Borrowed words from the French language. Russian loanwords in French
Russian words were borrowed by the French language in different historical periods, but borrowing was uneven: starting from the 15th century. there is a gradual increase in their number, which reaches a maximum in the 20th century.
Until the 19th century. Russian-French linguistic contacts were carried out mainly under the influence of extralinguistic factors, which include trade, political and military ties between Russia and France, and in the XIX - XX centuries. regular cultural and scientific contacts between the two states became leading, which greatly influenced the thematic preferences of the Francophones in the selection of borrowed units.
The influence of the Russian language on French was mainly due to external extralinguistic - trade, political, military, cultural, scientific - ties between the two countries. The French linguistic influence on the Russian usus was largely facilitated by the linguistic internal factors- artificial "diglossia" of the Russian noble society in the 18th - 19th centuries. as a characteristic feature of the linguistic situation of that time.
The analyzed Russisms represent a rather syncretic group. From the point of view of etymology, among the Russisms stand out primordially Russian words (izba fr. Isba, kvass fr. Kvas) and words that are borrowed in the Russian language, which in these cases acts as an intermediary language (Cossack fr. Cosaque, saiga fr. saпga, yurt fr.yourte). Borrowings from Turkic, Germanic, Finno-Ugric, Tungus-Manchu, Slavic and other languages are distinguished. It is also customary to consider Russian words formed on the basis of Greek, Latin, Western European words (roots) on Russian soil and received a special semantic content in the Russian usus. With a new acquired meaning, these units can return to source languages (compare: the intelligentsia of the French intelligentsia, the nihilism of the French nihilisme, the nihilist of the French nihiliste, the presidium of the French praesidium).
Among the analyzed material there are one-lexeme (borchtch `borsch ', samovar` samovar') and non-lexeme units - tracing paper (des nuits blanches `white nights'), abbreviation motives (NDR` NDR "= Notre maison la Russie` Our home is Russia ").
From a morphological point of view, the vocabulary of Russian origin in French represented mainly by nouns, which very often serve to nominate realities that are absent in the life of other peoples and have an exotic character.
Basically, these are substantives reflecting the concepts of material and social culture (pirojki `pies", matriochka `matryoshka", datcha `dacha", glasnost `glasnost"); words expressing the concept of the spiritual, religious life are almost never borrowed; lexemes icon fr. are rare examples of such units. icфne, iconostasis fr. iconostase (Greekisms by origin, recorded by French lexicographic sources as Russianisms), the schism of fr. raskol. Onymic lexemes are also extremely numerous, the main way of representing which in French is transcription, accompanied by "explications, that is, the introduction of additional elements that partially clarify or clarify the meaning of reality." For example, "C" est a la demande d "Henri IV que Margeret, de retour en France après avoir servi, Boris mort, le Samozvanetz (c" est-a-dire l "Usurpateur, le Faux-Dimitri), rédigera ses Mémoires "It was at the request of Henry IV that Margeret, returning to France from the service of the Pretender (that is, the Usurper, False Dmitry) after the death of Boris, will compose his Memoirs."
Less often, tracing is used as a method of transferring Russian reality into French.
In French sources, there are units of other parts of speech: adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc. Adjective-rusisms are few in number, they are formed mainly from Russian derivative stems: bolchevique adj. et n. `Bolshevik, Bolshevik", cosaque adj. et n. `Cossack, Cossack", kolkhozien, -ne adj. et n. `collective farm, collective farmer", podzolique adj. "podzolic", soviйtique adj. et n. `Soviet, Soviet person", tsariste adj. et n. et n. "Leninist, Leninist", stakhanoviste adj. et n. The transposition of an adjective into a noun arises due to the coincidence of the morphological indicators of these parts of speech; at the same time, it is facilitated by the commonality of many international suffixes, since “productive suffixes: -al, -aire, -teur, -ier, ien, -ais, -ique, -iste, -el and others equally form both the noun and the adjective ", For example, the use of the noun moujik in the function of definition, meaningful and rendered grammatically as an adjective in the following context:" On ne voit guire de femmes moujikes ... " with a feminine noun in the form plural(femmes), and as a full-fledged adjective moujik receives the corresponding grammatical indicators of gender and number.
The number of verbs created in French on the basis of Russian words is small - bolcheviser `to bolshevize", débolcheviser `to carry out de-Bolshevization", cosaquer `to attack like a Cossack", dékoulakiser `to dekulakize", déstaliniser `to carry out de-Stalinization", knouter `to beat with a whip", mazouter `refuel with fuel oil; to stain with fuel oil ", podzoliser to podzolize", soviйtiser to sovietize ". The verb collectiviser has acquired another meaning - to collectivize.
It is noted that sometimes Russian verbs are used in French texts as “illustrations” of individual author's use (for example, kozakovat “to cossack” and navoevalis “fought” in the works of J. Niva), but at the same time they are not included in the lexical system of the French language ...
Since the time of Peter I, who opened a window to Europe, the fashion for everything French has emerged in the Russian nobility. Every self-respecting person was obliged to speak it fluently. Russian and French were interspersed in speech, complementing and replacing each other. Many generations of monarchs have shown sympathy for France. French was loved famous poets... So, French words gradually penetrated into the Russian language, and linguists argue that through French, many borrowings of Greek and Latin etymology also entered our speech.
The close relationship between Russia and France also contributed to the establishment of trade ties. Items were brought to us, which had no analogues in Russia. The same applies to many concepts characteristic of the French mentality. Naturally, without the corresponding words in, the people adopted words from French to denote things hitherto unknown. For example, in the middle of the 19th century, blinds were brought to us from France, which were used there by analogy with Russian shutters in order to hide houses from prying eyes. From French, jalousie is translated as "jealousy", because the owner of the house hides his personal happiness behind them.
Many borrowings arose during the Patriotic War of 1812. Wars have always contributed to the intertwining of world cultures, leaving their mark in the languages of the warring countries. After the war, it was in vogue to hire the French as tutors. It was believed that trained noble children acquire sophistication and correct manners.
French words in Russian
Words such as catwalk or openwork betray their origin, but many French words have become so familiar with their native language that they are considered primordially Russian. For example, the word "tomato" comes from the French pomme d'or and translates as "golden". Although most European countries have long adopted the Italian version of "tomatoes", the Russian ear is still accustomed to French name... Many words have already gone out of use in the French language and are archaisms, for example, "coat", "curlers", etc., but in Russia they are widely used.
In general, French borrowings can be divided into several groups. The first of them is the words that were borrowed, retaining their original meaning, for example: "lampshade", "subscription", "keychain", "gauze" (in honor of the name of the French village of Marly-le-Roy), "furniture", " blackmail".
