How to measure centimeters. Without a measuring stick or measuring with bare hands

Korinenko Daniil

The point in this article is that a person in his life can measure any lengths and distances without using measuring instruments.

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Without a measuring stick or measuring with bare hands

Korinenko Daniil

GBOU gymnasium No. 406, 5th grade

Bobrovskaya Svetlana Ivanovna

Today there is not a single profession and even school subject, where nothing needs to be measured using instruments or by eye, that is, without instruments.

Well, of course, we all have measuring instruments at home. This is the clock by which they know when to go to school and when their favorite TV show starts; a thermometer that everyone is sure to glance at when going outside; electricity meter and much more.

Have you ever been in such a situation: you need to measure something, but there are no rulers, tape measures or other measuring tools within reach?

If you have absolutely nothing at hand, you at least have arms and legs!!!

And, although we are all different, on average, some parts of our bodies are quite similar in size.

For example, there was this situation: we were buying a TV. Dad knew the dimensions of the car trunk (length, height, depth), and he measured the dimensions of the box using his hand, or rather, the distance between the large and index finger, i.e. span.

Why is this topic not relevant if, without any tools, you can measure the height of a box, pillar, pyramid, tree, etc.

Problem: is it possible to measure objects without standard devices measurements.

Target: justify the importance of measurement different sizes without measuring instruments.

Tasks:

Analyze the literature about ancient measures ah length

Compare and summarize the need for non-standard measurement measures.

Conduct a survey of classmates

Determine the presence or absence of interest in my project

Hypothesis : Suppose you need to measure something, but there is nothing at hand. A person in his life can measure any lengths and distances without using measuring instruments.

The first units of measurement were not very accurate. For example, distances were measured in steps. Of course different people the step size is different, but we took some average value. The pitch was too small a unit for measuring large distances. Therefore, in Ancient Rome for such measurements served mile (this is a path of 1000 double steps, with both the right and left foot).

And even greater distances were measured transitions or days of movement. In Jack London’s story “White Silence,” an Indian, when asked how much time is left to travel, replies: “You’re going 10 dreams, 20 dreams, 40 dreams,” i.e. days. Estonian sailors measured the distance tubes . This was their name for the route traversed by the ship during normal speed during the time it takes to smoke a pipe filled with tobacco. In Spain, the same measure of distance was cigar, and in Japan - horse shoe. This was the name given to the path taken by a horse until the straw sole tied to its feet, which replaced a horseshoe in this country, wears out.

One of the most common units of length was elbow , i.e. the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.

But different people have elbows different lengths. Therefore, in each city, the king who ruled it issued a decree which elbow all his subjects should use. And when the small kingdoms merged into one large state, appropriate instructions came from the capital.

A measuring ruler will not always be at hand, and it is useful to be able to somehow manage without it. The easiest way to measure long or short distances is in steps. To do this, you need to know the length of your step. Of course the steps are not always the same, but we can still know them average length. To do this, you need to measure the length of many steps together and calculate the length of one from there. Another old rule relates to walking speed: a person walks as many kilometers in an hour as he takes steps in 3 seconds!!!

In theory, everything is clear, but in practice there was such an experiment: measure the length of the car. Measuring your stride length using a tape measure. It is equal to 70 cm. The length of the machine according to the technical passport = 431 cm. According to measurements, the length of the machine is 6 steps, i.e. 420 cm. There is an error.

Measurement with the palm, more precisely the width of the hand

IN Ancient Rus' small objects were measured with the palm of the hand, and in English stories one can often find a description of how a peasant or horse lover determined the height of a horse by the number of palms. Knowing the size of your desk, measuring it with your palms and span. It turned out:

Table length = 200 cm.

table length = 12 spans * 16 cm = 192 cm;

table length = 24 palms * 9 cm = 216 cm

Let's also measure the door in our room:

Height door frame= 25 palms or 13 spans

Door frame height (data from the store) = 210 cm

These experiments will interest everyone and you can measure everything around! Starting from classmates and ending with a sandwich!

