Myers Briggs Personality Test. Myers-Briggs typology

The Myers-Briggs test is designed to determine personality type. Psychological testing is widely used by HR specialists in personnel selection. In developing companies there is a question about the choice of management team. By applying the personality typology system, it will become much easier to carry out personnel changes.

From this article you will learn:

  • how to determine personality typology according to the Myers-Briggs system;
  • what is the Myers-Briggs test for?
  • what scales and types are used as the basis for the typology;
  • how to interpret the results of the Myers-Briggs test;
  • how to use the test results obtained.

How to determine personality typology according to the Myers-Briggs system

The Myers-Briggs test helps determine personality typologies. Psychological testing is developed on the basis of the previously created typology of Carl Jung.

Basic psychological functions that help to perceive the world:

  • thinking;
  • feelings;
  • intuition;
  • sensations.

American psychologists Isabel Briggs-Myers, together with her daughter Katherine-Briggs, studied the problem in detail and published a couple of scientific articles. The personality typology based on Jung's work has been expanded. All types were given modern shapes. The MBTI typology, or Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, appeared during World War II. The researchers' theory was based on the original tests they compiled. The purpose of the research was to determine personal preferences in the work of women in order to replace men called up to the front in production.

Scientists paid attention to the developed Myers-Briggs testing methodology in the 50s and 60s. At this time, new experiments were carried out to clarify and supplement the created methodology. Many critics of that time pointed out that the Myers-Briggs personality typology in its theoretical part completely duplicates Jung's research.

The essence of the Myers-Briggs Psychological Testing System (MBTI) is aimed at:

  • measurement combinations of personality factors, allowing one to predict the propensity for the corresponding type of activity;
  • identifying the style of actions performed;
  • the nature of the decisions made.

What is the Myers-Briggs test used for?

The Myers-Briggs test is designed to study the personality of a specific person. The typological indicator consists of eight letters. Each corresponds to the characteristics and qualities of character. Paired combinations are inherent to a certain person in different combinations.

The Myers-Briggs personality test helps determine psychotypes. In turn, the analysis of the resulting combinations allows HR specialists to conclude whether the candidate is suitable for performing a certain activity or whether it is better to immediately refuse cooperation with him.

Basic methods are survey systems using questionnaires. Next, the results are verified. The MBTI personality type is determined based on consultation with a certified specialist. Without mastering this technique, it is impossible to guarantee that the personality type of the person being surveyed has been determined.

Myers-Briggs test based on MBTI questionnaires:

  • MBTI Step I. The questionnaire contains 93 questions aimed at identifying personality type.
  • MBTI Step III. The questionnaire is aimed at analyzing the dynamic development of the type. In Russia, this technique is not used; there are no certified verification specialists.

Based on these models, there are other types of questionnaires. Test results is comprehensive analysis personality typologies. The authors of the methods took the Myers-Briggs tests as a basis.

What can the Myers-Briggs test determine?

Using special tests, you can determine a person’s personality type and individual preferences.

Russian-language questionnaires include:

  • projective diagnostic techniques;
  • situational behavioral testing;
  • classic test options;
  • clinical interviews.

Test options adapted by Yu.B. Gippenreiter. Myers-Briggs questionnaires are quite difficult to decipher. Some scales presented in the original versions do not work. This creates certain difficulties and leads to the likelihood of errors when determining the type specific person. The Myers-Briggs test became a separate subject of study by Ovchinnikov and Abelskaya.

Diagnostic testing methods are used:

  • in management psychology;
  • in organizational personnel development.

Scales and types

4 scales (descriptors) on which personality research is conducted are designed for:

  • orientation of consciousness: introversion-extroversion;
  • orientation in a certain situation, where the basis is common sense and intuition;
  • the principles of decision-making based on the logos-pathos type;
  • ways of preparing decisions: rationality-irrationality.

Introverts belong to type I. According to the Myers-Briggs personality typology, these can be sociable and sociable people, and not closed and closed, as psychologists often imagine. But introverts work better alone; they draw energy from solitude. The orientation is directed inwards, towards oneself.

Extroverts belong to the E-type. For this typology, it is preferable to work in a team, solve problems through heated discussion, and find compromises by consulting with others. Orientation is directed towards external objects.

S-type on the scale is regarded as a person capable of assessing a situation and taking into account the smallest details. They are consistent in their decisions, take known data as a basis, carefully weigh and think through everything, are accurate, and do not take into account guesses that are not confirmed by facts. The orientation is aimed at what is happening today, here and now, at the facts, the experience gained.

