When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, one should take into account the differences between them.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very much alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed. also the lack of use in short form of individual adjectives expressing a permanent property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of characteristics: Opposite wall deaf; fresh flowers in a vase etc.

   Some short forms are used sparingly. So, they are usually not used when denoting weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is fine.

   The names of some colors or not at all are used in the short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. Thus, there are almost no masculine forms drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter gender and plural forms).

   In phraseological units, in some cases only full forms were fixed, in others only short forms. Wed:

   A) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, the bribes are smooth, the matter is bad, dear to the heart, the hands are short, the conscience is unclean etc.

2. Long forms usually denote a permanent attribute, a timeless quality, and short forms -
   temporary symptom, short-lived condition; compare: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This provision is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red (full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color is affected, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although indicated constant sign; Such constructions are used in scientific statements, definitions, and descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these demands are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary feature, but between the last two forms in the context, shades of semantic difference are revealed. Wed:

   He was old(constant sign).

   He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to a given moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a characteristic limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the long form denotes an absolute attribute not related to a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative attribute in relation to a specific situation. Typically this distinction appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: the room is low(sign in general) – the room is low(for high furniture); the note is heavy(regardless of who will carry it) – the note is heavy(For weak person, for a child). Wed. Also: boots are too small, gloves are too big, the corridor is narrow, coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, while the full form, used in the nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(using the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing vernacular coloring into the statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; Old man... on easy language and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricalness, while the full form is characterized by a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in book language, the full form - in spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and precise.. Wed. use of the short form in book and written speech: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic...(Bitter).

   You can choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed. with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I can't be of any use to your son.

   His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got drunk and became chatty.

   Grandfather was noticeably becoming greedy. – The silence became painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain’s activities. – The supply of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   IN modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be The construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As a rule, either only full or only short forms of adjectives act as homogeneous predicates, for example:

   A) October was unusually cold and stormy(Paustovsky); I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A N. Tolstoy); The power of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   The following constructions violate the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although primitive at their core” (in both cases the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only in special conditions context or with a stylistic task, it is possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) – if there are words How And So Only the short form is used, if there are words Which And such– only full form.
   

7. At polite treatment"you" is possible or a short form (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ), formed from complete forms with unstruck -ny , in neutral styles of speech the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
   
2. Short adjectives are differentiated into -enen And short participles on -en . Wed:

   the case is quite certain(clear) – The departure date has already been determined(installed, planned);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - The hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives in the short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others have no fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   A) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

   Doublet forms possible: spicy - spicy And sharp(colloquial); full - full And full(book, outdated).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. The simple form of the comparative degree is used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and complexity is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed. household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the neighboring one; and book: growth rates foreign trade higher this year than last. Wed. Also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than previous ones.
   

   Book and colloquial versions of the simple form of the comparative degree are possible, for example: smarter - smarter, louder - louder, smarter - smarter, sweeter - sweeter, sharper - smarter. From the word young a form is formed younger (younger has the meaning “lower in position, in rank, in rank”). The form is clearly colloquial more beautiful.

   Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning “better than before”), more tired than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

   Form of comparative degree on -to her (hurry up, boldly etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree such as “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of literary language; Wed quite common expressions better position, worse habits etc. The combination is not objectionable older.

   Forms with prefix By- , introducing the added value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up earlier etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Combinations like: tell me a little more in detail(in the very form “in more detail” the meaning “a few, a little” is already contained). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix have the same colloquial connotation By- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning “to a greater extent than usual”, for example: My business, if you look at it, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning “as far as possible”, for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we sat on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (on -her ) are characteristic of book speech, the second (in -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: all the more so it is necessary to emphasize this, to speak more than seriously - wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: the highest peaks of knowledge - the most tall buildings in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.

   An outdated connotation is inherent in constructions formed by combining the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form of -greatest – -the greatest the expression of the limiting characteristic has already been concluded); such designs were found in writers of the XIX century, for example: by itself best price (Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); the most convincing evidence(Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in later times: the most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most impudent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Nowadays, single expressions of this type are preserved: the closest way, the closest shortest route, in the closest possible way and a few others.

