In Russian between heterogeneous definitions no comma
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is added.
Several agreed upon definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while among themselves they are in a relationship
enumeration (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can be combined with and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Reds
and yellow tulips.

Not homogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumerative
intonation, it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them.
Heterogeneous definitions are differently related to the defined (main)
in a word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the main word composition is associated with the closest to
its definition is short.
The definition of short is related to the entire phrase – passenger
train (Passenger train is short).

Definitions are homogeneous if:

Indicate distinctive features various items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls – blue and white balls; the balls were blue; there were balls
white.

Designate various signs one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn – wooden and burnt barn; there was a barn
wooden; the barn was burnt down.

Characterize an object with different sides, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - “cloudy, and therefore dreary.”

Under contextual conditions, synonymous ones are created between definitions
relationship;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the form is acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words similar in
meaning.

Represent artistic definitions– epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval, cat eyes.

They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the attribute it expresses;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.

A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participle
turnover, that is, a participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Gray, neatly combed hair.

They stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Gray hair, combed.

The second definition explains the first - between the definitions you can put the conjunction that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are heterogeneous if They:

They characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, that is, they express features related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed– “size and material”,
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds – “color and shape”,
the oval clouds were gray;
pot-bellied walnut bureau – “shape and material”,
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:

Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.

Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.

Relative adjective and singular participle;
A neglected orchard.

In this lesson you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, consider interesting examples proposals.

2. Definitions that characterize one subject, but according to different criteria, will be homogeneous.

For example:

Scary, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to fulfill homework in Russian(Fig. 2) .

Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:

scary And tragic,

scary And incredible

Rice. 2. The boy is doing his homework ().

3. As a rule, artistic definitions, i.e. epithets, are homogeneous.

For example:

bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)

gloomy, evil neighbor

important, arrogant look

funny, optimistic disposition

Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().

4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens the expressed characteristic.

For example:

Light, joyful , Maxim, who had finally returned home, was filled with a festive mood.

5. If after a single definition there is a participial phrase, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.

For example:

It's been a long time , a months-long return(Fig. 4) .

Do not forget that the participial phrase that comes before the word being defined is not isolated. Therefore, after the word months there is no comma.

1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the word being defined, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.

For example:

Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .

If you carefully examine the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, A

definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.

These definitions characterize an object, in our case a chocolate candy, according to different criteria, according to different characteristics.

square(form)

big(size)

chocolate(material)

2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. After all different types adjectives mean different signs.

For example:

I got some delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .

Words delicious And strawberry- This heterogeneous definitions.

Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().

In red cardboard box lay a huge striped lollipop(Fig. 7) .

Red And cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.

Huge And striped- heterogeneous definitions.

3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.

For example:

openworkcast iron gate,

summerlinguistic school,

4. If relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.

For example:

Decommissionedhomework.

These are all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether the definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex but interesting cases when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.

If we recognize the definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we unite them according to some characteristic:

• in appearance;
• according to the impression made;
• by cause and effect, etc.

For example:

Shined bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .

We can put a comma in this sentence if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.

Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().

Even in the example we considered about candy:

Large square chocolate candy.

Big , square , chocolate candy.

Big+ square+ chocolate

We combine these signs general meaning- a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.

Let's look at another example:

I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.

In this sentence, the definition is expressed as a qualitative and relative adjective; it characterizes the subject according to different criteria, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But it's not that simple. If we do add a comma, this sentence takes on a new meaning:

I was treated to a delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .

In this case, the word chocolate takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other candies are tasteless.

Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().

Compare two sentences:

I'll order another ice cream(Fig. 10) .

I'll order another , creamy ice cream.

In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with clarifying intonation.

Rice. 10. Ice cream ().

In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.

References

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Tutorial for senior classes of humanitarian schools,: Moscow University Publishing House, 2011.

2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A.. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions,: Education, 2013

3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M.: Education, OJSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2008.

1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()

Homework

1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be uniform.

2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.

There was wet, loose and dazzling snow in the fields.

We walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga.

Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.

A dry, hot wind was blowing.

The rain-washed young grass smelled intoxicating.

The old country park is quiet.

Everything fell asleep in a sound, healthy sleep.