The second group is represented by words borrowed from the French language, but with a meaning that is exactly the opposite of the original one. For example, the word "cap" comes from the French chapeau, "cap." In France, this word has never meant a headdress. The word "scam" in Russian has a negative meaning, synonymous with the word "deception", while in France this word means "useful business."
The third group includes words, the sound of which was borrowed from the French language, but in Russian they were endowed with their own meaning that has nothing in common with the word in Russian. Often these words refer to everyday or slang speech. For example, there is a version of the origin of the word "skier". According to her, soldiers from the defeated Napoleonic army walked through the Russian lands, dirty and hungry, and asked for food and shelter from the Russian peasants. Calling for help, they turned to the Russians cher ami, "dear friend." The peasants heard "shermi" so often that they began to call French soldiers "skiers". Gradually, the word acquired the meaning of "swindler, lover of profit."
An interesting story is connected with the origin of the word "shantrapa", which means "worthless, insignificant, trashy person." Apparently the word comes from the French chantera pas - "cannot sing". Such a verdict was passed by serfs who were selected for rural theaters. Since the selection of the actors was carried out by French teachers, the word "shantrapa" was often pronounced in relation to the deaf serfs. Apparently they, not knowing the meaning, took it for a curse.
A little about phonetics
My favorite rule: the letter h is not pronounced. Never. And it is written regularly.
Hennessy brandy is widely known. And the word Hennessy reads roughly like "Ansi". The accent is always on the last syllable, it's true. The French themselves, however, may disagree about stress. Many of them think that there is no stress at all in French, which surprised me a lot.
Poils and poêle are pronounced the same: poil. That's it.
Ils portent (they wear) is pronounced il port.
The famous "merci boku" ("thank you very much") is spelled merci beaucoup.
My name, as written in the passport - Lisakov Sergey - according to French rules, one should read "Lizakov Sergei". To get Lisakov Sergey, you need to write Lissakov Sergueï. With the name, however, the French usually cope with the first try.
Examples of
- a place for changing clothes or storing outfits
- a set of outfits that someone owns
Croissant - Croissant(pronounced "croissant"). Literally: growing, from croître - to grow. The growing month is also called. Most of the legends about the etymology of this word agree that crescent-shaped buns (such were the original croissants) depicted in their form the religious symbol of the Turks.
In astronomy, it is customary to distinguish between a growing (croissant) and a waning (decroissant) moon, but the French call any crescent moon a croissant.
Brass knuckles - Casse-tête... The verb casser is to break, tête is the head. In French, casse-tête is used primarily for puzzles rather than head-breaking devices.
Tete-a-tete - Tête-à-tête... Head to head.
Boris, have you seen my brass knuckles? And then I have a little tete-a-tete here.
Vis-a-vis - vis-à-vis... The one who is in front of you. Applies not only to humans. Moreover, most often I happened to hear about a vis-a-vis in the context of a view from a window. In ads for the rental / sale of real estate, it is often specified that an apartment without vis-à-vis, i.e. the view from the window is open, and not of the neighboring house. Visibilité - visibility, overview.
Makeup artist - from Visage: face.
Creme brulee - Crème brûlée... Burnt cream, the verb brûler - to burn.
Solitaire - Patience: patience.
It takes a lot of patience to play solitaire.
Chimes - Courant: running, from the verb courir - to run. In French, this word is not applied to any watch. How this happened in the Russian language, is written in the journal "Science and Life", No. 5 for 2004.
Fleet - Flotte... From the verb flotter - to swim (in the sense of staying on the water, not sinking). There is even such - flottant (literally - "floating").
Garage - Garage... The verb garer is to park.
Blinds - Jalousie[ʒaluzi]: jealousy. One of the versions about why jealousy became curtains: the French empire had Muslim colonies in Africa, where women, among other things, were not supposed to look out of the windows. The owners of the harems seem to be jealous here. Without being noticed, women could look out the windows thanks to the blinds, because in North Africa, closing windows tightly is not at all comme il faut.
Comilfo - Comme il faut: as appropriate. Faut really reads like "pho."
The French verb "to be proper" is falloir. Il is either the pronoun "he" or an indication of the impersonality of the sentence, as in this case. As you can see, the conjugation of French verbs is interesting. Probably more difficult than in Russian. But their nouns are not inclined, as in English.
Ball skier - from Cher ami (male), chère amie (female)[ʃeʀami]: dear friend. The origin is indicated according to Vasmer's etymological dictionary. The soldiers of the Napoleonic army retreating from Russia, many of whom were in a very deplorable state and deserted, addressed these words to the Cossacks and peasants in search of food or mercy. The peasants immediately understood that there was a real skier in front of them and nothing else. Likewise, those who often used the phrase “give for Christ's sake,” were called Christ-worshipers.
In Dostoevsky's novel The Demons, one of the main characters, Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky, very often uses the expression cher ami (referring to men) or chère amie (referring to women). Both phrases are pronounced, however, in the same way.
Pimp - Souteneur- defender. The verb soutenir is to protect.
To cover up - Emmurer... Mur is a wall. Walled up, demons!
Gauze - like, from the name of the commune (roughly corresponds to our concept of "urban district") Marly-le-roi 10 km from Versailles. In French, a gauze-like fabric is called gaze. The word gaze, according to the French wiki dictionary, comes from the city of Gaza, where it was made. How our fabric began to be called gauze, I did not find. However, the proximity of the town to Versailles gives some guesses. I would be glad if someone shares the whole story about how gauze became gauze.
Backstage - Coulisse... The verb coulisser means "to slide along the groove", like the doors of a wardrobe, for example, or as curtains, curtains, curtains.
Dresser - Commode- comfortable. In French, commode can be a noun and mean "chest of drawers", or it can be an adjective and mean "comfortable, pleasant" in relation to a person's character.
Diamond - Brillant, literally - "sparkling", participle from the verb briller - "to sparkle". In Russian, the word "diamond" is used to denote a mineral, and "brilliant" is a cut diamond.
I don’t know how exactly the word “diamond” appeared in Russian, because the French (ordinary people, not specialist jewelers) use diamant for both diamond and brilliant. If necessary, to be more precise, a diamond can be called diamant brut (brut - "rough"), and a cut diamond - diamant taillé (taillé - ed .: "cut"). They do not use the word brillant in relation to diamonds. However, historically, the word brillant originated in the 17th century and it meant a way of cutting a stone, in which 57 facets are obtained. This method of cutting is very popular to this day.
One more detail: the spelling and pronunciation of the Russian “diamond” is more like the English “brilliant” than the French “brillant”. In English, "brilliant", among other things, means this very method of cutting a diamond, and diamonds are mainly called "diamond". Perhaps the word came to the Russian language from English, where it came from French.