   Should be distinguished complex shape superlative degree, containing a pronoun most(in cases where high degree quality is expressed beyond comparison, the so-called absolute superlative), and a form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic primarily of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions– the most suitable conditions. Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the most serious approach to the matter from the meeting participants” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in his grandfather’s words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later these neighbors were called to the old woman's hut(Kazakevich).

   Wed. colloquial expressions with double expression of belonging: genitive case noun and possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Mashina's jacket) or two possessive adjectives ( Aunt Lizin's husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases for masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; compare: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have been in use for a long time literary language are replaced by forms with a complete ending ( -oh, -oh ).

   Forms are outdated -s(-s) , formed from surnames: instead Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used – “Capital” by Marx, “Logic” by Hegel, “Dictionary” by Dahl. The specified forms are saved, as well as forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations, entrenched in the language ( Adam's apple, Antonov fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas's kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphus's work, Solomon's solution etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be taken into account that adjectives in -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express qualitative meaning; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
3. Possessive adjectives on -new, -different denote not individual, but group affiliation - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive meaning and acquire a qualitative or relative value(expression of property, similarity, relationship to someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed. phraseological units: night blindness, swan song etc.
4. Adjectives on -y, -ya, -ye also express group affiliation or characteristic, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel hair, swan fluff, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: ravenous appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns of the same root with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can perform the same function of definition, for example: fathers' house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookshelf– bookcase, spelling exercises – spelling exercises. When choosing one of two parallel constructions, one should take into account the shades of meaning and meaning inherent in them in the context of the context. stylistic features(book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, student's work - student's work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning the workers of the factory in question, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a certain garden), and the second have a more general meaning; in the first version two objects are named, in the second - an object and its attribute. Wed. in context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of people employed in manual labor;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work; it is still student work;

   The garden trellis is painted in green . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   My brother's help was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.

2. Defining adjectives have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive feature of an object, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house - father's house(accessory);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(relationship of part to whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(definitive relations);

   morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstantial relations);

   Moroccan oranges – oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment – ​​laboratory equipment(purpose);

   bronze chandelier – bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam – raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

   Depending on the context, one of the above options is selected. In general terms, it can be stated that combinations of an adjective and a noun are more often used than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual designs wool muffler(not “wool muffler”), leather gloves(not “leather gloves”), allowing you to point out characteristic feature subject, and not just the material.

   Combinations are also common Georgian wines(and not “wines from Georgia”), Pacific herring(not “herring with Pacific Ocean»), Orenburg shawl(and not “a scarf from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give qualitative characteristics object than to indicate its origin. Wed. breaking this last connection in such combinations as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More common combinations children's toys(not “toys for children”), writing paper(not “writing paper”), desktop(and not “desk for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinctive feature of the object.

   However, it should be noted that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, in pairs climb with the agility of a monkey – climb with the agility of a monkey the first construction is supported by its wider applicability (the concept of “monkey agility” is broader than the concept of “monkey agility”, since both humans and animals can demonstrate this dexterity); The second construction is supported by its imagery: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the trait - a monkey. In addition, the second design has richer expressive capabilities, since it allows you to more fully and more accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of an adjective that defines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

   Wed. also the justification of each option in a pair: I knocked and took the door handle . – There was a door handle on the table.

3. Parallel phrases can diverge in their meanings and express different meanings. Wed:

   The enlarged village has real city streets(not “city streets”). – Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, the streets of the city were lit by gas jets(not “city streets”);

   A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created a new city center.

4. Combinations with a qualifying adjective can have figurative meaning(cf. the body was covered goose bumps, his crane-like gait is funny, he moves at a snail’s pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

Adjective, we know with primary classes. But how it is written in some cases has already been forgotten. Let us remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.

Adjective as part of speech

An adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, and describes what events and states may be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and rich.

