Functional style

Variety literary language, due to the difference in the functions performed by language in a certain area of ​​communication. The concept of "f.s." is central, basic in the differential division of literary language, a kind of starting point for such style-correlative concepts as substyle, speech genre, functional-style sphere. Compositional speech structure of texts f. With. (i.e., the totality of linguistic elements in their relationship with each other and with the compositional structure of texts that are most characteristic of a given type of literary language) is determined communicative intentions creators of texts, communication conditions and others style-forming factors. Synonyms of the term "f.s." More general nominations often appear style 2 , functional variety, functional option, functional language type. Specificity of a specific f. With. consists in the peculiarities of the relationship, methods and techniques of combination, unification of linguistic means (which in other styles can be presented in other combinations), their specialized use. The set of all f. With. forms functional-style system of a given literary language in a given historical period. F.-s. With. of the modern Russian literary language is multidimensional, since it is often distinguished for various reasons. For example, scientific, official business, journalistic styles are highlighted when targeting relevant areas human activity(science, legislation and office work, politics) that they “serve”. The main criterion for highlighting oral public speech, performing functions similar to the named styles, is its “orality”. In addition, the components of f.-s. With. language f. With. are not the same in their significance and in their coverage of linguistic material.

The general basis f. With. is a set of basic parameters (for each f.s. acting in one or another combination):

1) the social task of verbal communication,

2) the situation of verbal communication (formality/informality),

3) the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal),

4) form of implementation (oral, written).

At the heart of every f. With. lies united constructive principle, or a style-forming factor of an extralinguistic nature.

Functional-style sphere combines a series of f. pp., characterized by a combination social tasks speech communication (for example, the f.-s. sphere of book speech combines texts of scientific, official business, journalistic f.s., texts fiction and epistolary texts and intersects with f. -With. the sphere of influencing speech, combining texts from radio, television, film, fiction and oral public speaking. The modern Russian literary language is implemented in the following nine forms, presented in table. 1 "Functional-style system of the modern Russian literary language."

Educational dictionary stylistic terms. - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University. O. N. Laguta. 1999.

See what “functional style” is in other dictionaries:

Functional style- Functional style is a type of literary language in which the language appears in one or another social significant area social speech practice of people and the features of which are determined by the peculiarities of communication in this area. Availability of F. s.... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Functional style- A type of literary language in which the language appears in one or another sphere of social speech practice of people. The identification of a functional style is based on taking into account the purpose of the utterance, which is understood in sociolinguistics as unconscious... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) Historically developed, socially conscious speech variety, which has a speech system, a specific character, formed as a result of the implementation of special principles... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) Historically developed, socially conscious speech variety, which has a speech system, a specific character, formed as a result of the implementation of special... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book

Functional style- the main category of functional stylistics, which studies the systemic relationships of linguistic means in the process of their functioning depending on the spheres, conditions and goals of communication, as well as the corresponding conditions for the choice of linguistic units and their organization in... ... Pedagogical speech science

functional style- 1. Differentiated (allocated) in accordance with the function of language in a particular area, situation and topic of communication, message and impact. 2. A language subsystem, which has its own phonetic, lexical and grammatical characteristics and... ...

functional style- according to M.N. Kozhina. The peculiar character of speech of one or another social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and the form of consciousness correlative with it, created by the peculiarities of functioning in this sphere... ... Morphemics. Word formation: Dictionary-reference book

Functional speech style- This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

Functional style, or functional variety of language, functional type of speech- is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech systematicity - see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, it is... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

functional language style- 1. The historical emergence of a literary (standardized) national language, which is a subsystem that is characterized by equally directed features of the use of the means of the national language and is adapted for... ... Explanatory translation dictionary

Books

• Course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language: General concepts of stylistics. Colloquial and everyday style of speech, Vasilyeva A.N.. This book is part of a course of lectures on the functional stylistics of the Russian language. It provides a general description of functional styles, their relationships and interconnections,...

What's happened Functional styles?

Functional styles- these are styles distinguished in accordance with the main functions of language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity (See functions of language). Functional styles do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, the influence of one on the others. The features that characterize a particular style (the predominant use of certain lexical means, syntactic structures, etc.) are repeated in other language styles, not to mention the fact that the vast majority of linguistic means are common to all styles (inter-style means of language) . In addition, it should be borne in mind that style is a historical category: not only the boundaries between styles are mobile, but also the boundaries of an individual style in the course of its development.

Styles: business, scientific, journalistic, conversational.

