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1 solar mass = 2E+30 kilogram [kg]

Initial value

Converted value

kilogram gram exagram petagram teragram gigagram megagram hectogram decagram decigram centigram milligram microgram nanogram picogram femtogram attogram dalton, atomic mass unit kilogram-force sq. sec/meter kilopound kilopound (kip) slug lbf sq. sec/ft pound troy pound ounce troy ounce metric ounce short ton long (imperial) ton assay ton (US) assay ton (UK) ton (metric) kiloton (metric) centner (metric) centner US centner British quarter (US) quarter (UK) stone (US) stone (UK) ton pennyweight scruple karat gran gamma talent (O.Israel) mina (O.Israel) shekel (O.Israel) bekan (O.Israel) hera (O.Israel) talent (Ancient Greece) mina (Ancient Greece) tetradrachm (Ancient Greece) didrachma (Ancient Greece) drachma (Ancient Greece) denarius (Ancient Rome) ass (Ancient Rome) codrant (Ancient Rome) lepton ( Rome) Planck mass atomic mass unit electron rest mass muon rest mass proton mass neutron mass deuteron mass Earth mass Sun mass Berkovets pud Pound lot spool share quintal livre

Optical power in diopters and lens magnification

More about mass

General information

Mass is the property of physical bodies to resist acceleration. Mass, unlike weight, does not change with environment and does not depend on the gravity of the planet on which this body is located. mass m determined using Newton's second law, according to the formula: F = ma, where F is power, and a- acceleration.

Mass and weight

In everyday life, the word "weight" is often used when talking about mass. In physics, weight, unlike mass, is a force acting on a body due to the attraction between bodies and planets. Weight can also be calculated using Newton's second law: P= mg, where m is the mass, and g- acceleration of gravity. This acceleration occurs due to the force of attraction of the planet near which the body is located, and its magnitude also depends on this force. Acceleration free fall on Earth it is 9.80665 meters per second, and on the Moon - about six times less - 1.63 meters per second. Thus, a body weighing one kilogram weighs 9.8 Newtons on Earth and 1.63 Newtons on the Moon.

gravitational mass

The gravitational mass shows what gravitational force acts on the body (passive mass) and with what gravitational force the body acts on other bodies (active mass). With an increase active gravitational mass body, its force of attraction also increases. It is this force that controls the movement and arrangement of stars, planets and other astronomical objects in the universe. The tides are also caused by the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Moon.

With the increase passive gravitational mass the force with which the gravitational fields of other bodies act on this body also increases.

inertial mass

Inertial mass is the property of a body to resist motion. It is precisely because the body has mass that a certain force must be applied to move the body from its place or change the direction or speed of its movement. The more inertial mass, the more force must be applied. The mass in Newton's second law is precisely the inertial mass. The gravitational and inertial masses are equal in magnitude.

Mass and relativity

According to the theory of relativity, the gravitating mass changes the curvature of the space-time continuum. The more such a mass of a body, the stronger this curvature around this body, therefore, near bodies of large mass, such as stars, the trajectory of light rays is curved. this effect in astronomy is called gravitational lenses. On the contrary, far from large astronomical objects (massive stars or their clusters, called galaxies), the movement of light rays is rectilinear.

The main postulate of the theory of relativity is the postulate of the finiteness of the speed of light propagation. Several interesting implications follow from this. First, one can imagine the existence of objects with such large mass that the second space velocity such a body will be equal to the speed of light, i.e. no information from this object will be able to get to the outside world. Such space objects in the general theory of relativity are called "black holes" and their existence has been experimentally proven by scientists. Secondly, when an object moves at a near-light speed, its inertial mass increases so much that the local time inside the object slows down compared to time. measured by stationary clocks on Earth. This paradox is known as the "twin paradox": one of them goes on a space flight at near-light speed, the other remains on Earth. Upon returning from a flight twenty years later, it turns out that the twin astronaut is biologically younger than his brother!