N-type Relies more on intuition. People have a developed imagination, the world is focused on possibilities, they are not able to delve into facts, see the global picture and look for various ways to solve problems. The orientation of personality typology is aimed at general information and one’s own intuition.

T-type put logic first. Decision Making occurs after careful consideration of the situation. This personality type is excellent at analyzing the information received. The orientation is aimed at the ability to carefully weigh the pros and cons.

F-type refers to empaths. People have developed emotional intelligence. The orientation is aimed at emotional decision making.

P-type has the ability to perceive a large amount of information coming through different channels. Personality typology is easy on change, quickly copes with large-scale tasks, and knows how to adapt. Orientation is aimed at rapid adaptation to different conditions.

J-type has the ability to plan, avoid chaos, approach any problem fully prepared, carefully weigh and think through everything, know how to set goals and achieve results. Orientation focuses on ordering and planning.

How to interpret test results

By analyzing the appropriate scales and types, it will be much easier to interpret the test results. When choosing a management team, you should focus on the presented scale. The S-type, T-type, J-type psychotype is ideal for a leadership position. The ability to quickly adapt, make decisions, take into account the smallest details, set goals and achieve the appropriate result are considered indispensable when leading a large team.

Other psychotypes are more suitable for executive roles. N-type employees will be able to communicate with clients and find ways to resolve the issue even in the most difficult and confusing situations. F-type has high degree emotionality. This should be taken into account when recruiting personnel. This psychotype is more suitable for performing work where it is necessary to look for non-standard ways to resolve issues.

How to use the results

The Myers-Briggs personality test will reveal your psychotype. When analyzing handwriting, conclusions are drawn about the qualities S-N, F-T. Representatives of the S type are focused on the present, which means their handwriting is distinguished by grace, they dream of making a good impression on people.

Intuitive type N and thinking type T have illegible and flying handwriting. Most often, when determining the scale of paired types, one can conclude which psychotype is the dominant one.

When using the Myers-Briggs test in a survey form, it is worth considering and analyzing general characteristics and take into account that no most detailed questionnaire will help to cover all the characteristics of human behavior. Test task aimed at covering a general framework and identifying dominant qualities.

Regardless of psychotype, every person in everyday life uses both poles of preferences to varying degrees. For example, he may be sociable, but at the same time he is an introvert who finds it difficult to work in a team.

MYERS-BRIGGS TEST

To obtain information about which job a particular candidate is most suitable for, it is best to use the comprehensive but fairly simple Myers-Briggs test.

To administer the test, ask the candidate to answer a series of questions. Explain to him that there are no right or wrong answers to the questions, since they are not testing the level of knowledge and abilities, but the characteristics of their personal make-up. So when answering, you need to choose those points that are most relevant to reality.

1. When you are in society, do you usually prefer:

a) participate in the general conversation;

b) talk to each person separately.

2. You are more of a person:

a) realistic;

b) prone to theorizing.

3. In your opinion, worse:

a) “hover in the clouds”;

b) “roll along the knurled track.”

4. You are more impressed by:

a) principles;

b) emotions.

5. You are more attracted to:

a) convincing;

b) touching.

6. If you have to do unusual work, you better:

a) plan it in advance;

b) find out what needs to be done during the work.

7. You tend to make choices:

a) carefully;

b) impulsively.

8. At parties you:

a) stay late, become more and more animated;

b) leave early, feeling tired.

9. You are more attracted to:

a) realists;

b) people with a rich imagination.

10. Are you more interested in:

a) actually existing;

b) possible.

11. Your judgments about people are based on:

a) on rules more often than on circumstances;

b) on circumstances more often than on rules.

12. In relation to other people, you usually:

a) objective;

b) subjective.

13. You act more often:

a) punctually;

b) leisurely and unhurriedly.

14. Do you prefer:

a) complete the work in advance;

b) putting everything off until the last minute.

15. Among your friends you:

a) full of news about everyone;

b) you will be the last to know what is happening.

16. Doing regular work makes you more enjoyable:

a) do it in the generally accepted way;

b) invent your own method.

17. When you read for pleasure, do you like it when the writer:

a) clearly says what he means;

b) expresses thoughts in an unusual, original form.

18. Are you more attracted to:

a) consistency and logic of reasoning;

b) harmony of human relations.

