as a term, with a marked type, the cap is given here without any marks, in the later editions of the Ozhegov Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) with the cap there is a special mark. (i.e. the litter that accompanies terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that the generic concept of "heading" turned out to be insufficient and a special word was needed - a cap, which was used to refer to large headlines typical of a newspaper that "cover" several materials on one topic. (The word marashka was also necessary to denote just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with the mark of special. Ozhegov's dictionary also gives another relatively recently spread designation of a headline in a sold-out newspaper - "a cap, a large headline in a newspaper." (True, this interpretation lacks an indication that a full house is a headline of a sensational character.) In any case, it is clear that professionalisms arise when there is a need to name some specific concept, a special phenomenon.
The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activities, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". These activities include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not get into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations should always be defined in precise terms of the law).
Professionalism of this kind is a vocabulary, overwhelmingly Russian in origin: belotrope ("first powder"), rubbed ("molt"), narysk ("fox trail"), rule ("tail of a dog, fox), spike ("muzzle of a greyhound dog"), flower ("hare's tail") - hunting words widely reflected in our classical literature - by N.V. Gogol *, L.N. Tolstoy **, I.A. Bunin, etc. Among Soviet writers, hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianki. Professionalism of fishermen is found in V. Soloukhin's essay "Grigorov Islands" pellets, droplets, fisheye, etc.).
Terms and professionalisms are adjoined by professional jargon - unofficial designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which are common in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. Thus, chemists, especially young chemists, call hydrochloric acid a hodgepodge, glassblowers - glassblowers; in the speech of the military (and those who have served their military service), the guardhouse is a lip, the guard of the guardhouse is a lipari, civil life is a citizen, demobilization is demobilization; sailors have a boatswain - a dragon, a captain - a cap, a mechanic - a grandfather, tell tales or just amuse, amuse - poison, etc. Professional jargon is usually expressively colored.
Special vocabulary- these are words and word combinations used mainly by people of a certain profession, specialty. Among the special words, terms and professionalisms stand out.
Terms (from lat. 1egttiz - border, limit) are fishing, which are officially accepted names scientific concepts, devices, tools, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology (for example, physical, linguistic, medical).
The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it does not need context, like most ordinary words... For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m. (Special). A note mark requiring a semitone rise.
Lysis, -a, m. (Special). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual weakening of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings that are used not in one but in several professional spheres. For example:
Aperture, -s, f. (spec.) 1. Muscular septum separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. A plate in optical devices with a hole that allows the rays to pass through.
Deviation [de], -i, f. (specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of large masses of iron located near. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the course of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms are highly specialized and common.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, the words abazia (loss of the ability to walk), abulia (pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia (slow heart rate) are used only in medicine, ablaut (morphologically determined alternation of vowels), prosthesis (appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus (a language dictionary with full semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval (surety for a bill made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee record), advice note (notification sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus - ( excess of the revenue side over the expenditure side) are used in the field of economics; (aviation), anat. (anatomy), biol. (biol;); military (military), lingual, (linguistics), mat. (mathematics), psychol. (psychology), physical. (physics), etc.
Common terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine (honey); square, rectangle, trapezoid (mat.), balance, deficit, credit (econ.).
Professional words are words used in the colloquial speech of people united by any profession, specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: a window (in the speech of teachers) - " free lesson in the middle of a school day ”; zero (in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of school ”, etc. When using professionalism in texts, words are often taken in quotation marks.
Special words used in fiction, add flavor, brightness to the work! artistic text with life. For example:
Four blast furnaces dominated the factory with their monstrous chimneys. Beside them towered eight cowpers designed to circulate heated air - eight huge iron towers crowned with round domes. Other buildings scattered around the blast furnaces: repair shops, a foundry, a steam locomotive, a rail rolling, open-hearth and puddling furnaces, and so on (A. Kuprin).
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See what "Special vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:
Special Vocabulary- words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to decomp. spheres of human labor activity. The composition of S. L. includes terms and nomens, professionalisms and prof. jargon, to rye, as a rule, are not common ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity. Sl. subdivided into terms and professionalisms (professional jargon), for example, phoneme, morpheme (terms), cut out in the meaning ... ... Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms
special vocabulary- unit Same as terminological vocabulary … Learning vocabulary stylistic terms
Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of a person's labor activity, and are not commonly used. The special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms ...
special vocabulary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity: 1) terms; 2) professionalism (professional jargon). 2. The same as terminology ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary
vocabulary- (other Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, turn of speech) The set of words that make up which l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The entire set of words that make up the literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
See special vocabulary ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Linguistic terms and concepts: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
vocabulary in terms of its scope- is divided into several groups: 1) common vocabulary; 2) dialect vocabulary; 3) vocabulary professional and special; 4) slang vocabulary ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Russian history and culture in the literary word. Dictionary. Study guide, I. M. Kurnosova, V. I. Makarov. The dictionary undergoes semantization of material that reflects various elements of the lexical system of the Russian language of the XIX-XX centuries. in its development: ethnographisms, dialectisms, special vocabulary, ...