Stuntman - Cascadeur... I connected this word with a helmet, but it was necessary with a cascade: cascade - a fall, also a waterfall.
Landing - Descente... The verb descendre means to descend. So during rush hour on the bus they may ask if you are landing at the next stop.
Lieutenant - Lieutenant... This word came to the Russian language, maybe not directly from French. Lieu - place, tenant - holding (participle from the verb tenir - to hold). Governor. Derived from the Latin locum tenens.
Overture - Ouverture... The verb ouvrir means "to open." Open - ouvert.
Refined sugar - Raffinade... The verb raffiner means to cleanse. It turns out that the cubes have nothing to do with it. Surprisingly, I never paid attention to the similarity in the name of refined sugar and refined sunflower oil. And they are simply peeled.
Appport! - Apporte!... The verb apporter translates to "to bring." The rapporter is also translated.
Submit a report.
"Apport!", - Nikolai Ivanovich shouted, crumpling and throwing Ilya's report into the corner.
Deodorant - Déodorant... Odeur is a smell. Déodorant is a defroster. In chemistry, substances that absorb unpleasant odors are called Désodorisant.
Furniture - Meuble(pronounced "moebl").
Cavalier - Chevalier[ʃəvalje] (from cheval- horse; pronounced like "cheval"). Chevalier is a junior noble title in France during the D'Artagnan era, apparently originally: horseman. I met this word in some Russian editions of the Three Musketeers. Chevalier Dartagnan. That our "cavalry", that cheval with chevalier came from the Latin word caballus - horse. Apparently, as the chevalier ceased to be directly associated with the horse, so did the gentleman.
It is said that in the language of those who deal with horses, horse is a word for a kind of animal. The female is a mare and the male is a stallion. The word "horse" in the mouth of a specialist can mean either a stallion or a gelding (castrated stallion). This city dweller often calls a mare a horse, because the word for horse is feminine. In this light, the following scheme will be more correct:
Horses (animal species) - equus, male horse (stallion) - le cheval, female horse (mare) - la jument.
Some associate the origin of the word "trash" with cheval. But this explanation seems to me more plausible.
It is also curious that in Russian the word "cavalier" can mean a courteous and polite person, but in French "cavalier" can mean, on the contrary, a cheeky, unceremonious person. I encountered this in the film "Ne nous fâchons pas".
Pince-nez - Pince-nez(pronounced, "pansne"). Pincer - to pinch, grab; nez - nose. Clothespins, for example, are called pince à linge.
Kashne - Cacher-nez... Cacher - to hide, nez - nose. A cache-pot is a cache-pot, where pot is a pot.
Chestnut - Châtaigne[ʃatɛnj], that is, brown-haired. And I kept thinking, what hair color is darker - chestnut or brown-haired?
Boot - Bottine, boot - botte.
Curb - Bordure: edge, edge, border, border. The curb is the border of the sidewalk. Here I remember the wildest assumption about the St. Petersburg curb - my brother decided that it was a “barrier brick”, a bounding bar. And I, in turn, thought that he meant "bare brick", bare brick.
Sidewalk - Trottoir... The verb trotter means to walk quickly. And a scooter in French is trottinette.
Shooting gallery - Tir... The verb tirer means to shoot. In football, they shout tire! instead of "hit!"
March - Marche... Walking. Step march! The minibus goes along the route: route - road, route. The router is here. He's a router. It's funny that the word “route” is made up of two French ones (in fact, but I don’t know about etymology), but the French themselves do not use such a word: they say itinéraire.
Serpentine - from Serpent(pronounced "serpentine"). The mountain serpentine winds like a snake, and the snake winds like a firecracker serpentine.
Parterre - Par terre... Terre - land, par - preposition, can be translated as "to, to, for, from", etc. Sweep the floor - Balayer par terre. By the way, the French word bel-étage (beautiful floor) confuses the French. They no longer use such a phrase, but we liked it. By the way, "beautiful", as far as I know, will be beau. And belle is beautiful. It is necessary to clarify what kind of bel is, and whether it is used now.
Short - Bas, "ba"... Contrabass, bass - low sounds. The Netherlands (which is Netherlands, i.e. Low Lands) sounds very piquant in French: Pays-Bas (Paiba) - Country (Land) Low.
By the way, about the piquancy: Piquant- a thorn, a thorn, hence, apparently, and hot sauce. Mountain peak.
Dispatch - Dépêche... The verb dépêcher is to hurry, to hurry. Send a dispatch to the bistro.
Fern - Fougère(pronounced "fougere"). Here's your time! Perhaps the city named "Fougeres" in honor of the abundant fern growing around, began to produce tall glasses, named after the city. Not sure if I half made up this story.
Fruit puree - (pronounced "compote"). Having learned this, I immediately remembered the inscription on yogurt that surprised me at one time: Yogurt with compote. Finally, the mystery is revealed!
But what do the French call compote? When I tried to explain to one Frenchman that this thing is obtained after cooking fruit, he shrugged his shoulders and said: "Soupe" (pronounced "soup", also used for soup).
In French, there is still a word that reads like compoté - it's compoté. But it means "stewed". Thick peach stew. Chic! Charm! Voila!
Newspaper - Journal[ʒurnal], magazine. Jour is a day. Daily reading. But a "magazine" is more often a magazine. Bonjour!- good day. Bon is good.
Lampshade - Abat-jour... The verb abattre means hack, jour means day, in this case daylight. Light limitation.
Duty officer - de jour... Orderly.
Floor lamp - Torchère... Torche - torch. ch is pronounced "sh" in French.
Display, monitor, screen - Affichage... Advertise information. The French verb afficher (to announce, hang out, show) comes from the Latin affigere, which means the same thing. The latter is composed of the prefix ad (on) and the verb figere (stick, put, place). Fiche - peg, pin.
Buffet - La fourchette, literally - "fork".
A double-edged pun. When French people meet, they say ça va? , which can literally be translated as "is it going?" (as far as I know, this is exactly how this expression appeared: the doctor often asked some monarch about natural functions). Sounds ça va like our "owl".
"Owl" in French is chouette [ʃuɛt]. But the word chouette has another meaning: cool, cool, cool, cute. It turns out that such a dialogue is possible (on the verge of preserving the meaning):
- Ça va? - Chouette!
Moreover, in both remarks, an owl is mentioned in one way or another. Often I play such a dialogue with Guillaume (whose name, by the way, is spelled like this: Guillaume).
Deja vu - Déjà vu... Already seen. The infinitive verb "to see" is voir.
Wallet - Porte monnaie: I carry money. The verb porter is to wear. It is noteworthy that the word "portfolio", derived from porte feuille (I wear a sheet), is pronounced by the French "portfolio" and also means a wallet, not a bag.