Units

Kilogram

In the SI system, mass is measured in kilograms. The kilogram standard is a metal cylinder made of an alloy of iridium (10%) and platinum (90%), weighing almost as much as a liter of water. It is kept in France, at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and its copies are all over the world. The kilogram is the only unit that is determined not by the laws of physics, but by a standard made by people. The derivatives of the kilogram, gram (1/1000 of a kilogram), and ton (1000 kilograms) are not SI units, but are widely used.

Electron-volt

An electron volt is a unit for measuring energy. Usually it is used in the theory of relativity, and the energy is calculated by the formula E=mc², where E is the energy m- weight, and c is the speed of light. According to the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, the electron volt is also a unit of mass in the system of natural units, where c equals one, which means that mass equals energy. Basically, electronvolts are used in nuclear and atomic physics.

Atomic mass unit

Atomic mass unit ( but. eat.) is for the masses of molecules, atoms, and other particles. One a. e.m. is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon nuclide atom, ¹²C. This is approximately 1.66 × 10 ⁻²⁷ kilograms.

Slug

Slugs are used primarily in the British imperial system of measurement in the UK and some other countries. One slug is equal to the mass of a body that is moving at an acceleration of one foot per second per second when a force of one pound force is applied to it. This is approximately 14.59 kilograms.

solar mass

Solar mass is a measure of mass used in astronomy to measure stars, planets and galaxies. One solar mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, that is, 2 × 10³⁰ kilograms. The mass of the Earth is about 333,000 times less.

Carat

Mass is measured in carats precious stones and metals in jewelry. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. The name and the value itself are associated with the seeds of the carob tree (in English: carob, pronounced carob). One carat used to be equal to the weight of a seed of this tree, and buyers carried their seeds with them to check if they were being cheated by sellers. precious metals and stones. The weight of the gold coin Ancient Rome was equal to 24 carob seeds, and therefore carats began to be used to indicate the amount of gold in the alloy. 24 carats is pure gold, 12 carats is half gold alloy, and so on.

Gran

The gran was used as a measure of weight in many countries before the Renaissance. It was based on the weight of grains, mainly barley, and other crops popular at the time. One grain is equal to about 65 milligrams. It's a little over a quarter carat. Until carats became widespread, grains were used in jewelry. This measure of weight is used to this day to measure the mass of gunpowder, bullets, arrows, as well as gold foil in dentistry.

Other units of mass

In countries where the metric system is not accepted, British imperial system mass measures are used. For example, in the UK, USA and Canada, pounds, stone and ounce are widely used. One pound is equal to 453.6 grams. Stones are mainly used only to measure the mass of a person's body. One stone is approximately 6.35 kilograms or exactly 14 pounds. Ounces are mostly used in cooking recipes, especially for foods in small portions. One ounce is 1/16 of a pound, or approximately 28.35 grams. In Canada, which formally converted to the metric system in the 1970s, many products are sold in rounded imperial units, such as one pound or 14 fl oz, but are labeled by weight or volume in metric units. In English, such a system is called "soft metric" (eng. soft metric), in contrast to the "hard metric" system (eng. hard metric), which indicates the rounded weight in metric units on the packaging. This image shows "soft metric" food packages showing weight in metric units only and volume in both metric and imperial units.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

The sun warms and illuminates our planet. Life on it would be impossible without the energy of the luminary. This applies to humans and to all terrestrial flora and fauna. The sun supplies energy to all processes occurring on the Earth. The Earth receives from the Sun not only light and heat. The life of our planet is continuously affected by particle flows and various types of solar radiation.

The impact of the sun also has a strong effect on human health. many people feel worse.

This article will consider general information about the Sun, namely the composition, temperature and mass of the Sun, the impact on the Earth, etc.

general information

The sun is the star closest to us. Studies of the Sun provide information about the conditions of reactions occurring in its depths and on the surface, allow us to understand the physical nature of stellar bodies, which we see as dimensionless sparkling points. The study of the processes occurring in the vicinity and on the surface of the Sun helps to understand the phenomena characteristic of near-Earth space.