Fathom = height;

sandwich = 6 coins of 10 rubles.

TO MEASURE means to find using special technical devices the value of some physical quantity. At the same time, it is compared with the value of the same name, taken as one.

Measurement is one of the most important things in modern life. The first units for measuring quantities were not very accurate. In Russia for a long time there were many different fathoms, palm, etc. The modern unit is mm, cm, dm, meter, etc.

“What does it mean to measure?” The short answer is: “To measure means to compare with a standard.” IN everyday life the measuring standard must always be available. For a student, a textbook can serve as a standard, as well as a “living scale”, for example, the width of a nail, or the length index finger. It may be noted that “live scale” is more acceptable.

Measure with a ruler or tape measure. Find the object or distance between two points that you need to measure.

It could be the length wooden board, thread or fabric, or a line on a piece of paper.
Best for hard and smooth surfaces A ruler or meter will do.
If you are taking measurements from a person for sewing clothes, it is best to use something elastic, such as a measuring tape.
Longer distances can be measured using a tape measure.

Move to opposite side the object you are measuring. Now you will know the length of the object.

Read last number on the ruler, which is near the edge of the object. It will mean the length of the object "in whole units", for example: 8 inches.
Count the number of fractions (dashes) beyond the last whole number that the object you are measuring captures.
If your ruler is marked at 1/8 inch, and you have 5 more lines after the last whole number, then you have another 5/8 inch after 8, which means total length would read "8 whole 5/8 inches".
Simplify fractions if you can. For example, 4/16 inch is the same as 1/4.

Use a metric or decimal ruler. Then you will measure in decimal system, as is customary in metric measurements.

Consider that the longer lines are centimeters. Move towards the nearest centimeter mark. It will indicate the length in “whole units”. For example, 10 centimeters.
If the metric ruler is marked in centimeters (cm), then consider the intermediate marks as millimeters (mm).
Count the number of intermediate marks from the last whole measurement to the edge of the object. For example, if the length of your object is calculated to be 10 cm plus 8 mm, then your measurement is 10.8 cm.

To measure the distance between objects, for example between walls, use a tape measure. A retractable metal tape measure works best here.

End with zero mark lean it against one wall, or have someone hold it, then slide the tape out to the other wall.
Now you should have two length measurements, the largest one is for feet (or meters), the smaller one is for inches (or centimeters).
First read whole feet (or meters), inches (or cm), and then their fractions.
For example, the distance could be read as "12 feet, 5 point 1/2 inches."

To draw a straight line, use your 12-inch ruler (or a similar tool, such as a meter). You can also use rulers as straight edges in drawing or geometry.

Place it on the surface you are drawing on and place the pencil along the edge of the ruler.
Use the ruler as a guide for a straight edge.
Keep the ruler still so that the line is completely straight.

Whether you need to determine the size of a finished garment using a size chart, or you just want to sew something for yourself or someone else, taking correct measurements is the key to the perfect fit of any item. It is best to take measurements with a special measuring tape, but if you do not have one on hand, you can use other means at hand.

Steps

Selection of measuring instruments

Look for something flexible for taking measurements. Try to find something flexible in your home that can be easily wrapped around your body for taking measurements.

Try using available materials such as yarn, twine, fabric scraps or wire.
The material you choose should not be of much value to you, since you will have to mark it with a centimeter scale, cut it, or otherwise damage it to make it easier for you to take measurements.

Find an object with an exact length you know. Look for a handy object with a straight edge, the exact length of which you know. Depending on specific subject, you can either use it as a measuring tool or use it to measure other material, such as string.

Apply a scale with centimeter marks to the selected material for measurements. If you don't know the exact length of the item you chose instead of a measuring tape, take a ruler and mark it with a measuring tape.

