Peculiarities scientific style

Varieties of scientific style of speech

Phonetics of scientific style

Scientific vocabulary

Morphology of scientific style

Scientific style syntax

Conclusion

References

Introduction

This functional-style variety literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanities, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific-technical literature, messages on scientific topics etc.

Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this style variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge (cognitive function); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).

The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, and the development of mass media, the role of the oral form of communication is increasing. Implemented in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra- and intralinguistic features that allow us to speak of a single functional style, which is subject to intra-style differentiation.

The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is generalized, abstract (abstracted from private, unimportant features), and logical in nature. This determines such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generality, and emphasized logic of presentation.

These extralinguistic features combine into a system all the linguistic means that form the scientific style, and determine secondary, more specific, stylistic features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

The dominant factor of the organization linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels language system. Generalization and abstraction give scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring.

The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly predominant over concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.

General characteristics of the scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and educational and scientific activities; it belongs to the number of book styles of the Russian literary language that have general operating conditions and similar linguistic features, including: preliminary consideration of the statement, the monologue nature of speech, strict selection of linguistic means, desire for standardized speech. The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. Initially, scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration, but the creation in the Greek language, which extended its influence throughout the entire cultural world, of stable scientific terminology led to the separation of the scientific style from the artistic one. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century in connection with the creation of Russian scientific terminology by authors of scientific books and translators. A significant role in the formation and improvement of the scientific style belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students (second half of the 18th century), the scientific style finally emerged only towards the end of the 19th century. A scientific text is a text that is understandable to the scientific community, a text whose stylistic features do not interfere with the perception of scientific information, a text that conveys the meaning in the most accurate way. A scientific text must express the thought of a scientist or group of scientists so that it is understood, and understood correctly, by all scientific workers in the corresponding field. On this path the text encounters many obstacles. The history of science knows many cases of misunderstanding. Let's try to classify obstacles according to branches of linguistics. Varieties of scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech has varieties (substyles):

1. actually scientific,

2. scientific and technical (production and technical),

3. scientific and informative,

4. scientific reference,

5. educational and scientific,

6. popular science.

Implemented in written and oral forms of communication, modern scientific style has various types texts: textbook, reference book, scientific article, monograph, dissertation, lecture, report, annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses, summary, review, review. Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres: message, response (oral response, response-analysis, response-generalization, response-grouping), reasoning, language example, explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation). The variety of types of scientific style of speech is based on the internal unity and the presence of common extra-linguistic and linguistic properties of this type speech activity, which manifest themselves even regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities).

General extra-linguistic properties of scientific style

The most important task of the scientific style of speech: to explain the causes of phenomena, to report, to describe the essential features, properties of an object scientific knowledge. The general extra-linguistic properties of the scientific style of speech, its stylistic features, determined by abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logical thinking, are:

1. Scientific topics of texts.

2. Generalization, abstraction, abstractness of presentation.

Almost every word acts as a designation general concept or an abstract object. The abstract-generalized nature of speech is manifested in the fact that in scientific texts nouns predominate over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain tense and personal forms, and vaguely personal sentences are often used.

3. Logical presentation.

There is an orderly system of connections between the parts of the statement; the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic structures and typical means of interphrase communication.

4. Precision of presentation.

It is achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexical and semantic compatibility.

5. Evidentiary presentation.

Reasoning substantiates scientific hypotheses and positions.

6. Objectivity of presentation.

It manifests itself in the presentation, analysis of different points of view on the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in conveying the content, in the impersonality of linguistic expression.

7. Saturation of factual information.

Necessary for evidence and objectivity of presentation.

Phonetics of scientific style

Scientific information mainly exists in written form, so the role of phonetic barriers is small. Beyond the scope of our consideration is the fact that modern science is international; scientific reports are listened to by people of different nationalities, many of whom do not speak the native language of the report. However, scientific texts are usually very complex from a linguistic point of view, highly saturated with new information and lexical units that are new to listeners. problem correct pronunciation Newly formed words will be classified as phonetics.

The sphere of scientific communication is different in that it pursues the goal of the most accurate, logical, and unambiguous expression of thought. The most important form of thinking in the field of science is the concept; the dynamics of thinking are expressed in judgments and conclusions that follow each other in a strict logical sequence. The idea is strictly reasoned, the logic of reasoning is emphasized, and analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected. Consequently, scientific thinking takes on a generalized and abstract character. The phonetic-intonation side in the oral form of scientific speech does not have a decisive significance; it is intended mainly to support stylistic specificity at other levels. The pronunciation style should ensure a clear perception of words. This is also due to the relatively slow pace of pronunciation. Conceptual phrases are separated by extended pauses so that the addressee better perceives their meaning. The overall evenly slow pace of speech is also designed to create favorable conditions for perception. The phonetic features of the scientific style come down to the following: subordination of intonation to the syntactic structure of scientific speech, standardization of intonation, slowness of tempo, stability of the rhythmic intonation pattern. The features of the pronunciation scientific style, as a book style, include: weakened reduction of vowels, clear pronunciation unstressed syllables(approximating to the letter pronunciation), pronunciation of borrowed and international words approaching the international norm, etc.