The sun is the center of our planetary system, which also includes 8 planets, dozens of planetary satellites, thousands of asteroids, meteoroids, comets, interplanetary gas, and dust. In all, it occupies 99.866% of the total mass. By astronomical standards, the distance from the Sun to the Earth is small: the light travels only 8 minutes.

The size of the Sun requires special attention. This is a huge star not only in size, but also in volume. Its diameter exceeds the diameter of the Earth by 109 times, and its volume, in turn, by 1.3 million times.

The approximate temperature of the surface of the Sun is 5800 degrees, so it shines practically, but due to the strong absorption and scattering of the short-wavelength part of the spectrum by the Earth's atmosphere, the direct sunlight near the surface of our planet gets a yellow tint.

The temperature in the central zone of the Sun reaches 15 million degrees. Due to the rather high temperature, the substance of the Sun is in a gaseous state, and in the depths of a giant star, the atoms of chemical elements are divided into freely moving electrons and atomic nuclei.

The mass of the Sun is 1.989*10^30kg. This figure exceeds the mass by 333 thousand times. The average density of a substance is 1.4 g/cm3. The average is almost 4 times higher. In addition, in astronomy there is the concept of the mass of the Sun - a unit of mass, which is used to express the mass of stars and other objects of astronomy (galaxies).

The gaseous solar mass is held together by a general attraction to its center. The upper layers with their weight compress the deeper ones, and with an increase in the depth of the layer, the pressure increases.

The pressure in the interior of the Sun reaches hundreds of billions of atmospheres, so the substance in the solar depths has a high density.

This leads to a leak in the bowels of the Sun, as a result, hydrogen turns into helium and releases nuclear energy. Gradually, this energy "leaks" through the opaque solar matter, first into the outer layers, and then radiates into the world space.

The composition of the Sun includes elements such as hydrogen (73%), helium (25%) and other elements in much lower concentrations (nickel, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, calcium, iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, neon, chromium).

The Sun is a star whose surface temperature reaches several thousand degrees, so its light, even after traveling a great distance from the Earth, remains too bright for the Sun to be seen with the naked eye.

Therefore, the size and shape of the Sun to an ordinary person quite difficult to assess. At the same time, astronomers have established that the Sun is a ball with almost correct form. Therefore, to estimate the size of the Sun, you can use the standard indicators used to measure the size of a circle.

Thus, the diameter of the Sun is 1.392 million kilometers. For comparison, the diameter of the Earth is only 12,742 kilometers: thus, according to this indicator, the size of the Sun exceeds the size of our planet by 109 times. At the same time, the circumference of the Sun along the equator reaches 4.37 million kilometers, while for the Earth this figure is only 40,000 kilometers, in this dimension the dimensions of the Sun are larger than the dimensions of our planet, by the same number of times.

However, due to the huge temperature on the surface of the Sun, which is almost 6 thousand degrees, its size is gradually decreasing. Scientists who study solar activity claim that the Sun shrinks by 1 meter in diameter every hour. Thus, they suggest, a hundred years ago, the diameter of the Sun was approximately 870 kilometers larger than at present.

mass of the sun

The mass of the Sun differs from the mass of the planet Earth even more significantly. Thus, according to astronomers, this moment The mass of the Sun is about 1.9891*10^30 kilograms. In this case, the mass of the Earth is only 5.9726 * 10 ^ 24 kilograms. Thus, the Sun is heavier than the Earth by almost 333 thousand times.

However, thanks to high temperature on the surface of the Sun, most of its constituent substances are in a gaseous state, which means they have a fairly low density. So, 73% of the composition of this star is hydrogen, and the rest is helium, which occupies about 1/4 in its composition, and other gases. Therefore, despite the fact that the volume of the Sun exceeds the corresponding indicator for the Earth by more than 1.3 million times, the density of this star is still lower than that of our planet. Thus, the density of the Earth is about 5.5 g/cm³, while the density of the Sun is about 1.4 g/cm³: thus, these figures differ by about 4 times.