To take measurements, apply a makeshift measuring tape to your body. Apply the prepared measuring material to the part of the body that you are going to measure to determine its length, based on the centimeter marks applied to the material or from knowing its exact dimensions.
- If the material you are using is too short to measure the required length, place your finger as precisely as possible where the material ends and reapply it (the material) to that point to continue measuring. Do this as many times as necessary to complete a complete measurement.
- If you want to know the length of a body part first and only then measure it in centimeters, apply the measuring material to that part of the body and mark on it with your fingers the place (or, if you are using string, even cut the material in that place) where the required length is reached. Then take a ruler or use the guide measurements of your hand to find out the length of the measurement you took.
- Be sure to write down all the measurements you receive and don't forget to sign what the numbers you provide refer to.
Taking measurements for women's clothing
1. Measure your chest circumference. To determine your chest girth or the chest girth of another woman, you need to take measuring material around the body along the shoulder blades, under the armpits and along the most protruding part of the chest.
  
  Determine your waist circumference. Take measuring material and determine the circumference of your natural waist - the narrowest point of the body. To determine the location of your waist, look in the mirror and pay attention to the area of your body that is just above your navel but below your ribcage.
  
  Measure your hips. To determine your hip circumference, wrap the measuring material around the widest part of your hips.
  - Typically, the widest point of your hips is 20cm below your natural waistline, but this varies from person to person. You can take several different measurements to accurately determine the largest one.
  - If you take your own measurements, be sure to check in a mirror to ensure that the measuring material runs horizontally around your hips and buttocks.
2. Find out your inseam length. To determine the length of the inseam of trousers, you need to measure the distance along inside legs from crotch to ankle. The leg should remain straight.
  
  If necessary, take additional measurements. Use the measuring material to take any other measurements that are listed in the finished garment size chart or are needed for pattern selection.
Taking measurements for men's clothing

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Basic secondary school No. 2" Tashtagol

Technical and mathematical section:

Nomination: mathematics

How to measure without a ruler

Ezhova Yulia ,

5th grade,MBOU "Basic

general education

School No. 2" Tashtagol

Scientific supervisor:

Sulekova Albina Faritovna ,

math teacher,

second qualification category

Tashtagol, 2014

Introduction………..…………………………………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER 1. The ancient system of length measures in Rus'. ………………………...4

CHAPTER 2. “I measure, I measure myself”…………………………………………..7

2.1. “Live” meter………………………………………………………………...7

2.2. Measuring length by determining the average pitch………………..8 2.3. Measurement with the palm, more precisely the width of the hand……………………….8

2.4. Determining the distance with a “live” meter……………………………..8

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….9

REFERENCES……………………………………………………..10

APPENDIX 1. Dictionary.……………………………………………………………..11

APPENDIX 2. Meter standard..……………………………..…………..12

APPENDIX 3. “Live” scale……………………………………………………….....13

APPENDIX 4. Ancient Russian measures of length in proverbs.. …...14

INTRODUCTION

Measure yourself and you too

You will become a real geometer!

Marsilio Sicino

Today, there is not a single profession or even a school subject where nothing needs to be measured using instruments or by eye, that is, without instruments.

Have you ever been in such a situation: you need to measure something, but there are no rulers, tape measures or other measuring tools within reach?

If you have absolutely nothing at hand, you at least have arms and legs!!!

And, although we are all different, on average, some parts of our bodies are quite similar in size.

Why is this topic not relevant if, without any tools, you can measure the height of a box, pillar, pyramid, tree, etc.

Target: find out: how to measure distance if you don’t have a ruler at hand.

Hypothesis : a person in his life can measure any lengths and distances without using measuring instruments.

Tasks :

analyze the literature on ancient measures of length in Rus'

compare and summarize the need for non-standard measurement measures.

try in practice to measure the height and length of an object, distance without a ruler

Object and subject of research : furniture in the classroom, human height, measuring the length of a car, measure a distance of 2 meters.

Research methods:

studying information from books, reference books, magazines;

obtaining information from adults;

searching for information on the Internet;

observing measurements without using a ruler;

experimentation;

CHAPTER 1. Ancient system of length measures in Rus'

Since ancient times, our ancestors measured distance with themselves, with their bodies. It’s convenient, and your hands and feet are always with you, you can’t “forget them at home.” The system of Old Russian measures of length included the following basic measures: verst, fathom, arshin, elbow, span and vershok.