Scientific vocabulary

When sharing scientific information, it is very important to convey one meaning, and one meaning only. Therefore, from a vocabulary point of view, single-meaning words are best. This same factor explains the love of scientists around the world for creating terms - new words that have only one specific meaning, the same for everyone. In educational literature, in particular in textbooks, terms most often receive a direct explanation. The term tends to be unambiguous, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Examples of terms: atrophy, range, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are conventional language science. The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit scientific field human activity. In quantitative terms, terms prevail over other types in scientific texts special vocabulary(nomenclatural names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.), on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-20 percent of the total vocabulary of a given style. Old words of the language in such cases often do not fit well, since during their existence they acquire additional literal and figurative meanings, which in the case of a scientific text make it difficult to accurately understand. The emotional loading of a word in a scientific style is perceived as a drawback that interferes with understanding, so in this style there is a shift in the choice towards more neutral words. Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Linguists note the monotony and homogeneity of the vocabulary of the scientific style, which leads to an increase in the volume of scientific text due to repeated repetition of the same words. The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus, right angle, inclined plane, voiceless consonants, participial phrase, compound sentence, as well as various kinds cliche: consists of..., represents..., consists of..., applies to... etc.

The scientific style serves the sphere of human analytical activity (science); it is intended to describe the facts of reality, explain their interaction, and formulate patterns and laws.

Let us add that in scientific speech the functional-semantic type of speech predominates, and this is understandable: in order to identify and describe patterns, it is necessary to prove that what has been done is true.

• emphasized logic,
• evidence,
• accuracy (unambiguity),
• abstraction (generalization).

In scientific speech, exclamatory and motivating sentences are practically not used. Participial and adverbial phrases, passive constructions and impersonal sentences are very frequent. The text uses introductory words and sentences that emphasize the logic of the text: firstly, secondly, so, therefore. Special words and expressions of communication are used, and sometimes these are whole sentences - sentences of the clamp: first, let's look at..., let's move on to the problem.... This was discussed above.

Quotes are one way of evidence.

We invite you to watch a vivid video presentation on this topic.

In scientific speech, the structure of the paragraph is clearly maintained. The first sentence of a paragraph is usually a new clause. The proposal is structured according to the following scheme:

- thesis - proof.

Each paragraph in a scientific text begins a new micro-topic.

(A micro-topic is the smallest limiting segment of text whose topic can be called. A micro-topic can be isolated from the finished text or added when creating it. For example, the topic “Garden” is divided into subtopics: “Fruit trees”, “Shrubs”, etc. Subtopic “Fruit trees” in turn into the subtopics “Apple trees”, “Pears”, the type of tree is divided into a new subtopic: type of tree, etc.)

A scientific text is easily divided into parts, because each part is quite clearly compositionally designed: beginning - development of thought - ending-conclusion.

Such speech is also characterized by special standard turns:

It seems to us possible to prove..., It is easy to notice that..., From all that has been said, we can conclude...

And also - we have a fascinating online crossword puzzle on this topic to test your knowledge -

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy, (see “Our Library”)

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Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Linguistic features of scientific style [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

The language of scientific and technical literature is distinguished by its characteristics into a separate style of speech, the so-called scientific style of speech. The scientific style is one of the most complex and multifaceted speech styles, reflecting the features of a particular scientific direction in linguistic terms.

Specifics of scientific style

Science, being a form of social consciousness, has a goal aimed at the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. A concept in science is the basic form of thinking. The key purpose of science is the process of revealing patterns.

Scientific speech is directly related to science and scientific thinking.

The scientific style has the following features:

1. objectivity,
2. abstractness,
3. intelligence,
4. conciseness (brevity).

Scientific style of speech is distinguished by a large number of terms and certain clichés that create it complex system. It is very difficult for a person who does not belong to the scientific community to understand the semantic meaning of certain phrases due to the narrowness of their interpretation.

Linguistic features of scientific style determine its complexity and versatility. Any speech style is characterized by features that limit its perception and interfere with its evolution. The development of a particular style represents development through overcoming.

