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The word can be found both in a literal and figurative meaning. Such words are called polysemous.

Direct meaning of the word

In order to directly designate an object, its action or the characteristic it possesses, the direct meaning of the word is used. Such lexical units do not raise doubts about the designation and do not change the semantic load or emotional coloring of the text. Examples:

There is a table in the middle of the room with textbooks on it.

A hare gallops along the edge of the forest among trees and bushes.

The sun's rays reflected in the window, creating glare.

Many words are used in speech only in direct meaning: With yn, apartment, sun, sad, famous.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main lexical meaning.

The emergence of a figurative meaning of the word

The main lexical meaning can serve as the basis for the formation of other, secondary meanings. Such values ​​are called figurative meanings and give a completely different meaning. The basis for using a word in a different sense is the similarity of one object to another, their characteristics or actions.

For example, when using the word “ gold" in the phrase " gold ring ", the meaning of the adjective is clear, meaning precious metal, which determines the cost and value of an item.

In another example - "z golden hands", word " gold"acquires a figurative meaning, since it is used in a figurative lexical meaning and means “skillful”, “active”, “irreplaceable”.

Replacement explained general features in meaning, external similarity. IN in this example for both direct and figurative meanings we can use the synonym “ precious" This justifies the polysemy. Words that can be used not only in the literal sense are called polysemantic. Examples:

• soft carpet - soft character - soft light;
• iron door - iron will - iron discipline.

Examples of words in a figurative meaning

• the heart muscle is the heart's friend;
• earthworm - bookworm;
• hit with a stick - thunder struck;
• door handle - ballpoint pen;
• red tongue - English;
• an idea was born - a daughter was born;
• wave crest - hair comb;
• artistic brush - hand;
• building column - column of demonstrators;
• the sleeve of clothing is the sleeve of the river.

The figurative meaning allows you to add emotionality and imagery to artistic speech. Thanks to him, trails are formed - the ambiguous use of words in fiction(litotes, metonymy, comparison, epithet, metaphor).

A word can have one lexical meaning. Such words are called unambiguous, For example: dialogue, purple, saber, on alert, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen

There are several types unambiguous words

1. These include, first of all, proper names (Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok). Their extremely specific meaning excludes the possibility of varying the meaning, since they are the names of individual objects.

2. Words that have recently arisen and are not yet widely used are usually unambiguous. (briefing, grapefruit, pizza, pizzeria etc.). This is explained by the fact that in order to develop polysemy in a word, it must be used frequently in speech, and new words cannot immediately gain universal recognition and distribution.

3. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous (binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase). Many of them denote objects of special use and therefore are rarely used in speech (beads, turquoise). This helps them maintain clarity.

4. One meaning usually distinguishes the terms: tonsillitis, gastritis, fibroids, syntax, noun.

Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. These words are called polysemantic, they are opposed to unambiguous words. The ability of words to have multiple meanings is called polysemy. For example: word root- ambiguous. In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, four meanings of this word are indicated:

1. The underground part of the plant. The apple tree has taken root. 2. The inside of a tooth, hair, nail. Turn red to the roots of your hair. 3. trans. The beginning, source, basis of something. The root of evil. 4. In linguistics: basic, significant part words. Root- significant part of a word.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main meaning. For example, adjective gold means "made of gold, composed of gold": gold coin, gold chain, gold earrings.

figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary, non-basic meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one. Golden autumn, golden curls- the adjective in these phrases has a different meaning - figurative (“similar to gold in color”). Golden time, golden hands- in these examples the adjective has a figurative meaning - “beautiful, happy.”

The Russian language is very rich in such transfers:

wolf skin- voracious appetite;

iron nail- iron character.

If we compare these phrases, we can see that adjectives with a figurative meaning not only tell us about some quality of a person, but evaluate it, figuratively and vividly describe it: golden character, deep mind, warm heart, cold look.

The use of words in a figurative meaning gives expressiveness and imagery to speech. Poets and writers are looking for fresh, unexpected, accurate means of conveying their thoughts, feelings, emotions, and moods. Based on the figurative meaning of words, they are created special means artistic representation: comparison, metaphor, personification, epithet etc.