In Ancient Rus', it was used to measure distancesVERST ( or earlier name - FIELD) . Versta - from the word “turn”. Initially, the distance from one turn of the plow to another during plowing. For a long time, the two names were used in parallel, as synonyms. Versta as a measure of length has been used in Rus' since the 11th century. The size of the verst changed repeatedly depending on the number of fathoms included in it and the size of the fathom. The average length of a mile is 1060m.

STEP - average length of a human step = 71 cm. One of the oldest measures of length. Information has been preserved on the use of step to determine the distance between cities in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Egypt, Persia. Pitch as a measure of length is still used today. There is even a special pedometer device, similar to a pocket watch, which automatically counts the number of steps a person has taken. The distance at which the opponents were supposed to converge during the duel was measured in steps.

ARSHIN - an ancient Russian measure of length. There are different versions of the origin of the arshin measure of length. Perhaps, initially, “arshin” denoted the length of a human step (about seventy centimeters, when walking on the plain, at an average pace) and was basic value for others major measures determining lengths, distances (fathom, verst). The root "AR" in the word a r sh i n - in Old Russian language(and in others, neighboring ones) means “EARTH”, “surface of the earth”, and indicates that this measure could be used in determining the length of the path traveled on foot. There was another name for this measure - STEP.
Arshin has been mentioned in literary sources since the mid-16th century. The name comes from the Persian word "arsh" - elbow. This is the length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the end phalanx of the middle finger. There are 71 cm in an arshin. But in different countries(and even in different provinces of Russia) there were their own units of measurement of length, so merchants, when selling their goods, as a rule, measured it with their own arshin, deceiving buyers. This is where the saying “Measure by your yardstick” comes from. To eliminate confusion, the official arshin was introduced, i.e. the arshin standard, which is a wooden ruler, at the ends of which metal tips with a state mark are riveted.

SAZHEN - old Russian, one of the main measures of length. Sazhen is mentioned in the “Tale of the Beginning of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery” for 1017. The name sazhen comes from the verb “ sue", meaning "to reach for something; reachable distance." According to historians, there were more than 10 fathoms, and they had their own names, were incommensurable, and not multiples of one another. Fathoms: city - 284.8 cm, untitled - 258.4 cm, great - 244.0 cm, Greek - 230.4 cm, state - 217.6 cm, royal - 197.4 cm, church - 186.4 cm, folk - 176.0 cm, masonry - 159.7 cm, simple - 150.8 cm, small - 142.4 cm and another one without a name - 134.5 cm (data from one source), as well as - courtyard, pavement.

In the 11th-14th centuries. fathom was about 176 cm. This was the so-called fly fathom, determined by the span of a person’s arms from the end of the fingers of one hand to the end of the fingers of the other. They also used fathoms I slant(great), equal to 248 cm (determined by the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers of the hand extended diagonally).

ELBOW - a unit of length used since ancient times. Initially, the elbow was defined as the straight distance from the elbow to the end of the middle (or thumb) finger of an outstretched hand (or a clenched fist). The value of this ancient measure of length, according to different sources, and in different countries, ranged from 37 to 47 cm. Builders Egyptian pyramids the elbow was considered the standard of length. In Russia, the cubit as a measure of length has been mentioned in literary monuments since the 11th century. One of the main Russian measures of length. In different centuries, the cubit ranged from 38 cm to 51 cm. Since the 16th century, it was gradually replaced by the arshin and in the 19th century it was almost not used.

For small measures of length, the base value wasSPAN (pyatnitsa), used in Rus' from time immemorial. The span is the distance between the ends of the outstretched fingers (thumb and index). The span was often used in everyday life to approximate the determination of small lengths. The span had no material design - they used a hand. Used a spansmall , equal to 18-19 cm, spangreat - 22-23 cm, spanhead over heels (span with the addition of two joints of the index finger) - 27 cm, spanmeasured - 17.95 cm.