Signs of the scientific substyle are the accuracy of the information conveyed, the persuasiveness of the argumentation, the logical sequence of presentation, the brevity of the form with an emphasized focus on the addressee - a specialist.

Figure 1. Substyles of the scientific speech system

Communication between a specialist and a non-specialist brings to life a different organization of linguistic means than in the scientific substyle proper; another substyle of scientific speech is born, when scientific data must be presented in an accessible and entertaining form, without simplifying the science, but at the same time without overloading the presentation hard-to-access material is a popular science sub-style.

General characteristics of the text in terms of compliance with its scientific style

Each language style of speech is unusual, heterogeneous and unique. Without a doubt, the scientific style is no exception. It is aimed at ensuring that science can store and formulate its postulates in words.

Scientific style special features that are determined by the standards and characteristics of scientific thinking, which include abstraction and strict logic of presentation. In the process of working with a scientific style, it is necessary to understand that each functional style has its own objective style-forming factors.

Figure 2. Features of scientific style

Separately, we should highlight the fact that when identifying speech genres of scientific style, one should pay attention to the fact that any functioning language has its own hierarchy of stylistic systems - subsystems. Each lower subsystem is based on elements of higher-ranking systems, combines them in its own way and supplements them with new specific elements. It organizes “its own” and “foreign” elements, including functional ones, into a new, sometimes qualitatively different integrity, where they acquire new properties to one degree or another.

The consistency of the main functional style consists of general linguistic elements, linguistic-stylistic elements and speech-stylistic elements, which in a certain context acquire stylistic qualities and/or participate in the creation of the stylistic quality of the context and text. Each main style has its own principles for selecting these elements and their relationship.

As we see in Figure 2, the genre diversity of scientific style is obvious. Each of the genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A.N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, and also often special training.”

The scientific style, being one of the functional styles, has a certain text composition, namely, in the scientific style the text is perceived mainly from the particular to the general, and is created from the general to the particular.

A scientific text is characterized by a multidimensional and multi-level structure. However, not all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. They can be completely different in purely physical design.

The degree of complexity of a text in a scientific style is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft.

Abstracts - a genre of scientific style

If we consider each of the genres of scientific style separately, we should highlight the fact that each of them has a range of features that require separate and detailed consideration. Thus, the genre of scientific theses can be called the most revealing. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that abstracts written by a person for himself do not belong to the scientific style, since they are not subject to strict requirements of the genre. Scientific style includes those abstracts that were specifically created for publication. It is they who must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the topic declared in advance as a problem. In addition, factors such as scientific and informational valence, content relevance and value of information within the chosen topic are important.

Theses are one of the most stable normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the substitution of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. Such a mixture demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have a strictly normative content-compositional structure, which is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. The structure of abstracts as a genre of scientific style.

Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they are even more strict.

According to A. N. Vasilyeva, general norm Every scientific style “is a high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility.” It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.

Theses are very limited in linguistic expression, since the use of emotionally expressive definitions, metaphors, inversion, etc. is prohibited. etc.

Theses have the nature of a modal affirmative judgment or conclusion, and not the nature of a specific factual statement, therefore, here it is necessary to especially carefully monitor compliance with a certain speech form.

So, using the example of one of the specific genres of scientific style, we were convinced of the rigid action in this functional area the language of certain stylistic norms, the violation of which raises doubts in the scientific and speech culture of the author. To avoid this, when creating works of a scientific style, it is necessary to strictly follow all the above-mentioned basic requirements of the genre.

Features of the language of science

The most essential thing for the language of science is vocabulary. The vocabulary of the scientific style of speech differs sharply from others in the presence of terms. A term is understood as a word, phrase or abbreviation that expresses a certain scientific concept in a given system of terminology or science. There are special requirements for terms. The term must be unambiguous and stylistically neutral. The term itself is a conventional and conventional sign of science.

Not only borrowed words are used as terms. There are many terms based on Russian roots. Even the richest language has limited resources. Language finds itself forced to distribute countless newly emerging scientific concepts into ready-made linguistic units. The formation of terms follows the path of developing the polysemy of words.

The language of science, as studies show, is characterized by a pronounced selectivity of use and stability of the use of various morphological categories, word forms, phrases and types of sentences that create the “morphological-syntactic face” of this subtype of common literary language. The preference given to the use of certain morphological categories is not a specific feature of any particular science, but a characteristic feature of scientific and technical language as a whole.

The language of science is nominative in nature, i.e. science names, defines. In the language of science, nouns and adjectives dominate, pushing the verb into third place.

Morphological selectivity affects not only the nature of the distribution of parts of speech, but also the scope of distribution of their meanings.