The mass of the Sun can be found from the condition that the Earth's gravitation towards the Sun manifests itself as a centripetal force that keeps the Earth in its orbit (for simplicity, we will consider the Earth's orbit a circle)

Here is the mass of the Earth, the average distance of the Earth from the Sun. Denoting the duration of the year in seconds through we have. In this way

whence, substituting numerical values ​​, we find the mass of the Sun:

The same formula can be applied to calculate the mass of any planet that has a satellite. In this case, the average distance of the satellite from the planet, the time of its revolution around the planet, the mass of the planet. In particular, by the distance of the Moon from the Earth and the number of seconds in a month in this way, it is possible to determine the mass of the Earth.

The mass of the Earth can also be determined by equating the weight of a body to the gravitation of this body to the Earth, minus that component of gravity, which manifests itself dynamically, informing this body, participating in the daily rotation of the Earth, the corresponding centripetal acceleration (§ 30). The need for this correction disappears if, for such a calculation of the mass of the Earth, we use the acceleration of gravity that is observed at the poles of the Earth. Then, denoting through the average radius of the Earth and through the mass of the Earth, we have:

where does the mass of the earth come from

If the average density of the globe is denoted by then, obviously, From here the average density of the globe turns out to be equal to

Average density of mineral rocks upper layers Earth is approximately equal Therefore, the core of the globe must have a density significantly exceeding

The study of the question of the density of the earth at various depths was undertaken by Legendre and continued by many scientists. According to the conclusions of Gutenberg and Gaalck (1924), at various depths, approximately the following values ​​of the density of the Earth take place:

The pressure inside the globe, at great depths, seems to be enormous. Many geophysicists believe that already at depth the pressure should reach atmospheres, at square centimeter In the core of the Earth, at a depth of about 3,000 kilometers or more, the pressure may reach 1-2 million atmospheres.

As for the temperature at the depth of the globe, it is certain that it is higher (the temperature of the lava). In mines and boreholes, the temperature rises by an average of one degree per each. It is assumed that at a depth of about 1500-2000 ° and then remains constant.

Rice. 50. Relative sizes of the Sun and planets.

A complete theory of the motion of the planets, expounded in celestial mechanics, makes it possible to calculate the mass of a planet from observations of the influence that a given planet has on the motion of some other planet. At the beginning of the last century, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus were known. It was observed that the movement of Uranus exhibited some "irregularities" which indicated that there was an unobserved planet behind Uranus affecting the movement of Uranus. In 1845, the French scientist Le Verrier and, independently of him, the Englishman Adams, having studied the motion of Uranus, calculated the mass and location of the planet, which no one had yet observed. Only after that the planet was found in the sky just in the place that was indicated by the calculations; this planet was named Neptune.

In 1914, the astronomer Lovell similarly predicted the existence of another planet even further from the Sun than Neptune. Only in 1930 this planet was found and named Pluto.

Basic information about major planets Oh

(see scan)

The table below contains basic information about the nine major planets. solar system. Rice. 50 illustrates the relative sizes of the sun and planets.

In addition to the listed large planets, about 1300 very small planets are known, the so-called asteroids (or planetoids). Their orbits are mainly located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Dimensions, weight, average density, temperature. Rotation of the Sun.

The Sun is an ordinary star observed from the Earth in the form of a circle, the size of which changes slightly over the course of the year due to changes in the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

When the Earth is at perihelion (early January), the apparent diameter of the Sun is 32'35", and at aphelion (early July) it is 31'31".

At an average distance from the Earth, the apparent diameter of the Sun is 960”, which corresponds to a linear radius = 696,000 km.

Rsol = 149.6 . 10 6 km . 960”/206265” = 696,000 km.

Sun volume:

V sol \u003d 4/3 p R sol 3 \u003d 1.41 . 10 18 km 3 = 1,41 . 10 27 m 3 .

Sun mass:

msol = 1.99 . 10 33 r = 2 . 10 30 kg.