In the 16th century, Russian measures appeared VERSHOK - a measure of length equal to the width of two fingers (index and middle). The name "Top" comes from the word "top" (top of the finger, i.e. finger). In modern terms - 4cm 5mm.

Measures of length (used in Russia after the Decree of 1835 and before the introduction of the metric system):

1 verst = 500 or 700 fathoms = 1 km 67 m
1 fathom = 3 arshins = 213cm
1 arshin = 16 vershok = 71 cm
(divisions in vertices were usually applied to arshins)

1 cubit = 44 cm (according to various sources from 38 to 47 cm)

1 vershok = 4.5 cm

1.2. "Live" meter

It would be nice for each of us to acquire such a “living meter” so that, if necessary, we can use it to measure length. It's useful to remember that most peoplethe distance between the ends spaced equal to the height - a rule noted by the brilliant artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci. It allows you to use our “living meters”, because almost everyone knows their height.

To measure small distances, you should remember the length of your “span”, i.e. the distance between the ends of the spaced thumb and index finger.

To measure the distance between objects, you need to know the length of your step. To measure small quantities, you need to know the length of your index finger from the base and the width of your fingers.

Armed with all this information, you can perform a variety of measurements quite satisfactorily with literally your bare hands, even in the dark.

1.3. Measuring the path in steps.

Measuring the path in steps. A measuring ruler will not always be at hand, and it is useful to be able to somehow manage without it. The easiest way to measure long or short distances is in steps. To do this, you need to know the length of your step. Of course, the steps are not always the same, but we can still know their average length. To find out the length of your average step, you need to measure the length of many steps together and calculate the length of one from there. In this case, of course, you can no longer do without a measuring tape. First you need to measure a distance of 20m. Remove the tape and draw a line. It is possible that the step will not be complete. If the remainder is shorter than half the length of the step, it can be discarded, and if it is longer, then it can be counted as a whole step. Dividing 20m by the number of steps, we get the average length of one step. This number must be remembered.

CHAPTER 2. “I measure, I measure myself”

2.1. "Live" meter.

First, I will create my own “live” meter. To do this, you need to make the appropriate measurements:

Measurement

Old name in Rus'

Length in cm

Height

Approximately equal to a mach fathom

155

Step

Approximately equal

length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the terminal phalanx of the middle finger

arshin

distance between the ends of the spread thumb and index fingers

Small span

Distance between extended thumb and little finger

Large span

Hand width

palm

Distance between the ends of the spread arms

"Makhovaya fathom"

145

distance from the toe of the left foot to the end of the middle finger raised up right hand

Oblique fathom

180

Distance from elbow to end of middle finger

elbow

a measure of length equal to the width of two fingers (index and middle).

inch

In theory, everything is clear, but in practice it is necessary to carry out the following experiment: measure the length of the car, the length of the table, the height of the door, your height and measure a distance of 2 meters.

Measuring length using the method of determining the average pitch.

Having determined the step length by the method of determining the average step, we determine the length of the machine.

The length of my family’s car according to the technical passport = 481 cm.

According to my measurements, the length of the car is 7 steps, i.e. 7 steps x 71cm = 497 cm. There is an error (16 cm).

Measurement with the palm, more precisely the width of the hand

In Ancient Rus', small objects were measured with the palm of the hand. Knowing the dimensions of your study desk, measure it with your palms and span. It turned out:

desk length (data from the store) = 120 cm.

desk length = 7 spans * 15 cm = 105 cm (error = 15 cm)

desk length = 16 palms * 7 cm = 112cm (error = 8cm)

We will also measure the door in our class:

door frame height (data from the store) = 210 cm

door frame height:

27 palms x 7cm = 189 cm (error = 21cm)

14 spans x 15cm = 210cm (coincident!)

Let's measure your height (155cm):

22 palms x 7cm = 154cm (error = 1cm)

10 spans x 15cm = 150cm (error = 5cm)

These experiments will interest everyone and you can measure everything around! Starting from classmates and ending with a sandwich!

Determining distance with a “live” meter.