The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the noun to which it refers. For example, “big table”: in this case, the noun “table” is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.

Varieties

There is a full and short form of the adjective. A possessive adjective has only its full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what? what are they? A qualitative adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times in Slavic languages Only short ones were used. It was from them that the complete ones came, modern forms parts of speech. Currently, in the Russian language, the use of the full form of the word is neutral. And short is mainly used in literary vocabulary.

The short form of the adjective changes in the singular according to gender and number. Take for example the word “beautiful”. IN masculine he has null ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:

• beautiful - feminine singular;
• beautiful - neuter singular;
• beautiful - plural.

The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have changes in cases in phraseological units. An example of such a change is such expressions as “bare feet”; lines from songs: “I ordered green wine to be poured.” From the point of view syntactic function in sentences, the short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is its nominal part. For example: he is slim, he is kind.

In this case, we are talking only about quality name adjective Relative in in brief do not meet. You can try making relative words like “copper” or “washing” shorter. Nothing will work out.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -iy are usually in the short singular form nominative case(daddy's, daddy's spring). In these cases, the ending coincides with a similar part of the word in nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).

In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to place soft sign, you just need to determine the form of the adjective. But in the short form, after a hissing consonant, a soft sign is not written: “burning - burning, hot - hot.”

The short form of an adjective is very often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to a verb, in this case there is an adverb. For example: “heavily burdened” and “breathed heavily.” The question of which adjective has a short form can be answered as follows: qualitative with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have endings -а/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in the singular.

Use in text

They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since this is precisely the connotation that adjectives have in short form. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that “he is brave.” This sounds affirming, but very soft. But the phrase “the guy is brave” does not tolerate any objections.

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word “deaf” only the stem should be left, the result is the masculine gender - “deaf” (“When I eat, I am deaf and dumb”).

Shades

The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meaning, emotional connotation, methods of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel sound o-e. You can compare “low” and the “low” derived from it. A similar example: “formidable” - “formidable”.

Which adjective “characteristic” (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the color of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (outdated - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).

The short form of the adjective “peculiar” will have the following types. Singular: characteristic, characteristic, characteristic; plural: characteristic.

Signs

Adjectives have a number of differences and characteristics. The full form determines constancy in the attribute, while the short form expresses only the attribute that manifests itself at a particular moment; moreover, they lack case and declension. You can compare two phrases: sick child, child is sick.

The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in the function they perform in a sentence.

• Complete - agreed definitions.
• Short - part of the predicate.

The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - PO Box for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears mainly as nominal part predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative degree called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

Comparative degree an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Petyahigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). The position of definition can only be occupied by a simple comparative degree in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, high aish

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they vary by gender, number and case, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) by adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In plural adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as brother, aunt, father, friend.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case singular feminine have a double ending: "oh" ("ey") and "oyu" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives; in certain cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in "rank" (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in "in".

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.

Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, large garden- a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare– blue ocean, early admission.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

Short form of adjectives

Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives; relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full) but also predicative (short) forms: plot interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work Interesting, fairy tales interesting.

The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.

The relationship between short and long forms of adjectives in Russian

From the point of view of correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:

• short and long forms, identical in their lexical meaning: obedient baby - baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;

• short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in certain meanings:

Poor- 1. Regrettable, unfortunate. There will be no short form. 2. Poor. The short form is poor. The old man was poor. False- 1. Not real, fake. There is no short form. Manuscript fake. 2. Insincere. The short form is false. Feelings fake.

• the short form of the adjective is different from full meaning and is treated as a semantic synonym:

A). the long form denotes a permanent sign, the short form - temporary: child sick- child sick, child healthy- child healthy; b). the short form of the adjective indicates an excess of manifestation of the attribute: blouse motley (motley), grandmother old (old); V). the full form denotes an unrelated attribute, the short form denotes an attribute in relation to something: dress short- dress short, jeans narrow- jeans narrow.

In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so different that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was fine clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.

Notes

Literature

• A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4

• V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for Russian language classes. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3

Links

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