19. It is easier for you to make judgments:

a) based on logic;

b) values-based.

20. You are more attracted to situations:

a) defined and completed;

b) uncertain and incomplete.

21. You can say that you are more of:

a) a serious and strong-willed person;

b) a person who has an easy-going attitude towards life.

22. When talking on the phone, you:

a) rarely wonder if everything will be said;

b) think in advance what you will say.

23. Facts:

a) “speak for themselves”;

b) illustrate some patterns.

24. Dreamers and visionaries:

a) irritate you;

b) captivate and enchant.

25. More often than not you are a person:

a) cool and calm;

b) cordial and sympathetic.

26. Do you think it’s worse to be:

a) unreasonable;

b) unfriendly.

27. In most cases you should:

a) control the course of events;

b) rely on the natural course of events.

28. You feel better when:

a) have already made a purchase;

b) you have the opportunity to make a purchase.

29. In the company you:

a) you are the initiator of the conversation;

b) wait for someone to contact you.

30. Common sense statements:

a) rarely raise doubts;

b) often raise doubts.

31. Would you like your friend to be a person:

a) who stands firmly on the ground;

b) who always has new ideas.

32. When making decisions, it is easier for you to deal with:

a) rules and standards;

b) feelings.

33. You are more of a person:

a) hard than soft;

b) soft than hard.

34. You are more attracted to the ability to:

a) purposefully organize;

b) use available opportunities.

35. Do you value more in a situation:

a) clarity;

b) unknown.

36. New and unusual interactions with people:

a) stimulates you and fills you with energy;

b) tires you and wastes energy.

37. In most cases, you are a person:

a) practical;

b) with imagination and whims.

38. You are more inclined to try to find out:

a) how other people can be useful;

b) other people's point of view.

39. Brings you more satisfaction:

a) thorough discussion of the issue;

b) reaching agreement on what is being discussed.

40. Your actions are largely controlled by:

a) Your head;

b) Your heart.

41. When you know that at a certain time you will be doing a certain thing:

a) You are glad that you can plan your time;

b) It’s unpleasant for you that you are bound by something.

42. Usually you:

a) strive to achieve specified results;

b) you are satisfied with what happens.

43. Do you prefer:

a) many friends and short relationships;

b) several friends and long-term relationships.

44. You are guided to a greater extent by:

a) facts;

b) patterns.

45. Are you more interested in:

a) production and distribution of products;

b) research and design.

46. ​​Do you consider it a compliment if they call you:

a) a logical thinking person;

b) a sensitive person.

47. What you value more about yourself:

a) determination;

b) devotion.

48. Do you prefer statements:

a) final;

b) trial and preliminary.

49. You feel better:

a) after making a decision;

b) before making a decision.

50. When communicating with unfamiliar people, you:

a) easily carry on long conversations;

b) find it difficult to find topics for conversation.

51. Do you trust more:

a) your experience;

b) your intuition.

52. Would you prefer to be considered:

a) a practical person;

b) an inventive person.

53. A person more worthy of praise:

a) has a clear mind;

b) capable of strong feelings.

54. Are you more likely to be:

a) fair and impartial;

b) sympathetic and empathetic.

55. If you act according to plan, this is:

a) you like it;

b) constrains and limits you.

56. Are you better at:

a) follow a well-thought-out plan;

b) cope with the unexpected.

57. You think that people close to you know your opinion:

a) about most things;

b) only if you tell it to them.

58. What you value more about yourself:

a) a strong sense of reality;

b) vivid imagination.

59. If you were a teacher, would you prefer to teach:

a) practical subjects;

b) theoretical subjects.

60. Do you consider it a bigger mistake to:

a) too hot-tempered;

b) too objective.

61. Do you consider yourself:

a) sober-minded;

b) merciful and sympathetic.

62. You are more attracted to situations:

a) ordered and planned;

b) disordered and unplanned.

63. You do:

a) in accordance with the rules more often than eccentrically;

b) eccentrically more often than in accordance with the rules.

64. Usually you:

a) a sociable person;

b) a calm and reserved person.

65. When you write, you prefer:

a) be expressed literally;

b) express yourself figuratively.

66. It’s more difficult for you:

a) feel solidarity with others;

b) benefit from others.

67. Would you wish for yourself:

a) greater mental clarity;

b) greater capacity for compassion.

68. Would you prefer to work with a manager:

a) who is always fair;

b) always friendly.

69. Do you prefer:

a) planned events;

b) unplanned events.