I decided to measure a distance of 2 meters (200 cm) with a “live” meter. To do this, I set aside 2 steps (71cm each) + 1 elbow (41cm) + 2 palms (7cm each) + 1 vershok (3cm). Then I measured this distance - it turned out to be 188cm (error = 12cm)

CONCLUSION.

“What does it mean to measure?” The short answer is: “To measure means to compare with a standard.” In everyday life, a measuring standard must always be available. For a student, the standard can be a pen paste, a math textbook, or a “live” meter, such as the width of a nail or the length of an index finger. I find the "live meter" to be more acceptable, although it gives approximate values. In household use, the standard for small measurements can be an inch.

The purpose of our work was to find out: how to measure the length, width of any object, regardless of its size, as well as any distance, if there is no ruler, tape measure and other length measuring instruments.

Having studied various literature, information on the Internet and interviewed our parents, we found out thatUsing the ancient system of length measures in Rus', it was possible to measure any distance without measuring instruments.

After conducting research, we found:

exists large number ancient measures of length in Rus';

People's body sizes are different, so the “living” meter was also different;

the first units for measuring quantities were not very accurate

Conclusion. As a result research work We understood that the ancient measures of length depended on the characteristics of the physical structure of a person. They are inaccurate and difficult to use. But in modern world we use them for approximate values (for example, when purchasing a product, when transporting an item, etc.)

Ancient measures of length still live in our speech, in works of oral folk art and literature. Ancient Russian measures of length are the heritage of our culture and we should be proud of our ancestors and their reasonable decisions in the matter of calculations and measurements.

REFERENCES

Glazer G.I. – History of mathematics at school. Manual for teachers. M.: Education, 1964.

Depman I.Ya., Vilenkin N.Ya. Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook: A manual for students in grades 5-6 of secondary school. – M.: Education, 1989.

Gold placers. Russians folk proverbs and sayings. - Krasnoyarsk, “Offset”, 1993

Klimenchenko D.V. From the history of the metric system of measures. // N.Sh. – 1991. - No. 7 – p.21.

Kordyukova S. “Units that everyone needs” - M.: “Children's Literature”, 1972.

Ancient Russian measures of length, weight, volume

– unit translator

Appendix 1.

Dictionary

Measurement error - deviations value of a quantity from its true value. Measurement error is a characteristic (measure) measurements.

Measure - means finding the value of a certain physical quantity using special technical devices. At the same time, it is compared with the value of the same name, taken as one.

Reference (French йtalon). to check measuring devices in circulation (technical, physical).Reference meters. || trans. ready for something (book).

Leonardodi Ser Piero da Vinci ( Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ; , village of Anchiano, near the town , near - , lock , near , , ) - ( , , ) And ( , ), inventor, writer, one of the greatest representatives of art , a striking example " » ( homo universalis ).

The Russian system of measures was finally streamlinedOctober 11, 1835 Decree of Nicholas I "On the system of Russian weights and measures."
A geographical mile was introduced, which was 1/15 of a degree of the earth's equator, or 7 versts. A verst was 500 fathoms, a fathom was 3 arshins, an arshin was 4 spans (quarters), a quarter was 4 vershoks. There was also a hundredth part of a fathom.
For small distances, English measures of length were borrowed, the inch, which consisted of 10 lines, and the line, which consisted of 10 points.
By the way, the unofficial name of the Mosin system rifle - “three-line” - characterizes the caliber of the cartridge, three lines, which is 7.62 millimeters.
July 21, 1925 can be considered the date of completion of the history of the Russian system. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the metric system was introduced as mandatory in the USSR.
Many names of Russian measures of length have become established expressions, for example, “oblique fathom in the shoulders”, “seven spans in the forehead”, etc.

Appendix 2.

Appendix 3. “Live” scale

Appendix 4

Ancient Russian measures of length in proverbs and sayings

In modern Russian, ancient units of measurement and the words denoting them are preserved mainly in the form of proverbs and sayings.

From the pot twoinch , and already the pointer -

a young man who has no life experience, but arrogantly teaches everyone.