3. Copy the text, adding the missing commas:

Meanwhile, the sun rose a little more above the horizon. Now the sea no longer shone entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon, a long shining strip was burning, and dozens of bright, eye-catching stars flashed in the slowly approaching waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the gentle, sad blue of the August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new and unprecedented. It changes every hour before our eyes. Then it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. Then it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo wool, as if it were being ironed against the pile.

Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

1. Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, put comma.

The definitions are uniform:

1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of kidsblue, red, whiteshirts stand on the shore(M.G.);

2) if they indicate different characteristics of the same object, characterizing it on one side: A mighty, violent, deafening downpour pouredto the steppe(Bub.). In this case, each of the definitions directly relates to the defined noun; a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between the definitions: strong, immovable, healthy sleep (T.); rainy, dirty, dark autumn(Ch.); empty, deserted shore(Ser.); hard, tough business(Er.); strong, decisive, firm word(Furm.); fat, lazy gophers; black, bare trees; dark, reckless, dangerous thoughts; impudent, arrogant, angry face; easy, relaxed, fascinating conversation; strict, harsh, abrupt command; rotten, green water swamps; thick, heavy, opaque liquid; arrogant, capricious face; defiant, inappropriate tone; refined, noble, graceful manners; a cheerful, bright holiday; a great, proud, formidable name; Darling, kind woman; bizarre, threatening shadows; a wrinkled, decrepit old woman; hard, prickly, piercing gaze; thick, shapeless legs; rough, wild, cruel customs of the Middle Ages; old, faded dress; zealous, frenzied commitment to art; thick, choking dust; backward, dark, superstitious people; a good-natured, affectionate old man; sharp, intelligent look; hot, cloudless day; long, narrow corridor; desolate, deserted place; kind, sad, embarrassed eyes; peaceful, calm life; warm, still, dense air; neat, clean, cheerful children; stern, courageous face; the unfamiliar, mysterious, magnificent world of the jungle; a difficult, painful path; a picturesque, winding river; fresh, gray-green hay; a dense, strong man; juicy, fatty leaves of the bush;

3) if, characterizing an object from different sides, in the context of the context they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, reference to a distant general concept, cause-and-effect relationship, etc.): The sky was meltingone small, goldencloud(M.G.) - appearance; Water flows over the pebbles and hidesfilamentous, emerald green algae(Sol.) - general external impression; WITHpale, crookedwith his face he suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head(Ch.) - general concept(“changed by excitement”); It was moonlit and clearevening(Ch.) (“lunar, and therefore clear”); rang outterrible, deafeningthunderclap(“terrible because deafening”); We've arrivedheavy, gloomytime(“heavy, therefore gloomy”); He closed his eyesred, inflamedfor centuries(“red because inflamed”); a deserted, inhospitable house; stuffy, oppressive darkness; gray, continuous, light rain; thick, black smoke; pale, stern face; dusty, ragged people; heavy, angry feeling; senile, colorless eyes; far, dark corner; proud, brave appearance; clean, new suit.

Heavy, coldthe rays lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Here and there in the sky you could seemotionless, noctilucent clouds(T.); Large, puffythree rows of beads wrapped arounddark, thinneck(T.); He handed mered, swollen, dirtyhand(T.); Petya was nowhandsome, rosy, fifteen-year-oldboy(L.T.); Cute, hard, redher lips were still wrinkled as before(L.T.); Show everyone what thismotionless, gray, dirtyyou're tired of life(Ch.); I met himskinny, hunchbackedold woman(Ch.); He pinched with his fingersthin, fluffymustache(M.G.); INthick, darkgray strands glistened in her hair(M.G.); Gray, smallthe Vlasovs’ house increasingly attracted the attention of the settlement(M.G.); Smooth, monotonousthe muttering is interrupted(Ser.); ...Washed down with pink, sour, fragrantwine(Cat.);

4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between definitions: We've arriveddark, heavydays(T.); Cold, metallicthe light flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.); WITHwonderful,He wielded his instrument with almost magical ease; complete, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face; timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; white, strong teeth; a cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent appearance; remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked earth; stern, stubborn character; a happy, mischievous, boyish smile;