70. Are you more likely to:

a) to thoughtful behavior;

b) to spontaneous behavior.

The test determines personality type based on four characteristics:

1) energy replenishment (extrovert-introvert);

2) obtaining information (sensory-intuitive);

3) decision making (thinking-feeling);

4) lifestyle (decider-perceiver).

Extrovert (E). Prefers to draw energy from the outside world (people, activities, things).

Introvert (I). Prefers to draw energy from his inner world(thoughts, emotions, impressions).

Touch (S). Receives information through his own senses.

Intuitive (N). Generates information based on one’s own premonitions.

Thinker (T). Makes decisions with his head, based on logic and objective considerations.

Sensing (F). Makes decisions with the heart, based on personal beliefs and values.

Decisive (J). Prefers an orderly and planned lifestyle.

Perceiver (P). Prefers a spontaneous and flexible lifestyle.

Now choose the highest score from each of the four categories and write down your resulting personality profile as ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, or ENTJ.

Based on the test results, you can make a rough estimate of whether the candidate is capable of holding the position offered to him. For example, if you need to work with people, manage a team, then it makes sense to invite a specialist with an external orientation (extrovert, E), and to organize the material base, production, and target planning - an introvert (I), although both will be sensory and logical and practices. But the first of them is the leader, the second is the organizer. And when choosing a successful seller, it is better to choose an extrovert, an intuitive with ethical and practical components.

If you make a mistake about whether a candidate is externally or internally oriented and offer to trade to an introvert, you can’t come up with anything worse, because an introvert can direct the actions of the team, inspire it, but there will be no practical benefit to trading from him. So, dividing candidates by type will help you not regret your choice, especially since the division system is quite simple.

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World experience in applying the Myers-Briggs typology

The Myers-Briggs Type Identifier is widely used in business, and in particular in some large Western companies. In the United States, up to 70% of high school graduates undergo personality type determination using the MBTI for the purpose of choosing a future profession. Studying Myers-Briggs typology approved by the American Psychological Association for Category 1 continuing education for psychologists. .

History of the Myers-Briggs typology

The Myers-Briggs typology was originally developed by Isabel Myers-Briggs and her mother Katherine Briggs, based on the work of " Psychological types» Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. Katherine Briggs's first publications date back to the late 1920s. The first version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test appeared in 1942, and the first version of the typology manual appeared in 1944.

In 1972 it was created Center for Applications of Psychological Type(CAPT), leading research activities and training specialists in the use of MBTI. The MBTI test and the Myers-Briggs typology began to gain widespread popularity after the rights to sell it (in 1975) were received by Consulting Psychologists Press, engaged in its promotion. In the same year (1975), under the auspices of CAPT, the first conference dedicated to the Myers-Briggs typology was held, which is now held every 2 years. In 1979 it was founded Association of Psychological Type(APT), which represents the interests of the MBTI and also trains non-psychologists to administer the test. To a large extent, the popularity of the Myers-Briggs typology among the general public was facilitated by the publication in 1984 of a popular book by D. Keirsey and M. Bates. A significant part of the research on the Myers-Briggs typology is published in the journal The Journal of Psychological Type.

Regarding the history of the Myers-Briggs typology in Russia, it can be noted that its first mention in the USSR dates back to 1978, and the first short essay was published in 1984.

Basics of typology: scales and types

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is designed to determine one of 16 personality types. It includes 8 scales, combined in pairs. The purpose of the typology and tests is to help a person determine his individual preferences, which poles of the scales he should use more correspond.

1. E-I scale- orientation of consciousness:

E (E xtraversion, extraversion) - orientation of consciousness outward, towards objects,
I (I ntroversion, introversion) - orientation of consciousness inward, towards the subject;

2. S-N scale- a way to navigate the situation:

S (S ensing, feeling) - orientation towards specific information,
N(i N tuition, intuition) - orientation towards generalized information;

3. T-F scale- decision-making basis:

T (T hinking, thinking) - rational weighing of alternatives;
F (F eeling, feeling) - making decisions on an emotional basis;

4. J-P scale- method of preparing solutions:

J (J udging, judgment) - a preference to plan and organize information in advance,
P (P erception, perception) - preference to act without detailed preliminary preparation, focusing more on the circumstances.

The combination of scales gives the designation of one of 16 types, for example: ENTP, ISFJ, etc.

“I designate both outlined types as irrational on the basis already stated, that they base their entire course of action not on the judgment of reason, but on the absolute power of perception.”