Clogs - Sabot- hoof. The same word is used for wooden shoes. Hence the verb saboter, which has several meanings, among other things it means "to make noise with the help of a clog." Legend has it that the word "sabotage" came from the fact that workers threw such clogs into mechanisms to disable them, but this is only a legend.
Cutlet, entrecote, Ivory Coast. Côte- edge, shore, edge. Cotelette - rib; originally cutlets were called meat on the bone. On the contrary, entrecote - entrecôte - is meat between the ribs; entre means between - entracte means between acts. Côte d "Ivoire is an ivory coast. And the Côte d'Azur in France is called Côte d'Azur.
Chaise lounge - Chaise longue[ʃɛzlong]: the chair is long.
First - Première... Premier League, Prime Minister. Première étage - ground floor.
A cut - Coupure... The bills are apparently cut paper.
Print - Imprimer[ɛ̃prime]. Impression - impression. When I learned this, I immediately realized that the words "impression" and "print" are very similar for a reason.
Terminal - Terminal... The verb terminer - to end, to limit. Terminator. This, by the way, is the name of the border between the light and dark parts of the moon.
Wardrobe - Garde-robe... Garder - store, robe - dress. The French wardrobe in the theater is usually called vestiaire from the word veste - jacket. Garde-robe in French can mean:
And in the Middle Ages, the word garde-robe was even called a toilet.
Shawl - Châle[ʃal]. Chaleur - warmth, heat.
Piercing - Piercing... Percer - to penetrate, crash. The pier crashes into the sea. Piercing and piercing never crossed my mind.
Souvenir - Souvenir... Literally: remember.
The gap - Brèche... Hole.
Quickly - Bistro(bistro). Probably, almost everyone has heard of this term, which allegedly came into the French language from Russian in 1814, when Russian soldiers and officers, having taken Paris with their allies, rushed the slow French.
In fact, they say, the first establishments called "Bistro" appeared in Paris 70 years after the occupation of Paris by Russian troops. I must say that this version is nevertheless very popular among the French, several people told me about it. Actually, they invented it - in Paris, Montmartre, at the Mère Catherine restaurant, there is a sign with the following text:
Courage - Courage- courage, courage, courage, courage.
Spring - Ressort... Spring.
Landmine - ... And here is what Google returns for fougasse:
In French, the word "landmine" is often used to denote Provencal bread with a soft crust of thick crumb, made from wheat flour, yeast and olive oil, sometimes with added sugar or garnished with onions, black olives, anchovies, bacon.
Vasmer's etymological dictionary says that since the time of Peter I, the word "fugad" from fr. fougade - mine. These words come from the Latin focus - fire (if you focus Sun rays magnifying glass, you can light a fire), but whether the rolls and shells are somehow connected, I did not find.
Star - Étoile... The well-known chain of stores l'Étoile is a "star". With the article le, which is shortened to l when preceded by a vowel.
Haute couture - Haute couture... The phrase “haute couture” probably came from the French haute couture - high fashion (couture literally means “sewing”). The word haute does indeed read from, but it means high. And here it turned into a pretext, a rather interesting metamorphosis.
And also: reservoir, fitter, motor, shower, installation, massage, drainage, entourage, espionage, conductor, mezzanine, hood, corrugation, protege, sapper, landscape, silhouette, pirouette, pantaloons, underpants, fiction, repertoire, reservoir, maneuver , masterpiece, brothel, attic, advance, veil, duchess, nightmare, fillet, dictation, mode, depot, assorted, hood, couloir, rendezvous, role, et cetera. By the way, the conjunction "and" will be et not only in Latin, but also in French.
P.S. Shock: the Russian union "a" has no analogues in French and English.
Have you just started learning French? I assure you that you know many more words than you have already managed to learn in a couple of lessons from the textbook. How so? Why?
Because in Russian there are often French words.
When I was collecting this list, I was not interested in words that call French realities, such as "baguette", "champagne", "petanque", "pastis" and so on. I was interested in those words that have become so firmly embedded in our language that they even ceased to seem borrowed. For example, makeup, cream, mode... But there are other words in this list, apparently foreign ones. At some point, I suddenly clearly saw French roots in them, and this surprised me so much that I thought maybe others would be interested. This, for example, entrecote, couturier, opening day.
Where the meaning of the French word coincides with the Russian one, I will not write a translation. Otherwise, I will indicate in parentheses what the word means in French.
Et voilà, 100 French words in Russian in the order in which they occurred to me:
- Crew- fr. équipage is the crew of the ship. There is also the verb équiper - to provide with the necessary. From here - equip, outfit.
- Outrageous- in French there is no word épatage, but there is a verb épater - to surprise, to amaze.
- Makeup- comes from the verb maquiller - to apply makeup; change someone's appearance; also fake numbers
- Cream- une crème (the first meaning is “cream”)
- Pomade- une pommade (Interestingly, “lipstick” in French is called le rouge à levres (literally red for lips), and une pommade is an ointment.
- Papillot- une papillote
- Square- le carré (from the adjective carré - square)
- Shower- une douche
- Dressing table- le trumeau - pier
- Sideboard- une servante - servant
- Pots- le cache-pot - letters. hide-pot
- Shade- un abat-jour - letters. mutes-light
- Sun lounger- une chaise longue - long chair
- Stool- un tabouret
- Chaise longue- une causette - chatter
- Pince-nez- le pince-nez, from pincer - to pinch and le nez - nose
- Floor- un étage
- Mezzanine- un entresol - an apartment between the rez-de-chaussée (the first floor, on which no one lives in France) and le premier étage itself.
- Bookcase- une étagère
- Voyage- un voyage (travel), voyager - to travel
- Baggage- les bagages (usually plural)
- Travel bag- from sas de voyage (lit. bag for travel)
- Travel bag- le nécessaire (lit. necessary)
- Mode- le régime
- Duel- le duel
- Fiction- les belles lettes (that's how fiction is called in French)
- Grimace- une grimace
- Vernissage- un vernissage (unofficial opening of the artist's exhibition on the eve of the official opening)
- Inauguration- inauguration (opening, for example, an exhibition)
- Turn- un virage (lit. turn)
- Collage- un collage (comes from the word coller - to glue; the collage technique was invented by Picasso)
- Decoupage- le découpage - from découper - cut
- Impressionism- l'impressionisme (from une impression - impression)
- Dude- un pigeon (1st pigeon, 2nd dude)
- Couturier- un couturier (tailor), haute couture- la couture (sewing)
- Defile- le défilé - the first meaning "march, parade" (from the verb défiler - to march)
- Parade- une parade
- Coat- un paletot
- Studio- un atelier
- Chiffon- le chiffon - rag, rag, towel
- Kashne- le cache-nez - letters. hide your nose
- Chauffeur comes from the French chauffeur - letters. stoker, stoker. Because the first vehicles were steam or coal. The suffix -eur is a suffix indicating the performer of an action. So, the one who is chauffe (chauffer - to heat, glow) - chauffeur.