5) if they represent artistic definitions: Some grasshoppers are chattering together, and it’s tiresome... thisincessant, sour and drysound(T.); Hispale blue, glassmy eyes ran wild(T.); The old woman closedlead, extinguishedeyes(M.G.); the same when using an adjective attribute in figurative meaning: the boy's round, fishy eyes; thin, crane-like legs;

6) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition strengthens the characteristic it expresses): In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and receive theirspecial, original, unlike anything elseview(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fedorovna entered theirdark, stuffy, boringrooms(Ch.); Joyful, festive, radiantthe mood was bursting(Ser.);

7) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participial phrase: little-known, isolated mounds; an ancient wooden figurine, blackened by time; a small, carpeted platform; black, smoothly combed hair; a thin, deeply wrinkled face; an empty field covered with snow; early, slightly sparkling dawn; hard, poorly shaved chin(cf. with a different word order: poorly shaved, hard chin).

Wed. in language fiction: I found in the chestyellowed, written in no-Latinhetman's charter(Paust.); It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.); That wasthe first, not clouded by any fearsjoy of discovery(Gran.); Onwhite, carefully ironedbear meat, dried sokhatina appeared on the tablecloths...(Already); There was a view oftall, slightly pinkfirmament(E.M.); Throughsmall, covered in icethe window... the moonlight was breaking through(Closed).

But: black spots appearing on the tablecloth; hare half frayed collar; a large amount of material collected by the author etc. - the first definition refers to the combination of the second definition with a noun;

8) if they stand after the defined noun (in this position, each of the definitions is directly related to the noun and has the same semantic independence): I saw a young womanbeautiful, kind, intelligent, charming(Ch.); I will then have the trutheternal, undoubted(T.).

Possible deviations:

a) in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse: Hello, blue autumn days(Br.);

b) in combinations of a terminological nature: late-ripening winter pear; thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; electric drift overhead crane; gray cloth trousers; early double aster;

9) if they are contrasted with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago in our area there werelow, woodenat home, and now -tall, stone;Through the window of the ticket office they stretched outlarge, masculinehands thensmall, female;

10) a special case is represented by the so-called explanatory definitions, when a comma is placed between the definitions if the second of them explains the first (a conjunction can be inserted between them that is or namely): Inside the house the rooms were filledordinary,simple furniture(T.); With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw absolutelyother,to mestrangersplaces(T.); With a good feeling of hope fornew, betterlife he drove up to his house(L.T.); Evening was approaching, and in the air stood thatspecial, heavystuffiness that foretells a thunderstorm(M.G.); At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.); ...Normal, peacefulcoexistence of states; Was of interestand another,extra work; Soon we will enterinto the newXXI century. In these cases, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (see § 23). Possibility of punctuation variations explained different interpretations the meaning of the sentence; compare: I want to buyother leatherbriefcase(I already have a leather briefcase). - I want to buyother, leatherbriefcase(I have a briefcase, but not a leather one).

2. There is no comma between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to the combination of the subsequent definition with this noun: Alyosha gave it to himsmall folding roundmirror(Adv.) (cf.: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); The old woman's mother was laying out grapes onshort round Tatartable(L.T.); ... Can you imaginebad southern districtsmall town?(Cupr.); Early severe winterthe dawn appeared through the deathly haze(F.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, i.e., they express features related to different generic (general) concepts: In the corner of the living room stoodpot-bellied nutbureau(G.) - shape and material; Magical underwater islands... quietly passingwhite roundclouds(T.) - color and shape; We lived in the basementbig stoneHouses(M.G.) - size and material; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river(Cor.) - quality and location.

If such characteristics are united by a common generic concept, similar definitions may become homogeneous: A large, stone house - the unifying feature is “well-maintained”.

Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understanding, and in connection with this, different intonation and punctuation; compare: It was these new, large, multi-story buildings that mainly determined the face of the city.(Cat.) - in fiction; New large ones were built multi-storey buildings - V business speech. Wed. Also: Tiny, motionless lights could be seen in the distance. - Tiny motionless lights were visible in the distance.

Heterogeneous definitions are expressed:

1) a combination of relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives: summer health camp; marble quadrangular columns; unpublished original drafts; twisted iron staircase; neglected orchard;

2) a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: tall, rare last year's reeds; brand new yellow chairs; pure calico striped dress; huge black disc-shaped anti-tank mines; uneven clay smeared floor; unironed gray canvas towel; a beautiful small oval mirror; luxurious carved gilded frame; new high economic milestones; interesting elongated dark face; fashionable fluffy curled wig; thick protruding lower lip; thick arched high eyebrows.