The most common in the scientific style of speech is genitive. It is known that in modern Russian word forms are polysemous, especially in the genitive, instrumental and prepositional cases. However, in the scientific field, case forms realize only a few, very few meanings.

Analysis of vocabulary of scientific text

Being one of the most important styles of speech, the scientific style has a number of syntactic, lexical and grammatical features.

IN modern world As a result of the growth of scientific and technical knowledge, over 90% of new words appearing in languages ​​are special words. From this we can draw an obvious conclusion, according to which humanity needs terms more than ordinary commonly used words. A very interesting fact is that in some sciences the number of terms significantly exceeds the number of non-specialized words.

Linguistic normativity in general view– this is the correctness of the formation and use of the term.

In our opinion, special attention should be paid to the fact that in modern scientific speech the processes of formation of terms and their use are not spontaneous, but conscious. The processes that occur in the genre of scientific speech are controlled by linguists. Having dwelled on the terms, it is impossible not to emphasize that the norm in terminology should not contradict, but correspond to the norms of the general literary language. However, there is a system of special requirements that distinguish the term in the structure of the scientific style.

The requirements for the term require separate consideration. They were first formulated by the founder of the Russian terminological school D.S. Lotte:

1. systematic terminology,
2. independence of the term from the context,
3. brevity of the term,
4. absolute and relative unambiguity of the term,
5. simplicity and clarity of the term,
6. degree of implementation of the term.

Now it is necessary to turn directly to the system of requirements for terms in modern science. It does not quite meet the criteria proposed by supporters of the D.S. school. Lotte.

System of requirements for terms

	Term requirement	Characteristic
	Fixed content requirement	IN fixed content requirement is the provision that a term must have a limited, clearly fixed content within a certain terminological system in a specific period of development of a given field of knowledge. Ordinary words clarify their meaning and acquire different semantic shades in a phraseological context, in combination with other words. Contextual mobility of meaning for a term is completely unacceptable. It must be emphasized that this contains a logical requirement for the term - the constancy of its meaning within the framework of a certain terminology system.
	The term must be precise	Every the term must be precise. In this case, accuracy is clarity, limited meaning. From the point of view of reflecting the content of a concept, the accuracy of a term means that its definition contains necessary and sufficient features of the designated concept. The term must also reflect the characteristics by which one concept can be distinguished from another. The terms have varying degrees of precision.
	The term must be unambiguous	Requirement for unambiguity of the term. The term should not be ambiguous. Particularly inconvenient in this case is categorical ambiguity, when within the same terminological system the same form is used to denote an operation and its result: cladding (structure) and cladding (operation). By arranging the terminology, i.e., fixing the meaning of each term of a given system of concepts, the unambiguity of the term is established.
	Lack of synonyms for the term	The term must not have synonyms. Synonyms in terminology have a different nature and perform different functions than in the general literary language. In terminology, synonymy is usually understood as the phenomenon of doublet (ophthalmologist - ophthalmologist, Bremsberg - descent, genitive - genitive case). Between doublets there are no relations that organize a synonymous series, there are no emotionally expressive, stylistic or shading oppositions. They are identical to each other, each of them relates directly to the signified.
	Systematicity of the term	The term must be systematic. The systematic nature of terminology is based on the classification of concepts, based on which the necessary and sufficient features included in the term are identified, after which words and their parts (term elements) are selected to form the term. The systematicity of a term is closely related to its motivation, i.e., semantic transparency, which allows one to form an idea of ​​the concept called by the term. Systematicity makes it possible to reflect in the structure of a term its specific place in a given terminological system, the connection of the named concept with others, its attribution to a certain logical category of concepts.
	The term should be short	Brevity of the term. Here we can note the contradiction between the desire for accuracy of the terminology system and the brevity of terms. The modern era is especially characterized by the formation of extended terms in which they strive to convey larger number characteristics of the concepts they denote.

Morphological and word-formation features of scientific text

The study of morphological and word-formation features of scientific texts deserves special attention. As earlier in this article, attention within this aspect will be focused on terms, as one of the most interesting layers of scientific vocabulary. From a morphological point of view, let us highlight some features.

1. Usage compound adjectives as terms
2. Clichéd phrases:
3. Preferential use of short forms
4. Using the form singular noun meaning plural
5. Selectivity of meanings manifests itself when using verbs

From the point of view of syntax, the following is characteristic of scientific vocabulary in general and terms in particular:

1. Use of impersonal constructions
2. Complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives

Distinctive features of the scientific style

Having examined the key features of scientific speech based on terms, we can highlight the following features that distinguish the scientific style of speech from other functional styles of language.