She has Saturday through Friday for twoinch got out -

about a sloppy woman whose undershirt long skirt

Don't give in eitherspans -

not to give even the smallest amount.

Sevenspans in the forehead -

about very smart person

Himself with a marigold, and a beard withelbow -

about a man of unenviable appearance, but enjoying authority due to his intelligence, social status or life experience. Before Peter I, a beard was considered an honorable attribute of a man. A long, well-groomed beard served as a sign of wealth and nobility.

Each merchant has his ownarshin measures -

everyone judges any matter one-sidedly, based on their own interests

Sits and walks as ifarshin swallowed -

about an unnaturally straight person

For threearshin sees the ground -

about an attentive, perspicacious person from whom nothing can be hidden.

Obliquefathom in the shoulders -

broad-shouldered, tall man.

Log to log -fathom -

about the accumulation of reserves and wealth through saving.

Verst Kolomenskaya -

talk about a tall man.

Moscowmiles far away, but close to my heart -

This is how Russian people characterized their attitude towards the capital.

Ona mile away if you fall behind, you'll catch up by ten -

even a small lag is very difficult to overcome.

Seven-mile steps -

rapid growth, good development anything.

Onarshin head and mindspan -

when they talk about a stupid person.

Closeelbow don't bite -

and close, but if you can’t reach it, you won’t succeed

For sevenverst slurp jelly -

to go, to go far without any special need.

Appendix 4

The use of ancient measures of length in works of literature

Who doesn’t know Nekrasov’s poem “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares” from childhood! There are these lines:

Every minute the water was rising
To the poor animals: there is already something left under them
Lessarshin land wide,
Lessfathoms in length.

The situation is truly catastrophic: imagine an island with an area of less than 71cm X 213cm! Grandfather Mazai came to the aid of the obliques just in time.

The word “milestone” had a different meaning – MILESTONE POST. In order to better notice them, they were usually painted with oblique stripes of two colors - white and dark, most often black, with a narrow orange stripe running between them. It was precisely these versts that Pushkin wrote about in his poem “ winter road»:

Wilderness and snow... Towards me
Onlymiles striped
They come across one.

Hence the expression KOLOMENSKAYA VERSTA - about a very tall man. It comes from high mileposts placed by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich between Moscow and the village of Kolomenskoye, where his palace was located.

P. P. Ershov “THE HUMPED HUMPED HORSE”.

"Yes, a toy skate

Only three tallinch ,

On the back with two humps

Yes witharshin ears"

Russian folk tale"SEVEN SEMIONS".

“I,” he says, “can forge an iron pillarfathoms twenty in height."

M. M. Prishvin “Guys and Ducklings.”

“In the spring, this lake overflowed far, and a strong place for a nest could only be foundmiles for three, on a hummock, in a swamp forest. And when the water subsided, I had to do all threemiles travel to the lake."

Fairy tale "The Hunter Brothers".

“I cooked porridge, I’m waiting for my brother. Looks, an old man comes out into the clearing, he is no taller than a tree stump, his hat isarshin , and the beard is threefathoms ».

A. S. Pushkin “The Tale of Tsar Saltan.”

“God gave them a sonarshin ».

Russian folk tale "Stupid Man".

“I didn’t have time to drive off even a dozenfathom , like a branch gave way, the man fell and hurt himself.”

Russian folk tale “What is heard next.”

“Yes,” says the old man, “bread and salt cost thousands.”verst I can hear you!”

Russian folk tale “Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what.”

"A man with a fingernail, a beard withelbow , sat down next to the bull, took out a sharpened knife, began to cut the meat, dip it in garlic, eat it and praise it.”

The epic "Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber."

There are five hundred along the straight roadversts,

And along the roundabout path there are as many as a thousand.”

"The Tale of Emelya the Fool."

“And this city is located sevenversts …».

How to measure centimeters. Without a measuring stick or measuring with bare hands

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Steps

Selection of measuring instruments

Taking measurements for women's clothing

Taking measurements for men's clothing