Wed. in the language of fiction: The bright winter sun peeked through our windows(Ax.); Along the wide, large highwayless road, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode at a brisk trot in a row.(L.T.); Snowdrifts covered with thin ice crust(Ch.); Suddenly a horse's alarm neigh was heard in the darkness(F.);

3) less often - a combination of qualitative adjectives: a tiny white fluffy dog; soft thick black curls; huge amazing dark blue swallowtails(Priv.); milk jug with thick yellow cream(Cupr.); light, restrained whisper(T.).

Punctuation with agreed upon definitions was discussed above. Inconsistent definitions, as a rule, are homogeneous: A young man came inabout twenty-five years old, sparkling with health, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes(Gonch.).

From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 9. Homogeneous members sentences not connected by conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected only by intonation, a comma is usually placed: Questions, exclamations, stories poured out vying with each other (T.); Zotov frowned, stopped writing, swayed in his chair

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OD) by the author TSB

§ 10. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Crowds of children wearing blue, red, white shirts stand on

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 11. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize a person or object on the one hand, indicate similar characteristics: Oblomov, nobleman by birth, collegiate

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they denote the distinctive features of different objects, for example: At a great distance the city lies down and quietly

From the author's book

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize the subject on the one hand, indicate similar features, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

From the author's book

From the author's book

From the author's book

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions 1. A comma is usually placed between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by conjunctions, for example: At that time, a swallow quickly flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, descended, and almost touched

From the author's book

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white

From the author's book

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications not connected by conjunctions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize the subject on the one hand, indicate similar features, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

From the author's book

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating conjunctions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), dividing conjunctions or, or, a comma is not placed, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoye did not say

From the author's book

§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions and... and, yes... yes, neither... nor, or... or, whether... whether, either... either, then... then and etc., for example: The darkness of an early winter morning

From the author's book

§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions both... and, not so... as, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although... but, if not... then, etc., then a comma is placed

From the author's book

Homogeneous members of a sentence are commas between homogeneous members not connected by conjunctions § 25 with repeated conjunctions (such as and... and, neither... nor). § 26 with double repetition of the union and § 26 with double repetition of other unions, except and § 26 with pairwise association of members

Each one is directly related to the word being defined and is in the same relationship to it. The definitions are uniform:

1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, they indicate varieties of objects of the same kind. Below, in the blue, yellow, purple spots, the reflection of the city swayed rhythmically (S a i n o v);

2) if they indicate different characteristics of the same object, characterizing it from one side. Chapaev loved strong, decisive, firm word(Furmanov). The logical basis for the homogeneity of definitions in this case is the possibility of combining the characteristics they express (species) with a broader (generic) concept. So, in the sentence: In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and unpaved streets, people were always sneaking around (G. Nikolaeva) - the unifying concept can be expressed by the word “unproper

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the listed features, a causal connection between them, appearance, a general positive or negative assessment etc.). He extended his red, swollen, dirty hand to me (Turgenev) (appearance). It was a moonlit, clear evening (Chekhov), (“moonlit, and therefore clear”). The petty leader flowed along the glass windows with a persistent, small creak (the unifying concept is “annoying”, “annoying”). Wet, dark gray clouds hung motionless over the city (the unifying concept is “bringing rain”). I met this charming, witty man many times (the overall characteristic is positive). A lean, red-haired, red-nosed girl in a blue checkered dress entered (her face is characterized by an unattractive appearance). Definitions denoting various aspects of an object are homogeneous:

a) if, under the conditions of the context, they become synonymously closer. Everywhere the brown, cheerless plain stretched endlessly (Chekhov);

b) if they represent epithets (artistic definitions). His pale blue, glassy eyes ran wild (Turgenev);

c) if they form a semantic gradation. Finally the long, boring, stormy winter comes (Aksakov);

d) if expressed by an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, which is explained by the greater semantic load of the second definition and the increase in semantic or emotional shades of the entire structure, even with differences in the designated features. Through the small, ice-covered window... moonlight was breaking through (3 a k r u t k i n);

e) if they are postpositive, which creates a direct connection of each of them with the word being defined and gives them the same semantic independence. I want to explore the secrets of a wise and simple life (Bryusov);

f) if they are opposed to a combination of two definitions with the same defined noun. These buttons are sewn with thin silk threads, and those with thick paper threads.