Thus, Isabel Myers did not introduce a new concept with “judgment”/“perception”, but only chose one of Jung’s designations for “rationality”/“irrationality”. However, at the same time, changing the functional model of Jung's types.

Fundamental differences in the type models of these typologies exist for introverted types. Introverted types in the Myers-Briggs typology have dominant and auxiliary functions like Jung’s types with a different meaning: rational/irrational (decider/perceiver). For example, the introverted type with dominant thinking (this is the rational/decisive function) is rational in Jung, and irrational/perceiving in the Myers-Briggs typology; using the example of specific types - the INTP type in the Myers-Briggs typology has the first 2 functions like the Jungian INTJ type (introverted thinker with auxiliary intuition), and vice versa. According to Jung, only types with a dominant rational function are called rational, and only types with a dominant irrational function are called irrational, and this does not depend on the type’s extraversion/introversion trait.

Also, some followers of Myers-Briggs (Joe Butt, Marina Heiss) observe a difference in the functional model in relation to the extraversion-introversion parameter of the 3rd function. For Jung, the extraversion-introversion parameter of the 3rd function differs from that of the dominant function, while for some followers of Myers-Briggs it coincides.

Another difference between the typologies is that the understanding of the Myers-Briggs followers of the content of Jung’s 8 functions (there are 8 taking into account extraversion/introversion) of Jung may differ from the understanding of both other followers and Jung himself. This is a consequence of the fact that, having paid great attention to the development of MBTI, the binary features underlying this test were much better developed than Young’s functions.

Myers-Briggs typology and socionics: different typologies

It should be noted that there is two approaches to personality diagnostics - “factorial” and “typological”. Each of them has both its advantages and limitations (for more details about the two approaches, see), solving fundamentally different problems. In general, with the typological approach there is a natural “coarsening” of the individual psychological characteristics of a particular person.

Notes

See also

  • The evolution of Jung’s views on typology / A. M. Elyashevich, D. A. Lytov

Books and articles

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  • Leaver B. L. Teaching the whole class. - M.: New school, 1995. - Betty lou Leaver. Teaching the Whole Class.
  • Myers I., Myers P. MBTI. Definition of types. Everyone has their own gift - M: Publisher: "Business Psychologists", 2010. - , hardcover, 320 pp. - Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type - a book by Isabel Briggs Myers, imbued with her spirit and desire to introduce the reader to MBTI.
  • Ovchinnikov B.V., Pavlov K.V., Vladimirova I.M. Your psychological type. - St. Petersburg: “Andreev and Sons”, 1994. - 238 pp. - The book has significant textual overlaps with the English book: Keirsey D., Bates M. Please Understand Me.
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  • Pavlov K.V. Your psychological type. - Kyiv: Kofr, 1996. - see Ovchinnikov, Pavlov, Vladimirova. The same thing, but under the same name.
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  • Practical psychology for managers (edited by M.K. Tutushkina). - M., "Filin", 1996. - 368 p.
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  • Tiger P., Barron-Tiger B. What type is your child. M. - 2005. - 448 p., trans. from English - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. Nurture By Nature.
  • Tiger P., Barron-Tiger B. Reading a person like a book. - M.: AST, 2000. - 288 p. - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. The Art of Speed ​​Reading People.
  • Tiger P. D., Barron-Tiger B. Do what you were born to do. - M.: Armada, 1996. - 491 pp. - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. Do What You Are: Discover the Perfect Career for You through the Secrets of Personality Type. There are serious errors in the translation that make understanding difficult.
  • Filonovich S. R. Leadership and practical skills of a manager: 17-module program for managers “Managing the development of an organization.” Module 9. - M.: “INFRA-M”, 1999.
  • Fried J., Birnbaum D. Reading personality. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 288 p.
  • Hedges P. Character analysis, or typology according to Myers-Briggs - M: Eksmo, 2003. - .- 320 s - Patricia Hedges. Understanding your personality. With Myers-Briggs and more. 1993.
  • Hedges P., Cohen D. Secrets of character - M: EKSMO, 2004. - .- 512 p., ill.
  • Shiyan, A. A. Guide to social technologies. Electronic resource / 1st ed. - 2001/Access mode: http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/shijan%5Frukovodstvo/
  • Shneiderman B. Psychology of programming: human factors in computing and information systems. - M: “Radio and Communications”, 1984.- Ben Shneiderman. Software Psychology. (The book is interesting rather historically - as the first more or less detailed publication about the Myers-Briggs typology in Russian on just a few pages).
  • Shchegolev I. V. 16 personality types - 16 handwriting types. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - .- 144 p., ill.
  • Lytov D. “Jung’s foreign typology today: the unknown about the known”
  • Dukhovskoy T. A., Lustach A. V. Dichotomies or aspects? The main difference between socionics and Western typology of the psyche
  • Personality types under stress / Types unfer stress- based on materials by D. Dean: English version of the author’s texts and their translation into Russian