Average density of matter:

r sol \u003d m sol / (4/3 p R sol 3) \u003d 1.41 g / cm 3

Acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Sun:

g sol \u003d f m sol / R sol 2 \u003d 2.74 . 10 4 cm/s 2 = 274 m/s 2.

Sun temperature:

Effective temperature determined by the total radiation flux = 5770 K.

According to the position of the emission maximum in the 6750 K spectrum.

Color temperatures for different lengths waves:

4700 - 5400 A temperature 6500 K.

4300 - 4700 A temperature 8000 K.

In green rays - 6400 K.

In the radio range of meter waves it reaches a million K.

The temperature of the solar matter varies with depth. Different radiation brings the temperature of different depths to us. radio, ultraviolet and visible radiation refer respectively to the deeper and deeper layers of the Sun.

Near the surface of the Sun is a layer with minimum temperature- 4500 K, which can be observed in ultraviolet rays. Above and below this layer, the temperature rises.

Most of the solar matter must be highly ionized. At a temperature of 5 - 6,000 K, atoms of many metals are ionized, and at a temperature of 10 - 15,000 K, hydrogen is ionized. The solar matter is a plasma, i.e. a gas in which most of the atoms are ionized. Only in thin layer near the visible edge, ionization is weak and neutral hydrogen predominates.

Observations of individual details on the solar disk, as well as measurements of the shifts of spectral lines at its various points, indicate the movement of solar matter around one of the solar diameters, called axis of rotation Sun.

The plane passing through the center of the Sun and perpendicular to the axis of rotation is called the plane of the solar equator. It forms an angle of 7 0 15 'with the plane of the ecliptic and crosses the surface of the Sun along the equator. The angle between the plane of the equator and the radius drawn from the center of the Sun to a given point on its surface is called heliographic latitude.

The angular velocity of the Sun's rotation decreases as it moves away from the equator and approaches the poles.

On average, w = 14 0.4 - 2 0.7 sin 2 B, where B is the heliographic latitude. Angular velocity is measured by the angle of rotation per day.

The sidereal period of the equatorial region is 25 days, near the poles it reaches 30 days. Due to the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, its rotation seems to be slower and equal to 27 and 32 days, respectively (the synodic period).

17.2 Solar spectrum, distribution of energy in it. Chemical composition. FROM solar constant.

In the visible region, the solar radiation has a continuous spectrum, against which several tens of thousands of dark absorption lines, called Fraunhofer. The continuous spectrum reaches its greatest intensity in the blue-green part, at wavelengths of 4300 - 5000 A. The intensity of the spectrum decreases on both sides of the maximum.

Extra-atmospheric observations have shown that the Sun radiates into the invisible short and long wavelength regions of the spectrum. In the shorter wavelength region, the spectrum changes dramatically. The intensity of the continuous spectrum falls off rapidly, and the dark Fraunhofer lines are replaced by emission lines.

The strongest line in the solar spectrum is in the ultraviolet region. This is the resonance line of hydrogen L a with a wavelength of 1216 A.

In the visible region, the most intense are the H and K resonance lines of ionized calcium. They are followed in intensity by the first lines of the Balmer series of hydrogen H a , H b , H g , then the resonance lines of sodium, the lines of magnesium, iron, titanium, and other elements. The remaining numerous lines are identified with the spectra of about 70 known chemical elements from the table of D.I. Mendeleev. The presence of these lines in the solar spectrum indicates the presence of the corresponding elements in the solar atmosphere. The presence of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, sodium, iron, calcium, and other elements on the Sun has been established.

Hydrogen is the predominant element in the Sun. It accounts for 70% of the Sun's mass. The next is helium - 29% of the mass. The remaining elements combined account for slightly more than 1%.

The flux of radiation from the Sun is usually characterized solar constant Q , which means the total amount solar energy passing in 1 minute through a 1 cm 2 area perpendicular to the rays, located at the average distance of the Earth from the Sun.