The question of including the artistic-fictional style (the style of fiction) in the system of functional styles is one of the controversial issues of stylistics. Some researchers (let us mention first of all V.P. Murat) oppose such inclusion, pointing out that the language of fiction is characterized by features that go beyond the concept of “functional style”. Such features are: multi-style (the use of linguistic means of all styles), wide coverage of the means of the national language, including those that are not included in the literary language or are on its periphery (dialectisms, colloquial words), a special - aesthetic - function artistic speech, inconsistent with the functions of other styles. Other scientists (R. A. Budagov, A. N. Gvozdev, A. I. Efimov, M. N. Kozhina, etc.) are in favor of including fiction. style into the system of functional styles, motivating this inclusion by the fact that it participates in the fulfillment by language of the social function of influence, that fiction is also a sphere of language use (although not entirely correlated with other spheres related to the social activities of people), that the aesthetic function is based on the communicative function of language, that, absorbing elements of other styles, the literary and artistic style does not simply reproduce them, but adapts them to its tasks of expressiveness and figurativeness, giving them a new function. V.V. Vinogradov, pointing out that “the concept of style when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles,” identifies special “styles of fiction

Currently, there is a tendency towards intensive interpenetration of styles, increasing the influence of some styles on others, resulting in noticeable changes in the relationship between literary language styles in the modern era. At the same time, there is a tendency towards increased differentiation of linguistic means within individual styles, which allows us to talk about the formation of new styles, such as popular science, production and technical, etc.

The classification of styles proposed above is therefore not exhaustive, but for studying the stylistic system of the modern Russian literary language it is quite acceptable. Styles such as popular science and industrial-technical, although they have an undoubted originality of the linguistic means used in them, in terms of general classification They should not yet be divorced from the scientific style that gave birth to them, with which they are united by the same message function and the most important lexical and grammatical resources.

The concept of “oratorical style” found in some studies fits freely within the framework of more broad concept“journalistic style”, if we bear in mind the common function of influence for them and the main part of the linguistic means used in them. In our time, the so-called epistolary style, the genres and linguistic means of which are associated either with colloquial speech (private letter of everyday content), or with business speech (official correspondence between institutions), or journalistic speech (open letter to the editor), cannot in our time lay claim to an autonomous existence. ), fictional speech (“epistolary novel”), etc.

2. Purpose: deepen work on identifying speech styles; learn to find elements in texts that indicate style; independently draw conclusions and justify your answers; develop the ability to use socio-political vocabulary, means of journalistic style, emotional impact on the listener, reader;

3. Learning objectives:

The student must know:

- develop logical thinking, memory, ability to analyze; develop self-control skills; develop the ability to highlight the main points from the text and summarize the received material; develop skills in using dictionaries.

The student must be able to:

- practical knowledge of modern Russian literary language in different areas functioning of the Russian language, in its written and oral varieties; mastering new knowledge and skills in this area and improving existing ones, deepening the understanding of the basic characteristic properties of the Russian language as a means of communication and transmission of information;

4. Main questions of the topic:

1. General characteristics of functional speech styles.

General characteristics of functional speech styles

Functional speech styles- a historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

Scientific style

Scientific style is the style of scientific communications. The scope of use of this style is science; the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, or simply anyone interested in a particular scientific field; The authors of texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of style can be described as describing laws, identifying patterns, describing discoveries, teaching, etc. Its main function is communicating information, as well as proving its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, and many abstract and real nouns.

The scientific style exists primarily in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguousness), clarity, generalization.

Formal business style

Business style is used to communicate, inform official setting(sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: laws, orders, regulations, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, lawyer, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works are addressed to this style the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative-legal relations. This style exists more often in the written form of speech; the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue.

Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is informational (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech cliches, a generally accepted form of presentation, a standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabridged words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, and the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style

serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is directed not only on the mind, but also on the feelings of the addressee. It is characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, openness, peace-loving). The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Artistic style

The artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of an artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. It is distinguished by its large semantic capacity and colorfulness, giving liveliness and expressiveness to speech.

The usual form of implementing the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Linguistic means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with suffixes of subjective assessment; use not full sentences, introductory words, words of address, interjections, modal particles, repetitions, inversion, etc.

Related information.

1 . System of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2 . The concept of stylistic norms.

3 . Scientific functional style, its linguistic features.

4 . Speech standards for educational and scientific fields activities.

Functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in a particular area fulfill specific tasks(functions) and have some features in the selection and use of linguistic means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, scientific.