- Quafer- from coiffeur - coiffer - comb.
- Entrepreneur- entrepreneur (someone who does something, organizes), from entreprendre. From the same word and entreprise (enterprise) - entreprise.
- Another "theatrical" word - intermission- comes from entractre.
- Amplua- emploi - work, employment, position
- Conductor- le dirigeur (from diriger - to manage)
- Ballet- le ballet
- Proscenium- avant-scène
- Understudy- le doubleur
- Aport! - apporte - letters. bring it. I wonder what the French themselves say va chercher(go look)
- Fas! - face - letters. face. French dogs hear at a moment like this attaque! (attack!)
- Redoubt- la redoute
- Hussar- un houssard
- Duel- le duel - duel, fight
- Musket, musketeer- un mousquet, un mousqueutaire
- Vanguard- l'avant-garde - vanguard
- Motto- la devise
- Revenge(take revenge - prendre sa revanche)
- Stagecoach- une diligence
- Brothel- un bordel
- Debarkader- from débarquer - to disembark
- Buffet- la fourchette - plug
- Menu- menu - small (since we are talking about a limited number of dishes)
- Entrecote- une entrecôte - a piece of beef cut between the ribs and the ridge
- Cutlet- une côtelette - lamb rib
- Omelette- une omelette
- Aperitif- l'apéritif
- Digestif- le digestif (from digérer - to digest)
- Souffle- un soufflé - exhale
- Prompter- un souffleur - from souffler - breathe, exhale, prompt
- Eclair- un éclair - lightning
- Caramel- le caramel
- Chance- une chance - luck
- Rendezvous- un rendez-vous - meeting, comes from the verb se rendre - to come somewhere
- Dispatch- une dépêche, de dépêcher - to hurry, se dépêcher - to hurry
- Courier- via fr. un courrier from ital. "messenger"
- Pavilion- un pavillon
- Enfilade- une enfilade
- Firecrackers- des pétards
- Solitaire- la patience - the first meaning is "patience"
- Pique- piquer
- Aerobatics- le pilotage - aircraft control
- Ace- un as - ace, the first in his business
- Obstetrician- un accoucheur (accoucher - to give birth)
- The promenade- une promenade - a walk (from se promener - to walk, walk)
- Summary- un résumé - summary
- Courdoner- la cour d'honneur - courtyard of honor
- Melange- un mélange - mixture, mash
- Boucher(name of the café) - une bouchée - a piece that can be taken in one go. From la bouche - mouth.
- Letual(cosmetics stores) - l'étoile - star
- There is such a French expression - amis comme cochons - letters are friends like pigs. And they say this about a very close relationship between friends. But who would have thought that a whole expression could be borrowed into Russian and become ... " amicosity“!
- Alley- une allée
- Boulevard- un boulevard
- Entourage- entourage - environment
- Director- le directeur
- Illusion- une illusion
- Imitation- une imitation
- Calorie- une calorie
- Shop- un magasin
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW
NORTHERN DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
EDUCATION CENTER № 1409
Design and research work
"The influence of the French language on Russian
through borrowing "
“L'influence de la lanque française sur la lanque russe. Les emprunts "
Performed:
student 7 "B" class GOU TsO №1409
Panchenko Yulia
Supervisor:
French teacher
GOU TsO No. 1409
Melnik Olga Evgenievna
2011 r.
The relevance of the problem. Rationale for the choice 3
The purpose and objectives of the study ________________________________________________4
Analysis object. Research methods _______________________________________ 4
Review of literature on the topic __________________________________________________ 4
The practical significance of the work ____________________________________________ 5
Main hypothesis ________________________________________________________ 5
II. The main (theoretical) part
Etymology - scientific and folk, historical and phonetic 5
Reasons for borrowing French words and types of assimilations 7
III. Practical part
Research in phonetic etymology 9
Classification of loanwords from the French language 11
Assimilation of loanwords from the French language 15
"Dark" words 16
IV. conclusions 17
V. Conclusion 1 8
Vi. Application 20
Vii. List of used literature 36
Language is a city, to the construction of which, everyone who lived on Earth brought his own stone.
R. Emerson
I. Introduction
1. The relevance of the problem. Rationale for the choice
A large number of words were borrowed from the French language by Russian. This process was most actively observed in the 18th-19th centuries, when the French language was perceived by many (for example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin) not as the language of France, but above all, the language of the European educated society. It was the vocabulary that represented the layer of language most closely related to the social life of society, responsive to all changes taking place in it.
Studying the French language and working with vocabulary, I often asked myself the question: "Why is this subject called this way and not otherwise?", "Where did this or that name come from?" To get answers to all these questions, you need to trace the influence of the French language on Russian, to conduct a number of studies in the field of etymology, linguistics and lexicology, to penetrate the secrets of the history of the language. The answers received will not only help me to better understand and learn the language, but will also remove a number of difficulties in the field of translation.
Stages:
Stage I: Preparatory.
Stage II: Planning.
Stage III: Implementation of the project.
Stage IV: Project design.
Stage V: Project defense.
The purpose and objectives of the study
Tasks:
1. To study the scientific work of scientists-linguists.
2. To study borrowings from French to Russian.
3. Trace their etymology.
4. Classify loan words into groups.
5. Analyze the results and draw conclusions.
3. Object of analysis. Research methods
Analysis object: the most common French vocabulary borrowed from the Russian language.
Research material: the work is based on the material of etymological dictionaries, dictionaries foreign languages, scientific articles.
Basic methods: research ( organizing activities in which the student
is in the position of a researcher: he independently poses a problem, finds ways to solve it, draws conclusions and generalizations, and does not receive them ready-made),
the method of classifications (allows for the division of the studied objects (i.e. vocabulary) into separate groups.
4. Review of literature on the topic
Linguistic scientists Vedenina L.G., Gak V.G., Budagov R.A., Marcello-Nizia, Picoche J. and others were engaged in the study of borrowings from the French language (they conducted research in the history of languages and culture of Romance, in the field of grammatical structure, vocabulary and semantics of languages, in the field of cultural linguistics, their work is devoted to the problems of the science of language).
The practical significance of the work
The work will be presented at an open scientific and practical conference “Countries of the World. History. Culture. Traditions ", at the city competition of projects" Breakthrough "on the basis of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute and others.
Received product: mini-dictionary of loan words from the French language.
Project language: Russian, French.