Hello, dear blog readers! Have you ever seen the expression: “Myers Briggs typology”? And this, by the way, is very interesting system descriptions of not only character different people, but also their forms of behavior, motivation, value system, as well as characteristics and needs. It is popular among managers and executives, as it helps to better understand employees and their capabilities in order to establish overall mutually beneficial and effective activities.

A little about the history of its origin

It came about through the collaboration of Katarina Briggs and Isabella Myers-Briggs, mother and daughter. These beautiful and intelligent women took the ideas of Carl Gustav Jung as the basis for their typology; we talked about them in an article about. If you don’t remember, it’s best to re-read it for a better understanding of the entire system. So, now it is called MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), and indicators are taken into account even when applying for a job; the applicant must include his result in his resume.

And in Japan and other developed countries they name the type of affiliation almost during ordinary acquaintance, since no one needs to decipher it, knowledge about all types is almost the basic information that a person living in society and wishing to cooperate with others should possess people.

Basic Description

So, personality types according to the questionnaire Myers Briggs are also presented, like Jung’s, in 16 variants, the difference is that these are combined in pairs, so there are a total of 8 scales. To make it clearer, let's take a closer look at them:

1. S/N

Explains how a person navigates reality and various situations.

  • S – prefer to be in the present tense. Well, let’s say such a person will not care about the future, trying to get the most out of life, and right here and now. They don't like to theorize. When absolutely any situation or difficulty arises, they rely, first of all, on common sense.
  • N is the complete opposite of the previous type. Characteristic is the constant “running ahead”, that is, without having yet heard the story, he begins to put forward his own ideas and assumptions. Often he even tries to finish the interlocutor’s sentences. In a conversation, he likes to go from afar, even when answering a question, he starts with background and general provisions, theories, etc.

2. T/F

Characterizes exactly how a person is used to making decisions.

  • T – is guided by logic, having first carefully studied the issue and selected maximum quantity ways to solve it, will conduct comparative analysis, will weigh all the pros and cons, and only then will he be able to put forward a final conclusion. He must be sure that he did the right thing by going through everything possible options and without losing sight of anything.
  • F – orientation to one’s own feelings, that is, “if you wanted, you did, if you didn’t want, you didn’t.” No thinking or logical conclusions, everything is decided by impulse. Therefore, they act instantly, without thinking for a long time, which in some situations is an advantage, since there is no opportunity to experience confusion, it is necessary to immediately begin implementation. But the T option makes fewer reckless mistakes.

3.P-J

How exactly does he realize his desires and decisions made. That is, roughly speaking, what way of life one chooses.

  • P - can adapt to changes in the environment, adapt to them creatively and do not react as sharply as people with J-function. They can change plans an infinite number of times, since the basic principles of life are to do everything perfectly and correctly, bringing it to perfection. Therefore, they can enjoy the process itself, without focusing only on the result.
  • J – organize their life in such a way that everything is understandable, clear and orderly. They are attracted to structure, planning and schemes, since with the help of these processes the level of anxiety decreases and a feeling of security appears, because life is organized, scheduled and understandable. But the reality is different, and in the event of unpredictable events, they may well “fall off track”, experiencing stress and nervous shock.

4. E/I

How exactly do they recover and gain strength? It will help you determine your type.

  • E – extroverts replenish their resources at the time of communication with other people, and the more communication, the more energy. Attention is usually dispersed; they can simultaneously conduct a dialogue and correspond with friends, while simultaneously listening to news on the radio. The absence of the “outside world”, when you have to spend some time alone, can cause sadness, anxiety and apathy.
  • I – introverts are under extreme stress if they find themselves in large companies and crowds of people, where they need to communicate and get to know each other. They are restoring at home, in nature, in a favorite place, the main thing is that it is calm, quiet and secluded. Having collected their thoughts, been alone with themselves, maybe even fantasized, they begin to “return” to life, feeling a surge of strength.