Figure 4. Key features of scientific style

The scientific style is characterized by some lexical, grammatical and syntactic features:

1. general book vocabulary;
2. a large number of terms and other designations;
3. increased use of verbal nouns;
4. widespread use of abstract vocabulary, usually in its literal meaning;
5. international vocabulary;
6. using compound adjectives as terms;
7. clichéd phrases;
8. predominant use of short forms;
9. using the singular form of a noun in the plural;
10. the use of real and abstract nouns in the plural;
11. the use of verbal-nominal constructions instead of verbal ones in the function of the predicate;
12. the use of definite-personal sentences with the predicate in the first person plural form;
13. use of impersonal structures;
14. simple sentences with nouns as subject and predicate;
15. complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives; using complex subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive constructions to connect parts of a complex sentence;
16. large number separate definitions and circumstances;
17. extensive use of references, quotations and footnotes; abundance of introductory structures;
18. well-defined formal organization of the text: clear division into paragraphs, paragraphs.

There are several substyles of scientific style. In this case, popular science is used, since the text represents scientific information in accessible form for a wide audience: terms are explained, cumbersome syntactic constructions are not allowed.

Literature

1. Vasilyeva A. N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M.: 1990. – P.93
2. Introduction to linguistics. / Ed. Vasilkova P.M. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2004
3. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and speech culture. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2004.
4. Volkov A.A. Course of Russian rhetoric. – M.: VLADOS, 2003.
5. Garbovsky N.K. Professional speech(functional-stylistic aspect) // Functioning of the system of language and speech. – M., 1989
6. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA, 1999.
7. Denisov P. N. Vocabulary of the Russian language and principles of its description. – M.: 1980
8. Lotte D. S. Fundamentals of constructing scientific and technical terminology. – M.: 1961

Speech- speech activity, communication mediated by language, one of the types of human communicative activity.

The stylistic characteristics of a word are determined by whether the word belongs to one or another style of speech.

Speech style- this is a type of modern literary language, which is characterized by a historically established and socially conscious set of principles for the selection and combination of means of expression (words, phraseological units, constructions), determined by the function of language in one or another sphere of human activity.

Scientific style- a functional style of speech, a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, inclination towards standardized speech.

Scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and educational and scientific activities. The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific knowledge; its main function is to communicate information, as well as prove its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, and abstract vocabulary; it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns, the syntax is logical, bookish, the phrase is distinguished by grammatical and logical completeness, etc.

Scientific style implemented primarily in written speech. However, with the development of mass communications, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposia, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech is increasing.

A scientific text is a text that is understandable to the scientific community, a text whose stylistic features do not interfere with the perception of scientific information, a text that conveys the meaning in the most accurate way. A scientific text must express the thought of a scientist or group of scientists so that it is understood, and understood correctly, by all scientific workers in the corresponding field.

Texts in the scientific style of speech can contain not only linguistic information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information - this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

Varieties of scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech has varieties

· actually scientific,

· scientific and technical (production and technical),

· scientific and informative,

· scientific reference,

· educational and scientific,

· popular science.

Implemented in written and oral forms of communication, modern scientific style has different genres, types texts:

· textbook

· reference book

· scientific article

· monograph

· dissertation

· report abstract

· abstract

· synopsis

· review

Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres:

· message,

· response (oral response, response-analysis, response-generalization, response-grouping),

· reasoning,

· language example,

· explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation).

The variety of types of scientific style of speech is based on the internal unity and the presence of common extra-linguistic and actually linguistic properties of this type of speech activity, which manifest themselves even regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and the actual genre differences. The sphere of scientific communication is different in that it pursues the goal of the most accurate, logical, and unambiguous expression of thought. The most important form of thinking in the field of science is the concept; the dynamics of thinking are expressed in judgments and conclusions that follow each other in a strict logical sequence. The idea is strictly reasoned, the logic of reasoning is emphasized, and analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected. Consequently, scientific thinking takes on a generalized and abstract character. The final crystallization of scientific thought occurs in external speech, in oral and written texts of various genres of scientific style, which, as has been said, have common features.

General extra-linguistic properties scientific style of speech, its style features, due to abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logic of thinking, are:

· Scientific topics texts.

· Generalization, abstraction, abstractness of presentation. Almost every word acts as a designation for a general concept or abstract object. The abstract-generalized nature of speech is manifested in the selection of lexical material (nouns predominate over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain tense and finite forms) and special syntactic constructions (indefinite-personal sentences, passive constructions).

· Logical presentation. There is an orderly system of connections between the parts of the statement; the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic structures and typical means of interphrase communication.

· Precision of presentation. It is achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexical and semantic compatibility.

· Evidence of presentation. Reasoning substantiates scientific hypotheses and positions.