Main hypothesis
II Main (theoretical) part
1. Etymology - scientific and folk, historical and phonetic.
What is etymology? Etymology is the science of the origin of words (from the Greek etymo- "true value" and logos- "teaching"). The task of a scientist-etymologist is to determine when and where a word appeared in a language, what it meant initially, with which other words of the language it is related by family ties. Each story of the origin of the word is a small piece of the great history of the life of the people, the development of its culture, the peculiarities of the perception of the surrounding nature, a story about its beliefs, feelings, fears, hopes.
Having got acquainted with the etymology, we can take a different look at the words that we use in everyday life, discover their new semantic shades. For example: what is mountaineering? This is a kind of sport - climbing hard-to-reach mountain peaks. Why is this sport called that way? The etymology will give us the answer to this question. Word mountaineering originated in the 19th century in French, derived from Alpes"Alps" (it was in the Alps that they began to seriously engage in this beautiful and dangerous sport). By the way, the very name of the Alps is of Celtic origin, and in translation simply means "high mountains".
Why do we say wardrobe? Because this word was borrowed from French in the 18th century, where garde- robe formed by adding two words: garde- "storage" and robe – "the dress". The original meaning is "a closet where dresses are stored", later new meanings "clothes", "changing room" appeared. Interesting words you can find many and each of them has its own unusual story.
There are 4 types of etymology:
scientific;
folk;
historical;
phonetic.
As for the historical etymology, it studies when and where the word came from, its semantic shades, and the phonetic one deals with the phonetic changes that the word underwent during its development.
The method of forming new words by analogy with a word already existing in another language is called tracing paper... For example, the word influence... If you translate this word in parts - the prefix in-
like our prefix "v-", root flu-
(verb fluer) as Russian "li-" (verb "pour"), suffix - ence as the Russian "-yani-" and to this add the Russian ending, which the French indefatigable word does not have, then you get the word "influence". It would seem quite Russian, but in fact - a copy of the French. The words: introduction- introduction, Cendrillon
(diminutive form from cendre- "ash") - Cinderella, - are also examples of tracing paper.
Thus, having got acquainted with various types of etymology, we can take a fresh look at the words that we use in everyday life, at their semantic shades, find out when and where they came from, what phonetic changes have undergone.
2. Reasons for borrowing French words and types of assimilations
French comes from Latin and belongs to the group of Romance languages. Working with sources, I learned that he ranks first in the number of words borrowed from him in the largest European languages: English, German, Italian, Russian, etc. This is explained by the historical role of the French language, which for centuries performed the function of international communication, especially since until the beginning of the 19th century France was the most populated country Western Europe, and in the Middle Ages, every third Western European lived in France.
Why does the language borrow foreign words?
At first, due to the need to name objects or new concepts of foreign origin.
Secondly following a fashion that makes us borrow words from a country that has priority in a given area.
What can you borrow? First of all, words and expressions. For example: tour ( tourné e), buffet ( fourchette), gourmet ( gourmand), wardrobe ( garde- robe), tete-a-tete (tê te à tê te) ... You can borrow the internal form of words or expressions. For example:
français russe
tuer le temps to kill time
prendre la decision make a decision
lune de miel honeymoon
avoir lieu take place
romper la glace break the ice
What is borrowing? Borrowing is the transfer of a foreign word by the phonetic means of your language. The borrowed word must satisfy the norms of the borrowing language, therefore it must assimilate. Assimilation can be:
phonetic(this is a change in stress, a change in the pronunciation of foreign sounds). For example, in French, the stress always falls on the last syllable, while in Russian it is mobile: autographe - autograph (the stress will move from the last syllable to the second).
grammatical(this is a change in gender, the disappearance of the article). For example: une chaise longue- chaise longue (in French this word is feminine, and in Russian - masculine, in French the gender and number shows the article, and in Russian - the ending).
semantic(changing the meaning of the borrowed word). For example: in the 19th century, the Russian language borrowed from the French language the word cô telette(cutlet), where initially it meant "fried meat chop on the bone", later this word changed its meaning and began to mean "fried minced meat", which means that the word has assimilated.
Let's consider some correspondences between French words and Russian of French origin. For example, the final - e in feminine words corresponds to Russian - a or - I am: norme, date, avarie - norm, date, accident; french h may correspond to Russian G: hymne, hô pital- anthem, hospital... There are also discrepancies, for example, when a borrowed French word changes its gender in Russian (advance, march), as already mentioned above, or retains an unpronounceable consonant in its sound ( format - format, granit- granite), etc.
Thus, due to the fact that the French language, for a long time (XVIII - XIX centuries) performed the function of international communication, and during this period was the language of the Russian aristocracy, it gave our language, as well as some others, many words , to which we are so accustomed that we do not even notice their foreignness. These words were assimilated grammatically, phonetically and even semantically.
III. Practical part
1. Research in the field of phonetic etymology.
Working with sources and conducting research in the field of etymology, I came to the conclusion that some types of etymology can be subdivided, in turn, into subgroups (see Appendix, Scheme No. 1). For example, phonetic etymology may have following ways education:
prefixal;
suffixal;
from the base;
by merging 2 words.
Prefix method: the word "absurd" came from French into Russian in the 19th century, where absurde comes from Latin absurdum"Ridiculous, stupid", where ab Is a prefix + surdum – “Unclear, stupid”, therefore “absurd” is something that doesn't make sense.
The word "disabled" was borrowed in the 18th century from the French language, where invalide comes from Latin invalidus"Powerless", it is formed in a prefixed way from the word validus "strong".
Suffix way: the word "artist" was borrowed from French in the 18th century, where artiste formed with a suffix from the word art "Skill, art", from Latin ars, artis- art.
The word "cutlet" was borrowed in the 18th century from the French language, where cô telette formed by the suffix way from the word cô té "Rib" and meant "chop meat on the bone."
The word "linguist" is borrowed from French, where linguiste formed in a suffix way from Latin lingua- "language".
The word "aviation" is borrowed from French in the 20th century, where aviation occurred in a suffix way from the Latin avis"bird".
The word "broth" was borrowed from French in the 18th century, where it was formed in a suffix way from bouillir "boil".
From the base: the word "advance" was borrowed from French in the 19th century, where avance formed from the stem of the verb avancer "Lend", thus "advance" is a part of the money up front.
The word "attaché" (an embassy employee - a specialist consultant in a particular field) is borrowed from French, where attaché comes from the verb attacher- attach, i.e. attaché - means attached).
By merging 2 words: The word "lampshade" came from French into Russian at the beginning of the 19th century and was formed by merging two words, where " abat- jour»Formed by the verb abat"Weakens" (abattre - to weaken) and the words jour"daylight". Thus, the word "lampshade" means an object that attenuates the light.