Without definitions that explain the properties and quality of an object, human speech would be “dry” and uninteresting. Everything that has a characteristic is conveyed in sentences using definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: tasty fruit, bitter experience, handsome man, white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

To further reveal the content of a sentence or strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or relate to the same part of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely can they be linked subordinating conjunctions, conveying the meaning of the concession or the reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of a sentence, both secondary and major, can be equally homogeneous. Difficulties in placing punctuation marks often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when they are not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Definitions that relate to one member of a sentence or that characterize it and answer one question are considered homogeneous. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, since they describe an object from some aspect or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of an object from different sides, characterizing it by its various qualities.

This is what distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous ones are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They are also characterized by enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

According to the method of expressing characteristics and place in a sentence, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions can be divided.

Heterogeneous ones include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different sides. At the same time, its various qualities may be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative adjective indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes narrowed (two qualitative adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of enumerative intonation when they reveal different properties of objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

To determine what type of definitions in a sentence belong to, you should know what specific features of the subject they can characterize. In the section “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are also distinguished by punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous minor members they are always installed.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when there are homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in a sentence. The lesson (8th grade) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

Commas are not used if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by the coordinating conjunction and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and made of stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic of either poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even those that come after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition comes before another, forming a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special type of definition

A special type includes definitions that connect explanatory relations. In this case, it is easy to determine where the definitions are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The test for distinguishing them is to substitute the conjunctions “namely” and “that is.”

• A completely different, interesting time has come (different, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions associated with explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which is confirmed by the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.” A class 11 lesson introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of a sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the city streets (the previous ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis have appeared on the city streets (the number of yellow taxis has increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have turned yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

Double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods led to the result (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the conjunctions “that is” and “namely”, so a comma is added and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions related to one defined word can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions Each is directly related to the word being defined and is in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate the distinctive features of different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, characteristics of the same object (the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different sides, but the context creates conditions for the convergence of the signs they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the signs, appearance, etc.), for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, unlike anything else (Ax.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinating series and are in a logically and semantically identical relationship to the word being defined, a coordinating conjunction can usually be inserted: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: it is impossible to say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it (or just a participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.); a clean, ironed shirt; gray, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behind the leading low torn cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such features under a general generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relationship to the noun: a relative adjective extends the noun, and a qualitative adjective is attached to the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed by:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this one is wooden box;

2) ordinal numbers and adjectives: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

Clarifying definitions are not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

Lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and, together with the noun, forms a single complex name. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes this entire complex name as a whole: A good May day, that is, the definition of good refers not to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definers (large glass vase, new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes this entire complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbled autumn leaves; extinct gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions indicate different characteristics of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the characteristics of different objects; 2) definitions naming the characteristics of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one object, but from different sides: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are designated: in color, purpose, material, geographical location etc.

For example: At a great distance, a city lay out and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly required and is easily recognized. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the conjunction c.)

2) Much more often there are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. These could be:

A) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is required, since they express one attribute, i.e., characterize an object on one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote different signs, but often and naturally accompany each other (between such definitions you can insert a causal conjunction since, because): dark, low clouds; night, deserted city;

3) the definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial phrase (the single definition precedes the common one): we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga (but: we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga).

Tell me what heterogeneous definitions are?

Kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, designate different characteristics of the object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: 1) On the edge of the felling lay... a large iron (size and material) stove, indicating that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev took off the green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed the cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick rough notebook (size and purpose), in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous

Mire kim

Identify the words being defined, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo clay painted toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, has come to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo clay painted toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, has come to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.
Dymkovka is a childish, joyful, optimistic view of the world. There are caring, serious nannies with children here; graceful playful water bears; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; cheerful active buffoons on horses; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how funny is the rider on a spotted horse in his arrogant, majestic pose!
The famous Dymkovo toy is alien to halftones and imperceptible transitions. These are catchy, brightly colored optimistic toys.