· Objectivity of presentation. It manifests itself in the presentation, analysis of different points of view on the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in conveying the content, in the impersonality of linguistic expression.

· Saturation of factual information, which is necessary for evidence and objectivity of presentation.

The most important task scientific style of speech - explain the causes of phenomena, report, describe the essential features, properties of the subject of scientific knowledge. The named features of the scientific style are expressed in its language characteristics and determine the systematic nature of the actual linguistic means of this style. The scientific style of speech includes three types of linguistic units.

1. Lexical units that have a functional-style coloring of a given (that is, scientific) style. These are special lexical units, syntactic structures, and morphological forms.

2. Interstyle units, that is, stylistically neutral linguistic units used equally in all styles.

3. Stylistically neutral linguistic units, predominantly functioning in this style. Thus, their quantitative predominance in a given style becomes stylistically significant. First of all, some morphological forms, as well as syntactic constructions, become quantitatively marked units in a scientific style.

The leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, and almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Special concepts of the scientific sphere of communication are accurately and unambiguously named and their content is revealed by special lexical units - terms. A. I. Efimov proposes that by the term “language style” (to which he contrasts “syllable” as a feature of the individual use of language) we understand “... a genre variety of literary language.”

Term- this is a word or phrase that denotes the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and is an element of a certain system of terms. Within this system, the term tends to be unambiguous, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Examples of terms: atrophy, numerical algebra methods, range, zenith, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase, low temperatures, cermets. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are conventional language of science. The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit of the scientific sphere of human activity. In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.), on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-20% of the total vocabulary of a given style. In the given fragment of popular science text, the terms are highlighted in a special font, which allows us to see their quantitative advantage compared to other lexical units: By that time, physicists already knew that emanation- is a radioactive chemical element of group zero of the periodic system, that is, an inert gas; his serial number- 85, and the mass number of the longest-lived isotope - 222.

Terms as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as other words in a scientific text, are characterized by use in one, specific, definite meaning. If a word is polysemantic, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often - in two meanings, which are terminological: strength, size, body, sour, movement, hard.

A distinctive feature of terms is their precise definition (definition). Terminological vocabulary constitutes the “core of scientific style”; it is the most essential feature of the language of science. Terms denoting strictly scientific concepts, form a terminological system of a particular science, where similar meanings are conveyed by corresponding terms. For example, linguistic terms synonym, antonym, homonym, paronym combines the Greek root “onyma”, meaning name, denomination; in terms of homophone, homograph, homoform the element “omo” means the same and emphasizes the systematic nature of these lexical phenomena.

As we can see, the systematic nature of terms receives linguistic expression. Thus, medical terms are combined thanks to the same suffixes: suffix -it inherent in terms denoting inflammatory processes (bronchitis, appendicitis, sinusitis, radiculitis), drug names also have the same suffix design (penicillin, synthomycin, oletethrin).

IN terminological vocabulary V lately International terminology is taking up more and more space (in economic speech: manager, management, realtor, etc.).

Close to the terms are nomenclature names, which are also used in book styles, and in scientific ones in particular. As A.V. notes Barandeev in the manual “Fundamentals of Scientific Terminology”, terms should not be confused with nomenclature designations, since terms form terminology - a system of unified, homogeneous, interdependent elements, and nomenclature is a collection of heterogeneous, internally unrelated elements within the whole. Nomenclature (from Latin nomenclatura - list, list of names) is a broader concept than terminology; nomenclature should include the names of such concepts, the subjectivity of which is clearly expressed. For example, the nomenclature of geography (more precisely, hydrography) will consist of proper names - the names of rivers, streams, lakes, swamps, seas, oceans, etc.; nomenclature of geology - names of minerals; Botany nomenclature - names of plants. Nomenclature in economics is a classified list of manufactured products, that is, it is logical to include in the nomenclature the names of various industrial products reproduced according to the same sample in a given quantity [4.C. 28].

The generality and abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in use large quantity lexical units with abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). “Scientific language coincides with conceptual-logical language, ... conceptual language acts as more abstract.”

In scientific speech, predominantly analytical forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives are used (more complex, more compact, more inert, the simplest, the most important). Moreover, the superlative degree is usually formed by combining the positive degree of the adjective and the adverbs most, least; sometimes the adverb very is used and the adverb most is almost never used. Synthetic form superlatives with the suffixes ‑eiš-, ‑aysh-, due to its emotional and expressive connotation, is atypical for scientific speech, with the exception of some stable combinations of a terminological nature: the smallest particles, the simplest organisms. From synonymous forms comparative degree higher - somewhat (slightly) higher, usually the second.