The word "avant-garde" is formed similarly to the word "lampshade". It was borrowed in the era of Peter I, where avant- garde merge 2 words avant"Ahead" + garde"Guard, detachment". Therefore, the word "avant-garde" means people who are ahead.
The word "masterpiece" was borrowed in the 18th century from the French language, where chef- d’œ vre means "main work", formed by merging 2 words: chef + œ vre from latin opera"Labor, product".
The word "antonym" came from French in the 20th century, where antonyme comes from Greek anti Against + onyma"name".
The word "biscuit" is borrowed from French in the 18th century, where biscuit comes from Latin biscoctus: bis"Twice" + coctus"baked".
The word "muffler" is borrowed from the French language in the 19th century, where cache- nez formed from the verb cacher "Hide" and words nez"Nose", literally this is where you can "hide your nose."
The word "centimeter" is borrowed from French in the 19th century, where centimè tre comes from Latin centim"One hundred" + French mè tre"meter".
The word "control" is borrowed from French in the 18th century, where contrô le formed using 2 words: contre Against + rô le"list".
The word "parachute" is borrowed from French in the 19th century, where parachute comes from Greek para Against + French chute "Fall", literally that which serves "against the fall."
In the course of research, I came to the conclusion that the most common ways of phonetic etymology are: suffixal and by merging two words, while the prefixed way and the way of formation from the stem (or from the verb) are much less common.
2. Classification of borrowings from the French language.
Working with various etymological dictionaries and carefully studying the most common vocabulary borrowed from French by Russian, I decided to classify it by headings in order to find out from which areas of words more was borrowed and from which less. I presented the results of my work in the form of the following table (242 words).
The most common borrowed vocabulary
Russian from French
Nutrition | Clothing / Fashion | Transport / Travel |
|
appetite |
batiste |
avenue |
|
assorted |
beret |
bus |
|
range |
bijouterie |
automobile |
|
banana |
blouse |
mountaineering |
|
meringue |
boot |
ticket |
|
biscuit |
a bracelet |
the Bureau |
|
wineglass |
brooch |
railway carriage |
|
bouillon |
brunette |
bike |
|
vanilla |
vignette |
turn |
|
the vinaigrette |
veil |
voyage |
|
roasted nuts |
gallant |
hydroplane |
|
gourmet |
haberdashery |
depot |
|
delicacy |
breeches |
detail |
|
cognac |
wardrobe |
token |
|
cutlet |
makeup |
catastrophe |
|
liquor |
lady |
compartment |
|
lemonade |
neckline |
ditch |
|
marinade |
defile |
limousine |
|
marmalade |
perfume |
omnibus |
|
menu |
frill |
platform |
|
monpensier |
jacket |
platform |
|
nougat |
vest |
travel bag |
|
olive |
Hood |
ticket |
|
omelette |
cashmere |
tour |
|
mashed potatoes |
muffler |
funicular |
|
radish |
cap |
highway |
|
roll |
necklace | |
|
salad |
crepe de chine | |
|
citro |
couturier | |
|
sausages |
undershirt | |
|
sauce |
cuffs | |
|
soup |
manicure | |
|
tartinka |
cloak | |
|
wine glass |
perfumery | |
|
buffet |
coat | |
|
purse | ||
|
prestige | ||
|
powder | ||
|
jacket | ||
|
brown-haired | ||
|
hair | ||
|
chignon |
Art |
Furniture / Architecture / Interior | The science |
Military theme |
|
album |
shade |
nitrogen |
boarding |
|
role |
balcony |
agronomist |
avant-garde |
|
ensemble |
barrack |
aluminum |
aviation |
|
artist |
lobby |
article |
machine |
|
attraction |
showcase |
atmosphere |
alliance |
|
aphorism |
garage |
biology |
attaché |
|
ball |
sofa |
bisector |
bastion |
|
ballet |
shower |
bud |
battalion |
|
bas-relief |
blinds |
vector |
battery |
|
baritone |
interior |
decimeter |
binoculars |
|
benefit |
cabin |
diploma |
bomb |
|
bis |
pots |
discussion |
veteran |
|
Bohemia |
kiosk |
diary |
volunteer |
|
second-hand bookseller |
clinic |
iodine |
hero |
|
variety show |
combine |
critic |
deserter |
|
opening day |
the corridor |
linguist |
landing |
|
vaudeville |
attic |
magnifier |
diplomat |
|
guide |
furniture |
oval |
dossier |
|
engraving |
niche |
greenhouse |
dragoon |
|
graphomaniac |
pavilion |
educator |
stunt double |
|
debut |
parterre |
pioneer |
gendarme |
|
motto |
polyclinic |
prism |
cadet |
|
decadent |
curtain |
centimeter |
camouflage |
|
recitation |
repair |
session |
helmet |
|
decoration |
sanatorium |
semester |
cornet |
|
juggler |
scoreboard |
seminar |
medal |
|
impressionism |
terrace |
space suit |
obelisk |
|
stuntman |
floor lamp |
glory |
page |
|
collection |
chaise longue |
parachute |
|
|
music lover |
partisan |
||
|
still life |
patriot |
||
|
nocturne |
resident |
||
|
note |
sabotage |
||
|
orchestra |
sapper |
||
|
palette |
sergeant |
||
|
papier mache |
blackmail |
||
|
play |
chauvinism |
||
|
premiere | |||
|
piano | |||
|
serenade | |||
|
text | |||
|
trilogy | |||
|
triumph | |||
|
chansonnier | |||
|
masterpiece |
In a separate group, borrowed words can be distinguished, which originated from proper names, names of cities, etc. For example: cognac (cognac), wine glass (fougère), vest (gilet), mansard (mansarde), nicotine (nicotine), etc. e. But these words are not so numerous. However, they are quite interesting, so let's take a closer look at them.
Cognac is a city in the south of France, where cognac varieties of grapes were grown, from which a new one was made alcoholic beverage by keeping the grape wine in oak barrels... Winemakers named the new drink after the city.
Fougère is the city where they make special glass from which wine glasses are made.
Gilet (vest) comes from the name of the jester Gill, who began to wear these clothes.
Mansarde (attic) - a loft-type living space under the roof itself, with a slanting ceiling, named after the architect Mansard, who invented a specially shaped roof.
Nicotine (nicotine) - on behalf of the French ambassador to Portugal Nicot, thanks to whom tobacco was cultivated in France.
And, of course, one cannot fail to mention the words that have quite total value, but which we use quite often in our life, they can be attributed, for example, to business vocabulary: tête-à-tête (eye to eye), vis-à-vis (face to face), beau monde (high society) , mauvais ton (bad taste, bad manners), rendez-vous (date) ...