Thus, based on the figurative meaning of the word, the following are formed:

comparison(one object is compared with another). The moon is like a lantern; fog like milk;

metaphor(hidden comparison). Rowan bonfire(rowan, like a fire); bird cherry sprinkles snow(cherry bird is like snow);

personification(human properties are transferred to animals and inanimate objects). The grove dissuaded me; the cranes do not regret; the forest is silent;

epithet(figurative use of adjectives). Golden grove; birch tongue; pearl frost; dark fate.

Direct meaning of the word - this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed. Depending on the basis on which sign the transfer of meaning occurs, there are three main types of transfer of meaning: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:

ripe apple- eyeball (shape); the nose of a person - the bow of a ship (by location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - airplane wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound); etc.

Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:

water boils - the kettle boils; porcelain dish - delicious dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc.

Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:

thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth - an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. As is known, within homonymy, lexical and morphological homonyms are distinguished. Lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all their forms. For example: a key (from a lock) and a (icy) key.

Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of individual grammatical forms of the same word: three - numeral and form imperative mood verb to rub.

These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, words and forms different meanings, which sound the same, although they are written differently. flu - mushroom,

Homonyms also include homographs - words that have the same spelling but differ in stress: castle - castle

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

Synonyms are words that denote the same concept, therefore, identical or similar in meaning.

Synonyms that have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them, two groups are distinguished: a) synonyms belonging to different functional styles: live (neutral interstyle) - live ( formal business style); b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades. smart (with a positive coloring) - brainy, big-headed (roughly familiar coloring).

semantic-stylistic. They differ in meaning and stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, hang around, stagger.

Synonyms perform various functions in speech.

Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed a little lost, as if he was afraid (I. S. Turgenev).

Synonyms are used to contrast concepts, which sharply highlights their differences, especially strongly emphasizing the second synonym: He actually did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground

One of the most important functions of synonyms is the substitution function, which allows you to avoid repeating words.

Synonyms are used to construct a special stylistic figure

Stringing synonyms can, if handled ineptly, indicate the author’s stylistic helplessness.

Inappropriate use of synonyms gives rise to stylistic error- pleonasm (“memorable souvenir”).

Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.

Syntactic appears when the grammar of the language makes it possible to make some function words redundant. “I know he will come” and “I know he will come.” The second example is syntactically redundant. This is not a mistake.

Positively, pleonasm can be used to prevent information loss (to be heard and remembered).

Pleonasm can also serve as a means stylistic design statements and the technique of poetic speech.

Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).

Synonymy creates ample opportunities selection of lexical means, but searching for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine exactly how synonyms differ, what semantic or emotional-expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose from a multitude of words the only correct, necessary one.

/ Question 44

Question 44. Direct and figurative meanings of the word. Metaphor.

In the semantic structure of words with free lexical

values ​​differ direct and figurative meanings . Single digits

words, as a rule, have only direct meanings (for example,

boletus, boletus - names of varieties of mushrooms). Multiple-valued

words usually contain both direct and figurative meanings (for example,

steering wheel: 1) " special kind bread product baked from choux pastry

and shaped like a ring"; 2) colloquial, portable - “steering wheel

car" (turn the steering wheel); 3) colloquial, figurative - “zero for

designation of loss in the table of sports competitions" (get

steering wheel).

Direct and figurative meanings differ in the nature of their connection with

denoted: with direct values, this connection is direct, immediate,

when figurative - indirect (through direct meaning); in other words,

if a word names something directly (not through an image), it has a direct

meaning, for example: snake - “reptile”; if he calls the word

object, sign, action through an image, then it has a figurative meaning,

for example: a snake is a “cunning person.”

The word used in its literal meaning fulfills a purely

nominative function, i.e. serves the purpose of naming certain

phenomena of reality. For example, the word field in its lines

meanings can name: 1) a zone of military operations (battlefield); 2) plot

the body on which the operation is performed (surgical field); 3)

space in which the action of any forces is detected

(magnetic field, gravitational field); 4) the area where the

mines (minefield), etc.

A word used in a figurative meaning, in addition to the nominative

functions, also contains an emotional assessment of the designated phenomenon,

brings a touch of solemnity, elation, or, on the contrary,

disapproval, neglect, irony, etc. Thus, the word field used

in a figurative sense, along with designating the area of ​​activity

person, also expresses a shade of some elation,

solemnity, acts as a synonym for the word field (to compete in

field of eloquence).