Various combinations and variations of these scales create 16 various types people. Below is a brief description of them.

16 types of people

1. ISTJ - Caregiver

Example: Maxim Gorky. He is distinguished by his increased concern for others, so he can endure almost any pain, as long as his loved ones do not worry about him. Decisive and reliable, believe me, if he promised something, he will do absolutely everything to keep his word. Thrifty, and is of the opinion that every thing should have its place. In marriage, he remains faithful and devotes every free minute to his family. Practicality is more important than aesthetics, so don't throw away shabby furniture just because it's comfortable - that's his style. Difficulty coping with criticism and avoiding conflict situations.

2. ISTP – Master

They are ready to fight to the last drop of blood for their freedom and independence, they are unpredictable and very curious. They can do long and painstaking work if they are given the opportunity to create. At first glance they seem closed and unfriendly, but in fact they are very simple and friendly. They like to think in their spare time, as well as explore the reasons for disagreements in relationships, instead of expressing their feelings and trying to get closer to their partner after a quarrel. Tom Cruise, Frida Kahlo and Clint Eastwood are among the Masters.

3. ISFJ – Keeper of Traditions

He is capable of much if something threatens his family or loved ones. Generous and friendly, a little pedantic. But this only benefits those around him, because he will fulfill his duties efficiently and on time. They tend to devalue their work, becoming frequent victims of manipulators who take credit for their achievements. Despite the fact that they are introverts, they still manage to be open and sociable, easily making new friends. They have an excellent memory, but they occupy their “head” with more information about people, events associated with them, etc., which makes them a kind of “walking database.” By the way, Vin Diesel is the Guardian.

4. ISFP - Mediator

Example: Michael Jackson, Sofia Copolla. Is very rare species. Just imagine, in the world only 2 percent of the population is born as Mediators. Smart, secretive and self-confident. Paradoxically, despite their curiosity, they are passive, as they strive to conserve their energy. They do not accept boundaries and restrictions, so you are unlikely to meet a superstitious or orthodox Mediator. They do not follow the lead of emotions, maintaining rationality and “sobriety of mind” in completely different, critical situations. Empty chatter will not be tolerated, but you will get a wonderful, interesting interlocutor if you can interest him.

5. INFJ – Fortune Teller

A restless fighter for rights and ideas, of which he has countless numbers. Believes that the world will be saved by kindness and mercy, in connection with this he most often chooses life path, associated with charitable organizations and helping those suffering. Sociable, easy to get along with. Thanks to his sensitivity, he is able to win the trust and affection of absolutely any person. Replenishes the energy that it spends in colossal quantities when alone with itself. Having rested for a few days like this, I am ready to rush into battle against injustice again. I think I won't surprise you if I say that Mother Teresa and Nelson Mandela were Prophets.

6. INFP – Romantic

The definition is also quite clear and simple, such a person focuses more on personally created principles than on feelings or rationalism when solving a problem. Romantics love to philosophize and reflect, so you can often find writers and poets among them. William Shakespeare was one of them. Humanitarian abilities predominate; learning languages ​​is generally easy. They don’t like to spread themselves thin, which is why they come into contact with a limited number of people, with whom they are careful. They are usually preoccupied with finding the meaning of life, and until they understand their calling, they experience anxiety and discomfort.

7. INTJ – Explorer


He lives in fantasies and thoughts about the future, counting, but it is difficult to rely on reality, since it is too changeable. Self-confident, and does not recognize authoritarianism, treating people with a high position or rank, as well as an ordinary, unremarkable passerby. Trusts intuition, not always being able to build a logical conclusion. Incompleteness is stressful, so he strives to finish things in advance in order to exhale and relax. The Researcher is found more often in a profession such as an engineer, because it is not difficult for him to create and develop something new. An example is Elon Musk, the billionaire inventor.

8. INTP – Architect

He is interested in the process of thinking as such, is inquisitive and diligent. Able to notice details and contradictions that are hidden to others. He wants to know the world and reveal its secrets, does not take into account the opinions of others and is distinguished by loyalty not only to his family, but also to friends and ideas. Slightly slow, but able to work on painstaking work. A bit underdeveloped emotional sphere, which can make you seem insensitive. Mostly calm, the Architect is difficult to anger, so the role of a parent is a success. Honore de Balzac could boast of his analytical skills and seriousness.