The table shows not only from which areas the borrowings were made, but also in what ratio they are to each other. To summarize more accurately, we present this data in the form of a diagram (see Appendix, diagram # 1).
So, we see that most of the words are borrowed from the field of art, clothing and fashion, military topics. Slightly less in the areas of food, furniture, architecture and interior, science and transport. The groups of borrowed words that originated from proper names, names of cities, as well as business vocabulary are not numerous.
3. Assimilation of borrowings from the French language.
Consider the word "vinaigrette" it came from the French language in the 18th century, where vinaigrette formed from the word vinaigre vinegar ( vin- wine, and aigre- sour, literal translation - "sour wine"). The French call it the vinegar and vegetable oil sauce that is poured over the salad. But in Russia the word did not take root with such a meaning, and in the second half of the 19th century it semantically assimilated and began to denote a salad of boiled vegetables. At the same time, a figurative meaning appeared - "a mishmash, confusion" (for example: "I have a vinaigrette in my head after the sixth lesson").
The word "hood" was borrowed from French in the 18th century and has also changed its meaning over time. French borrowed it from Italian, where the word capuccio comes from Latin caputium"Monastic hat", where cappa"headdress". Thus, before the "hood" was an attribute of monastic clothing, its headdress, later the word was semantically assimilated and "hood" began to be called a headdress in the form of a cap, characteristic of any type of clothing.
Similar examples are the words: Olivier, opening day, roasted nuts, dominoes, etc.
Studying the assimilation of borrowed words from the French language, I came to the conclusion that phonetic or grammatical assimilation of words was more often than semantic. This can be explained by the fact that in the Russian language there are no nasal sounds and a grassed "r", there is no article and the gender does not always coincide with the French language, and therefore the words had to be assimilated phonetically and grammatically. The meaning of the words did not change so often. In this regard, semantic assimilation is more interesting for us.
4. "Dark" words.
Studying the etymology of words, I discovered the so-called "dark" words, those that do not have a generally accepted etymology, for example: gymnasium, melon, club, jazz, etc. So they were called by one of the first Russian etymologists Max Vasmer.
Consider the word "gymnasium". We can say that the origin of this word remains a mystery. Scientists suggest that at the beginning of everything there was borrowing Latin from Greek, where Latin gymnasium meant "a place for bodily exercise" (both the Greeks and Romans attached great importance to the physical development of young people). In turn, the Greek word was derived from the Greek for "naked", because at that time they were engaged in physical exercise without any clothes. The meaning of "educational institution" arose much later, when they began to attach more or at least no less importance to mental development.
The word "club" was borrowed from the English language around the middle of the 18th century, its etymological meaning is not entirely clear. Word club besides the meaning of "uniting people" has one more meaning - "heavy stick", therefore, such a way of development of meanings is possible: "heavy stick" - "lump" - "group of people". On the other hand, the word club there was also the meaning of "golf club". Maybe this is where the path to a new meaning began?
I think dark words are interesting work for linguistic scientists. However, to solve this riddle, one desire is not enough, here you need deep knowledge in the field of linguistics, etymology, knowledge of foreign languages and much more.
IV. conclusions
So, doing research in the field of linguistics, linguistics and etymology, I came to the following conclusions:
knowledge in the field of etymology makes it possible to take a fresh look at the words that we use in everyday life, find out when and where they came from, and what changes have occurred with these words;
the largest number of words was borrowed by Russian from the French language in the 18th - 19th centuries, since it was during this period that the French language performed the function of international communication and was the language of the Russian aristocracy. He gave our language many words to which we are accustomed and do not even guess that they came to us from another language;
most of the words are borrowed by Russian from French from the field of art, clothing and fashion, military topics; slightly less in the areas of food, furniture, architecture and interior, science and transport. Not numerous are "dark words", as well as borrowings that come from proper names, names of cities, business vocabulary;
in the process of borrowing, French words underwent phonetic and grammatical assimilation, less often semantic. This is due to the fact that in the Russian language there are no nasal sounds, grassed "r", articles and the gender does not always coincide with the French language, and therefore the words had to be assimilated phonetically and grammatically. The meaning of the words changed much less frequently.
You should distinguish between borrowings and foreign words. Borrowings are being adapted in Russian and are undergoing the necessary changes. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowings from foreign words.
Foreign words retain traces of their foreign language origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.
V. Conclusion
So, in the course of research work in the field of linguistics, linguistics and etymology, I have achieved the following results:
studied the scientific works of outstanding scientists-linguists L. G. Vedenina, V. G. Gaka, R. A. Budagov and others;
traced the influence of the French language on Russian;
studied borrowings from the French language;
traced their etymology;
classified the most common borrowed words into groups, tracked their ratio, presenting the results of her research in the form of tables and diagrams;
gained new knowledge in the field of etymology, lexicology, linguistics;
expanded her horizons and erudition;
I have gained a lot of experience in research work, which I hope will be useful to me in the future.
It should be noted that the language quickly responds to the needs of society. By the number of words taken from a particular language, one can judge its prestige in various fields. Borrowings are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states. The main reason for borrowing a foreign language vocabulary is the absence of a corresponding concept in the base of the receptor language.
The process of borrowing words in one language from another involuntarily brings them closer.
Of course, this gives both a positive result (enrichment of the vocabulary due to the designation of new concepts and objects), and negative - the destruction of the national language.
On the one hand, it might seem that the language should retain its essence. On the other hand, attempts to isolate the language may not meet the expected results. This can stall the development of the language, make it less alive.
The French language had a huge impact on Russian through borrowings, which was reflected in almost all areas of life, since it was the vocabulary that was the layer of the language most closely connected with the social life of society, sensitively reacting to all changes taking place in it. This process was most actively observed in the 18th-19th centuries, when French was the language of the European educated society. Availability in Russian a large number words of French origin will undoubtedly make it easier to learn French.
The rhythm of modern life and development international relations create today all the conditions for borrowing words in one language from another. Thus, the process of borrowing continues and remains one of the ways of developing a modern language.
This work helped me to remove a number of difficulties in the field of translation of loan words and the study of French in general. I believe that I managed to achieve all the goals and objectives.
For myself, I have outlined further research prospects: I would like to return to the problem associated with the so-called "dark words" and try to answer the questions to which today there is still no unambiguous answer.
“Any living language is generated by reality and serves it. The problems of language will open up to us with new facets, since both society and people are in constant movement and development. Together with them, the languages of the peoples of the world move and develop with their old and eternally new problems. This means that the problem of the relationship between language and man remains one of the central problems of the scientific world. "
(translation of the work into French, see appendix, p. 22)
Vi. Application
Scheme No. 1
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from the base |
Diagram # 1
La lanque est une ville pour la construction de laquelle chaque habitant de la Terre a apporté sa pierre.