The development of multiple meanings in a word often occurs as a result

transfer of names from some objects and their characteristics to others. IN

depending on the nature and characteristics of these signs, depending on

various grounds for transferring a name from one item to

another, we can talk about several ways of this kind of transfer, and

namely: about linguistic metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche.

Metaphor.

Transferring a name from one object, action, property to another based on the similarity of their characteristics (shape, color, function, etc.) is called metaphor.

Eg: head onion, eye apple , needles pine trees– transfer based on the similarity of the shape of objects.

Many metaphorical figurative meanings are characterized by anthropomorphism, those. using the properties of the environment physical world human properties. Eg: wicked wind, indifferent nature, breath spring. On the other hand, some properties of inanimate matter are transferred to the human world: cold sight, iron will, stone heart, gold character, cargo experienced shock hair, clew thoughts etc.

There are metaphors general language, when one or another metaphorical meaning of a word is widely used and known to all speakers of a given language ( nail head, bayou, black envy, iron will etc.), and individual, created by a writer or poet, characterizing his stylistic style and not becoming widespread; For example: metaphors of S. A. Yesenin: fire of red rowan, birch tongue of the grove etc., metaphors of B. L. Pasternak: labyrinth of the lyre, bloody tears of September etc.

6. Polysemy (polysemy) as a systemic semantic phenomenon. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Reflection of figurative meanings in dictionaries.

There are words whose content is limited to their ability to name one concept, one phenomenon of reality, one sign, etc. Such words are called unambiguous . For example, the verb “get angry” is used only in the sense of “to be in a state of irritation, anger.”

Along with unambiguous words, there are many words in the Russian language that have two, three or more meanings. So, the word sunset refers to: 1) sunset (or another luminary), 2) red lighting at sunset, 3) the end of someone’s life, career, etc. Polysemy of a word, or polysemy – this is the presence of several meanings for a word. A word, initially unambiguous, can acquire new meanings over time. Polysemy is a living phenomenon that arises from a series of words before our eyes. Polysemy is one of the inexhaustible reserves of expressive speech.

According to the method of nomination, direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, black is “the color of soot, coal.” These values ​​are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word "table" in Old Russian language meant “throne, reign, capital.”

Transferable (indirect) meanings arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc. The word “black” has the following figurative meanings:

1. “dark” - as opposed to lighter: “black bread”

2. “Gloomy, desolate”: “dark thoughts”

3. Criminal, malicious: “black treason”

Etc. Thus, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly correlated with the concept, but are brought closer to it through various associations.

Dictionaries - for example, explanatory and etymological ones - always reflect the direct meanings of words. Figurative meanings are indicated only when they are stable, that is, the word is often used in a figurative meaning. If a word has many figurative meanings, then only some of them can be given in the dictionary.

The figurative meanings of words are often indicated in dictionaries of occasionalisms and in dictionaries of author’s vocabulary and phraseology.

7. Metaphorical type of figurative meaning of a word.

Metaphor – type of name transfer similarity .

A metaphor can be based on external similarity, for example, on the similarity of the shape of two objects: a steering wheel (a dough product) - a steering wheel (a steering wheel in the speech of drivers). The metaphor can also be based on the similarity of color: a gold bracelet is a golden coast. And also on the similarity of the functions of two or several objects: a heart valve - a jacket valve.

Many metaphors arise when the name is transferred inanimate object, a sign into the human world and vice versa: black earth– black melancholy, steel knife – nerves of steel.

According to the degree of expressiveness, according to stylistic role In speech, metaphors can be divided into three main groups:

dry (erased, petrified, dead). These metaphors are now perceived as direct and not figurative names things, phenomena, actions, signs. They are found in any style of speech, including scientific, official, etc. Each such metaphor is indicated as a separate independent meaning of the word. The spout of the teapot, the leg of the table.

figurative orthopoetic . Their portable nature is clearly felt. In literary studies, metaphors are precisely these cases of figurative use of words. Orthopoetical metaphors are also recorded in explanatory dictionaries(often marked “translated”, i.e. figurative use)

Copyright or individual . These are words used by a writer, a poet in an unusual, fresh meaning - they are not recorded in dictionaries. (I’m wandering through the first snow, lilies of the valley of flaring strength are in my heart. S.E.) Often found in humorous and satirical texts.