Conversational style used in the sphere of everyday communication and is implemented mainly orally. This style is contrasted with other styles that are associated with various spheres of social activity and are implemented mainly in written form. The main function of the conversational style is the function of communication. Conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. Distinctive feature of this style is the use of linguistic means with conversational coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the socio-political sphere. Its main function is the function of social influence. Initially, it acted as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, i.e. journalism (hence its name), however, today the oral variety of journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences are actively used, rhetorical questions and appeals. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, report, commentary, propaganda speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in the official business speech plays the function of message and social regulation (information-directive function). Style features - impersonality, standardization. Typical language means: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and phrases. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, a contract, etc.

Scientific style used in the field of science and technology. Main task scientific style - message and logical proof of the truth of what is being communicated (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three substyles: proper scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. In the scientific style, neutral words and words with generalized and abstract meanings predominate. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.).

In morphology, the noun predominates over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called “present timeless” (the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea) becomes widespread. The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres scientific speech should be called an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, an annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, etc. Annotation and abstract are important in the system of these genres, the content and structure of which most clearly and visually reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Every functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, linguistic forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a certain social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Thus, the identification of specific functional styles takes into account the uniqueness of various spheres of application of linguistic phenomena and the specificity of expressiveness characteristic of a certain style.

One thing to keep in mind is that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, and record the most profound stylistic features. Each of them is also subjected to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are divided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more specific varieties, etc. For example, scientific style while maintaining your basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific-technical. In turn, both of them can have popular scientific versions of presentation.

In addition, each of the style varieties scientific and scientific-technical style can be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). In this case, differences arise, both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even more subtle differentiation: they take into account the genre and method of presentation. Depending on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, depending on the author’s individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, style differentiation is associated with action large number non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the identification of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors influencing speech can be classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary linguistic means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the author of a particular statement from the possibility of such a choice

Each functional style has its own norms. These norms are called stylistic; violation of them is the cause stylistic errors. (For example: “Girl, what issue are you crying about?”)

Functional styles have their own features of the use of a general literary norm, it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often styles are matched based on their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. However grammatical characteristics important here, for example, the style of many texts in the tabloid press should be defined as journalistic largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the area of ​​word usage, we can see both colloquial and generally non-literary (colloquial, slang) units. Therefore, when creating a work belonging to a certain style, one should comply not only with the lexical norms of the style, but also with morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of an everyday nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers; contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In conversational style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used (lie down, blue, house, earth, left), but bookish words are not used. It is normative to use words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, leisure, that sort of thing). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, boast, headless, fit in), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (granny, daddy, sunshine, home). Phraseologisms are actively used in conversational style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words formed by condensing a phrase into one word or a long one are often used. compound word into a shortened word (bad, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, train).

Morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has own characteristics. For example, in oral form it prevails nominative- even where it is impossible in writing (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, whatever, really). The norm of verb use allows the formation of forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of repetition (sitting, saying) or, conversely, one-time use (pushed, hit). In a conversational style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of bookish speech, is inappropriate. Forms more often prepositional with ending -u (on vacation), plural ending -a (reprimand). For the syntax of conversational style, the norm is the use of sentences in which some component is missing, but is easily restored (He returned to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptic . Prevail simple sentences, sentence words are often used (I see. No. It’s possible. Why?), as well as interjections and interjective phrases (Here you go! Moms! Oh! Oh, you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, and diplomatic documents. It is characterized by extreme concreteness of content with abstract, typified, cliched means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of a prescription, an obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and common words (employee, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff schedule, rent, federal authorities, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a disadvantage, much less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: proper, the above, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, for the past period, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially slang or dialect layers, but also literary words, possessing an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound words are often used in formal business style. (CIS, State Defense Committee, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Agro-Industrial Complex, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

It is typical for formal business style frequent use of verbs in the form imperative mood and in indefinite form in the sense of imperative mood (exempt from rent, establish a monthly additional payment). If verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the nature of a prescription iwkoh establishes, the benefit does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; proposals complicated homogeneous members, involved and participial phrases; complex sentences.

Journalistic style is oriented, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other, on the impact on the reader or listener. Therefore, it is characterized by a combination expressiveness(for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.

In addition to neutral ones in journalistic style, often words used are evaluative and emotional (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, philistinism, thug), words in figurative meaning (dirt meaning "immorality" penny in meaning "petty", emphasize meaning “to call to the fore”). “Political” vocabulary can be considered typical for journalism: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: dare, erect, commemorate. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, “military” metaphors(mobilize, landing),"construction" metaphors (“building of outdated politics”, “cellars of culture”, “national apartments”),"road" metaphors (political impassability", "reform ship", "federation train"). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (to paint, to get, He’s strong in hindsight, let’s face it, it’s a shame).

Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determines the possibility of combining book and conversation. Adjectives and adverbs with evaluative meanings are often used: serious, minor, significant, contemptuous, magnificent). The pronounced personality of the style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb (the so-called “present reportage”) is often used: “Halfway I make a decision go up another way" “We begin to examine surroundings" Along with the present - the past tense is often used: "Everything and always wrote only about love and war", "Proposals arrived of a very different nature."

Syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the need to combine expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism, extremely frequent borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are being rethought, most often economic, political, “computer”: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special means of expression: scoop, party, showdown, chernukha, fan, chaos. Religious vocabulary also becomes an expressive means of journalism: faith, Orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that were previously rarely used; It is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. However, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is bookish-oriented.

Scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being communicated (information-reasoned function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles have formed:

1 ) actually scientific (academic);

2 ) scientific and educational;

3 ) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

Academic substyle is the core of the scientific functional style. It is characterized by such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, and logic. Scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written in the academic style, and discussions are held between specialists.

Scientific and technical substyle used in production sector. It is less characterized by abstraction, due to the need for a specific description of production processes. IN in this regard The scientific and production substyle is moving closer to the language of documents and the official business style.

In scientific, educational and popular science genres The use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. The scientific-educational substyle, at the same time, is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a certain discipline.

The task of the popular science style is to interest the mass reader and encourage him to improve his cultural level. Among the genres of scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, an annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines etc.

Neutral words predominate in scientific style and words with abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - “speed”, “time”, “limit”, “quantity”, “regularity”, “development”. Such words are often used in plural, which is not typical for other styles: “magnitude”, “particular”, “strength”, “length”, “latitude”, “emptiness”, “speed”. In the scientific style, special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.) are actively used. The use of the scientific style differs in its specificity. grammatical categories and forms. The noun here prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called “present timeless” becomes widespread (for example: “Carbon constitutes the most important part of the plant”, “The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.”). The 1st and 2nd person singular forms of verbs and personal pronouns are not common in scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of terms and have a precise and highly specialized meaning (hence the prevalence in scientific speech relative adjectives over quality).

Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasis logic and bookishness. Logic must be present in everyone language levels: in a phrase, sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text.

Logic is ensured by using the following means:

1 ) connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns (that, that, etc.);

2 ) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3 ) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4 ) use of conjunctions ( since, because, in order to);

5 ) use of constructions and expressions of communication ( Now let's focus on the properties...; Let's move on to consider the issue...; further note... etc.)

Requirements of strict logic scientific text determines the predominance of complex sentences with allied communications, especially complex ones.

Abstract, being summary any information, can be self-sufficient in certain situations and when business communication, since - unlike annotations, abstracts and synopses - it is a complete text. However, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such relevant areas for modern youth as scientific and business, and the certain difficulty of mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. Therefore, teaching these types of written speech is considered separately as, although additional, but very important aspect speech communications.

Word annotation comes from Latin annotatio- remark, note. An abstract is currently called a brief description of a book (or article) containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues discussed in the work. The abstract of the book may also include an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an abstract for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers the questions about what/from what parts? How? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own linguistic means of expression, which are indicated below.

The abstract of the book is placed on the back side its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the contents of the work. After reading the annotation, the reader decides how much he might need the book. In addition, the ability to annotate read literature helps to master summarizing skills.

The word abstract comes from the Latin referre, which means “to report, report.” Currently, an abstract is primarily a short, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its main provisions with arguments, and less often - a description of the methodology and conduct of the experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. We will call such an abstract simple, informational. In Russia, special abstract journals are published that contain abstracts of this kind and thereby introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students at Russian universities write abstracts usually on certain topics that are offered to them at the departments of general engineering and social sciences. To write such thematic abstracts, it may be necessary to involve more than one source, according to at least two scientific works. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also a review.

Simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

Quotations may be used in the abstract. from the work being reviewed. They are always placed in quotation marks. Three types of citation should be distinguished, with punctuation marks placed as in sentences with direct speech.

1 . The quotation comes after the words of the abstract writer. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the abstract writer, and the quotation begins with capital letters. For example: The author of the article states: “In our country there has really been a rapid growth of national self-awareness.”

2 . The quotation comes before the words of the abstract writer. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the abstract writer are written with a small letter. For example: “In our country there is truly a rapid growth of national self-awareness,” says the author of the article.

3 . The words of the abstract writer appear in the middle of the quotation. In this case, a semicolon is placed before and after them. For example: “In our country,” says the author of the article, “there is truly a rapid growth of national self-awareness.”