Brief adjectives in a scientific style, in deviation from the general pattern of the Russian language, express not a temporary, but a permanent attribute of objects and phenomena: Pure ethyl alcohol is colorless; Fluorine, chlorine, bromine are poisonous.

Features of the use of a verb are associated with its tense forms. The vast majority of verbs are used in the present tense. They most often express attributive meaning or the meaning of a statement of fact and appear in an abstract temporary meaning (present timeless): Carbon is part of carbon dioxide; Atoms move; When heated, bodies expand. The present timeless is the most abstract, generalized, which explains its predominance in the scientific style.

Since verbs in the present tense form mean constant signs, properties, processes or patterns of phenomena, with them it is possible to use type determinants usually, always, as a rule, constantly and impossible - at the present time, at this (given) moment, now, etc.

The abstraction of meaning extends to the forms of verbs of the future and past tense, acquiring a timeless meaning: Let's determine the area of ​​the triangle; Let's make an experiment; Let's make an equation; The formula was applied; Research was carried out.

Of the specific forms of verbs, the most frequent forms in scientific speech are imperfect form as comparatively more abstractly generalized in meaning. In scientific speech they make up about 80% 1 .

Perfective verbs are often used in the form of the future tense, synonymous with the present timeless; the aspectual meaning of such verbs is weakened, as a result perfect look in most cases it is possible to replace it with an imperfect one: draw (line) - draw, compare (results) - compare, consider (inequality) - consider.

In the scientific style, the 3rd person singular and plural forms of verbs are common as they are the most abstractly generalized in meaning. The 1st person plural forms of verbs and the pronoun we used with them are characterized by additional semantic shades. They usually do not serve to designate any specific, specific persons, but to express an abstract, generalized meaning. This includes “we are together” (you and I), expressing a connotation of participation with the listener or reader, as well as the use of we to designate every person, a person in general: we can determine the area...; we will come to a conclusion...; if we designate... This value often expressed by the personal form of the verb in the absence of a pronoun (we can define...; if we designate...). It is possible to replace the personal construction with an impersonal or infinitive one: you can define..., you can come to a conclusion..., if you designate...

The 1st person singular forms of verbs and the pronoun I are almost never used in scientific speech, since here attention is focused primarily on the content and logical sequence of its presentation, and not on the subject. The 2nd person singular and plural forms are practically not used, as they are the most specific, usually indicating the author of the speech and the addressee. In scientific speech, the addresser and addressee are removed; What is important here is not who is speaking, but what is being said, i.e. the topic of the message, the content of the statement. Scientific speech is usually addressed not to any specific person, but to an indefinitely wide circle of people.

The desire for abstraction and generalization determines the tendency of the verb to desemantize. It manifests itself in the fact that, firstly, the scientific style is characterized by verbs of broad, abstract semantics: have, change, be observed, manifest, end, discover, exist, occur, manifest and etc.; secondly, many verbs in the scientific style act as connectives: to be, to become, to appear, to serve, to possess, to be called, to be considered, to be concluded, to differ, to be recognized, to be introduced, etc.; thirdly, a number of verbs perform the function of components of verb-noun phrases (verbonominants), in which the main semantic load is carried by nouns, and the verbs denote an action in the broadest sense and express grammatical meaning: find application, make calculations (observations, measurements, calculations), exert influence (impact, pressure, help, support, resistance), react (interact), lead to change (improvement, strengthening, weakening, expansion) and etc. Verb-nominal phrases of this type allow a generalized representation of an action and at the same time contribute to semantic accuracy, since the use of a phrase instead of a full-nominal verb (to find application - to apply, to resist - to resist) allows you to extend the nominal component of the phrase with an adjective that specifies the description of the action or process : find wide (universal, etc.) application, provide strong (noticeable, constant, friendly, etc.) resistance.

In the scientific style, conjunctions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are active, in the role of which full-valued words, primarily nouns, can act: with the help, with the help, in accordance with, as a result, for the reason, on the basis of, in relation to, depending on ..., compared with..., in connection with..., in moderation, etc. Such prepositions and conjunctions allow one to express the meaning more definitely and accurately than simple ones, since the range of their meaning is narrower.

Emotional and subjective-modal particles and interjections are not used in scientific speech.

The abstractness and generality of scientific speech at the syntactic level is expressed primarily in the widespread use of passive (passive) constructions, since in them the action is brought to the fore, and not its producer, as a result of which objectivity and an impersonal manner of presentation are ensured. For example: The points are connected by a straight line; Forces acting in different directions are applied to two points; “Russian Grammar” reflects and describes many phenomena of colloquial and specialized speech.