9. ESTP – Entrepreneur

An example is Ernest Hemingway. Created directly for action. Fire Man. The work “boils” in his hands, and sometimes it seems that he is inexhaustible and tireless. He has a subtle sense of humor and knows how to “read between the lines.” A mechanism for solving problems has been established; as soon as a difficulty arises, an action plan instantly appears and the Entrepreneur rushes into battle. Focused on achievements, in the process of which he does not really grasp reality. Sometimes strict, but honest and fair, there will be no concessions for anyone. He considers the manifestation of feelings to be a weakness, which is why it sometimes feels uncomfortable and “cold” to be around him.

10. ESTJ – Administrator

A striking example is Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany. The administrator does not waste his words and does not tolerate people who do not fulfill their promises. They can work tirelessly, sacrificing personal life and rest. They are guided by logic, have good patience and prefer to work alone so as not to be distracted by unnecessary conversations, and to care about the reliability and qualifications of their colleagues. “Terrible truth-tellers” also know how to rely on themselves; they are unable to remain silent or lie, even if they have to bear responsibility and losses for this truth. They do not express emotions openly, but this does not mean that they do not live them. It is stable, safe and reliable next to them.

11. ESFP – Toastmaster

If the questionnaire showed you this result, then your friends are very lucky to have you. After all, what is a holiday without a toastmaster? Likewise, this type of personality urgently needs to have fun and have fun. They do not take life seriously, preferring to play at it. After all, the main thing is to attract attention, for the sake of it they are ready to go to great lengths. If freedom is limited or they are not given the opportunity to show enthusiasm, they can “fall” into depression. They are friendly, love people, but can easily put an aggressor in his place. They love animals, in addition to domestic ones, they will definitely feed the homeless. Not only do they easily adapt to changes, they constantly organize and attract them. It's fun and interesting to be around them. Unexpectedly, Bill Clinton is a Toastmaster.

12. ESFJ – Merchant

He lives one day at a time, suffers without communication and seeks the approval of others. He does not notice reality, which is why he is often disappointed in people, since he idealizes them. Slightly conservative and pedantic. It is difficult for him to adapt to changes. He has few close friends, if only because he is overly emotional, and not everyone is able to withstand his pressure, as well as mood swings. Responsible and active, he knows how to perfectly present a product and sell it, finding an approach to different clients. Steve Harvey belongs to this variety.

13. ENFP – Journalist


Cannot live without drama and turmoil, dreaming of balance and stability. Able to concentrate on a task, getting to the truth. Emotionally excitable, unstable and erratic. This is why it is rarely possible to build long-term and close relationships. “Infects” those around him with optimism and enthusiasm, which is why he often occupies a high position and position in society. Because of his sociability, he “grows” with connections absolutely from different areas life. Drew Barrymore and Will Smith Journalists.

14. ENFJ – Teacher

An example is Barack Obama. A leader by character who is able to lead a crowd. Charming and overly responsible, as he takes on more than he can handle. He is demanding of himself and those around him, which makes the latter feel uncomfortable because they are unable to live up to expectations, if only because they are unrealistic. Patient and attentive, has compassion even for strangers, deciding to help them no matter what. A workaholic, he feels great in leadership positions, and experiences a lot of dissatisfaction as a subordinate or low-level specialist.

15. ENTP – Inventor

An example is Mark Twain. Loves difficulties, riddles, disputes and challenging fate. Enjoys little things and life in general. Routine scares him, he is ready to move mountains as long as he is interested in the business. Humor is always present, even in tense situations. He prefers power in his own hands, and if someone is against it, conflict cannot be avoided, but if the competitor is clearly stronger, he will certainly capitulate in advance. Cunning and sometimes irresponsible, he never admits that he broke or ruined something, why does he need unnecessary problems? Hobbies often involve collecting.

16. ENTJ – Commander

Example - Steve Jobs and Margaret Thatcher. As befits a Commander, such a person loves to lead, “establish order” and command. Able to plan and direct the abilities of subordinates in the right direction. Work is the main value, then family and so on. Despite the fact that he doesn’t really show up at home, he won’t tolerate it if his partner behaves the same way. Requires discipline and adherence to boundaries and boundaries from children and loved ones. An optimist and a lover of life, he is looking for a reason to prove his fearlessness, but he himself is terribly afraid of appearing funny in the eyes of others.

Inspiration and patience to you on the path of self-development and self-knowledge. Take care of yourself and your loved ones!

The material was prepared by Alina Zhuravina.