4 . The quotation is directly included in the words of the abstract writer. In this case (and it is the most common in an abstract), the quotation begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that “in our country there is truly a rapid growth of national self-awareness.”

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

• – know the structure of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language;
• – be able to follow genre, style and stylistic norms;
• – own understanding the aesthetic ideal of a particular style.

The concept of functional style

Functional style- this is the use of literary language in a certain sphere of human activity. Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic structures) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication. The functional style has a special, level-by-level organization of linguistic means.

Proficiency in a literary language and the ability to switch stylistic codes depending on the conditions and tasks of communication indicate a person’s level of education and his creative potential.

Traditionally, functional stylistics distinguishes five styles: colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and literary-artistic. Styles of a literary language may have predominantly oral or written form. Based on this principle, they can be divided into styles book and written(official business, scientific, journalistic, literary and artistic) and colloquial.

Styles also differ based on what they implement. language functions. The main function of the journalistic style is influencing, scientific and official business – informative; conversational style implements the function communication, i.e. communicative, and literary and artistic - special, aesthetic function of the language.

According to the type of reality reflected, colloquial, scientific, journalistic and official business styles are opposed to literary and artistic styles, since they reflect the reality around us. The style of fiction depicts an aesthetically transformed reality, i.e. forms a “secondary” reality.

The style system of the literary Russian language is not static; it develops, becomes more complex, and differentiates with the development of the literary language as a whole. In this regard, modern researchers complement the typology of styles established in classical Russian stylistics with new functional varieties: religious-preaching, political, advertising styles. However, this issue remains controversial. The journalistic style, which in modern stylistics is understood as a style of mass communication, has undergone significant transformations.

The complication and clarification of the modern system of functional styles indicate the development and complication of the modern Russian language.

Functional style structure

For communication to be successful, it is necessary to choose the right one appropriate for the communication conditions. style, which can be defined as a special form of literary language that corresponds to the goals and objectives successful communication (institutional or interpersonal) in a given (socially significant) sphere of communication.

Each style has a complex two-level structure organizations:

• 1. Extralinguistic(extra-linguistic) features of style, determined by the sphere of its use, the environment in which communication takes place (i.e. constitution), etc.
• 2. Intralinguistic(intralingual) features inherent in this style and distinguishing it in the system of functional styles of the Russian literary language.

To extralinguistic features of style, i.e. those that depend on external conditions(factors) of communication include:

• – the function of language that dominates in a given style (the function of communication, message and influence);
• – sphere of communication (institutional or interpersonal);
• – form of social consciousness (logical-conceptual - for the scientific style, figurative - for the artistic, conceptual-figurative - for the journalistic, deontic - for the official business style, pragmatic - for the colloquial);
• – topic (thematic specificity of communication);
• – chronotope (time and place of communication);
• – generalized type of addresser (its expression or fundamental lack of expression in communication);
• – intention (communicative intention) of the addresser;
• – generalized type of addressee (target audience or mass addressee).

These extralinguistic features form the boundaries of each style and influence the selection of linguistic means for successful communication, i.e. intralinguistic basis of style.

Intralinguistic features of style include:

• – typical form of communication (oral/written);
• – typical type of speech (dialogue/monologue);
• – style norms/standards;
• – stable types of linguistic design of speech;
• – subjectivity/objectivity of speech;
• – creativity/clichédness in the use of linguistic means.

Each functional style has substyles, by which we mean the implementation of style depending on the specific goals of communication in a functionally and thematically specified area of ​​communication.

For example, scientific style has three substyles: scientific, educational and popular science. IN formal business style distinguish official-documentary, legal and diplomatic substyles, and in journalistic– informational and actually journalistic.

Each style is realized through an extensive system of specific genres. Genre– this is a compositionally stable and stylistically typical design of texts. For example, genre news, which forms the basis of the information substyle of the journalistic style, has a rigid composition, the so-called “inverted pyramid”, when the first paragraph of the text contains the most important factual information (what, where and when happened), and the details are given at the end of the text. Stylistic design news is emphasized neutral, non-evaluative ones are used speech means, the emphasis is on factual information.

So, style is formed from texts of certain genres (text → genre → substyle → style) and implements it using specific language means different levels the main communicative tasks of the author in the socially significant sphere of communication. Thus, mastery of a literary language presupposes mastery of textual norms (the ability to correctly write a text in accordance with the canons of the genre and the canons of style), as well as mastery of linguistic norms of all levels that are necessary to most accurately express one’s thoughts.