The desire for information richness determines the selection of the most capacious and compact syntactic structures. In the scientific style, simple common and complex conjunctive sentences predominate. Among the former, the most common are indefinite personal ones with a direct object at the beginning of a sentence, synonymous with passive constructions (Applying fertilizers during plant growth is called fertilizing. Plants are fed with those mineral fertilizers that they require at a given period of life). Generalized personal sentences with the main member expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st person plural of the present or future tense in a timeless meaning are widespread (Let's draw a straight line; Place the composition in a flask; Let's turn to consideration...; Gradually heat the solution), as well as impersonal offers different types(except for those that express the state of man and nature): It is necessary to prove the theorem; It is required to determine the volume of the body; The formula can be applied; It is important to emphasize that...

The use of nominative sentences in scientific texts is quite limited. They are usually used in headings and wording of plan points: Spacecraft launch; Determining the effectiveness of indexing systems; The relationship and ratio of the underground and aboveground parts of the plant.

Of the two-part sentences, the most frequent are sentences with a compound nominal predicate, which is closely related to the morphological features of the scientific style noted above and is determined by the task of scientific statements (to determine the signs, qualities, properties of the phenomena being studied). Moreover, in such a predicate in the present tense the use of the copula is characteristic: Language is the most important means of human communication.

Such a specific feature of scientific speech as emphasized logic determines the frequency of use of certain types of complex sentences. Among complex sentences in scientific speech, conjunctive complex and complex sentences with a clearly expressed syntactic connection between individual parts.

The predominance of allied sentences over non-union sentences is explained by the fact that the connection between the parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions is expressed more accurately and unambiguously. Compare:

The considered phrases, although they are based on an image, cannot be considered lexically indivisible, because the imagery of one of the components of the phrase in this case is still very noticeable.

The considered phrases... cannot be considered lexically indivisible: the imagery of one of the components of the phrase in this case is still very noticeable.

Of the conjunctional sentences, the most commonly used are complex ones, since with subordination the relationships between individual clauses are expressed more differentiated and clearly. Compare:

If the origin of coordinates is chosen appropriately, the equation of the parabola will be simplified.

Let us choose the origin of coordinates accordingly, and the equation of the parabola will be simplified.

Among complex subordinates, the most common are sentences with attributive and explanatory subordinate clauses, in which the main information is contained in the subordinate part, but the main information does not perform a significant information function, but serves only to move from one thought to another: It should be said that...; It must be emphasized that...; It is interesting to note that...; Let us pay attention to the fact that...; Observations show that...; Let us note (emphasize, prove) that...

The most common and typical type of connection between sentences in scientific speech is the repetition of nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns this, that, that: In modern grammatical science, a variety of ways to describe the grammatical structure of a language are used. These descriptions implement different, very dissimilar concepts...

The need for a clear logical structure of scientific speech determines the widespread use of adverbs, adverbial expressions, as well as other parts of speech and combinations of words in the connecting function: therefore, therefore, first, then, in conclusion, so, so, thus, finally, in addition and etc. They, as a rule, stand at the beginning of a sentence and serve to combine parts of the text (in particular paragraphs) that are logically closely related to each other: Grammar rules colloquial speech are recorded unsystematically and accidentally - mainly in connection with the fixation of written norms and by contrasting them. That's why colloquial speech often defined as uncodified; Suppose that these lines intersect or are parallel. Then both of them lie in a certain plane.

In scientific texts that represent reasoning or presentation of findings, generalizations, conclusions, introductory words or phrases that express the relationship between the parts of the statement are common: DS⊥MK. Consequently, the straight line MK is the axis of symmetry of the tetrahedron. Thus, this tetrahedron has three axes of symmetry of opposite edges.

Sentences are often complicated by participial and participial phrases, inserted constructions, clarifying members, isolated phrases: In the language fiction and related genres of writing (essays, feuilletons, memoirs, literary processed diary entries, etc.) there is a complex interaction between written and spoken speech, specialized speech, and vernacular.

The desire for semantic accuracy and informative richness determines the use in scientific speech of constructions with several inserts and explanations that clarify the content of the statement, limit its volume, indicate the source of information, etc.: In terms of the composition of the instruments, quintets are homogeneous, for example, bowed strings (two violins , two violas, cello, less often - two violins, viola and two cellos) and mixed (for example, strings with clarinet or piano).

Thus, at the syntactic level, first of all, one of the main specific features of the scientific style is expressed - emphasized logic, which is also manifested in the features of the composition. For a scientific text, a three-part structure (introduction, main part, conclusion) is almost universal as the most successful way of logical organization of the conveyed content.

Note:

1. Kozhina M. N. Stylistics of the Russian language. P. 169.

T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Taps. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.