IN figurative speech extended metaphors are common. Such metaphors form words that, in the literal sense, are closely related in meaning. When used figuratively, they create a series of interdependent, interconnected links.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Examples:

Diana Bobrova

Examples:

but figurative is when you do not speak in the literal sense, for example, a heart of gold does not mean that it is golden, but in the sense that it is good, and direct when, for example, golden earrings, this is the literal meaning they are golden from gold
rye, golden-Golden hands

Vetuska-krasatuska samoylova

The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Examples:
steel nail - direct meaning
nerves of steel - figurative meaning
big stone - direct meaning
big football - figurative meaning

Vadim Andronov

Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

Thus, the word TABLE is used in several figurative meanings:
1. A piece of special equipment or part of a cold-formed machine (operating table, raise the machine table);
2. Meals, food (rent a room with a table);
3. A department in an institution in charge of a special range of cases (help desk).

The word BLACK has the following figurative meanings:
1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter called white (brown bread);
2. Has taken on a dark color, darkened (black from tanning);
3. In the old days: Kurnoy (black hut);
4. Gloomy, desolate, heavy (black thoughts);
5. Criminal, malicious (black treason);
6. Not the main one, the auxiliary one (the back door in the house);
7. Physically difficult and unskilled (menial work).

The word BOIL has the following figurative meanings:
1. Manifest to a strong degree (work is in full swing);
2. Manifest something with force, to a strong degree (boil with indignation);
3. Move randomly (the river was boiling with fish).

As we see, when transferring meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, usual object of designation, but are brought closer to another concept by various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain imagery (black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. This is how figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: a pipe bend, a teapot spout, a carrot tail, a clock ticking. In such cases, they speak of extinct imagery in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of similarities in something between objects, characteristics, and actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: the spout of a teapot, a door handle, a table leg, the spine of a book, etc.

What is a figurative meaning and what is a direct meaning?

Sideropulo yanik

direct meaning.

For example:

Dikhanbaeva

In the Russian language there are unambiguous and ambiguous words. Polysemantic ones have several meanings, the first and main meaning is the direct meaning, and the remaining meanings, as a rule, are figurative, derived meanings from the direct one. For example: stone house(house made of stone) - stone is used in the literal sense), stone heart - in the figurative sense, i.e. the heart is not made of stone, we are talking about a cruel person. people who do not distinguish between these meanings, those who have poor humor and imaginative thinking, are often stupid and offended when the interlocutor uses words with a figurative meaning in speech. But this is their problem, let them develop their linguistic taste.

Masha Petrova

Examples:
Kolya glows with happiness
Cheeks burn in the cold.
Frost bound the river.
Our school went on a cleanup day.
The boat stuck its nose to the shore.
The artilleryman was cleaning the cannon barrel. Hole head.
Golden hands
Iron character,
END!!!

Lera Zhivina

The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly aimed at the subject (immediately evokes an idea of ​​the subject, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in
direct meaning.
The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct
For example:
Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys.
2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

Lyubava Egorova

The same words can be used differently in speech, getting different meanings. Direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (or basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality.
Thus, the words table, black, boil have the following basic meanings: 1. A piece of furniture in the form of a horizontal board on high supports or legs; 2. Color of soot, coal; 3. Seethe, bubble, evaporate from strong heat (about liquids). These values ​​are stable, although historically they may change. For example, the word stol in the Old Russian language meant “throne”, “reign”.
The direct meanings of words depend less than others on the context, on the nature of connections with other words.
Portable (indirect) meanings of words are those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?

1. What is the literal and figurative meaning of a word?

   These are two terms from word formation - the science of replenishing the vocabulary of a language at its own expense, and not by borrowing from other languages.
   According to tradition, some words of a language can distinguish two or more lexical meanings connected to each other in some way. This relationship is described, for example, in V.V. Vinogradov’s book “The Russian Language. Grammatical Teaching about the Word,” as well as in academic grammars, which are used to compile school textbooks.
   It is believed that a word with one - direct - meaning is capable in some cases, due to semantic transfer by the similarity of phenomena (metaphor) or by the contiguity of the functions of phenomena (metonymy), to receive an additional - figurative meaning.
   Thus, the verb “wound” can have a direct meaning “to injure, damage, destroy the tissues of the human body” (A soldier was wounded by police with a pistol) and a figurative meaning “to hurt a person’s feelings, offend, insult” (E was wounded by the words of a classmate).
   In a similar way, we can talk about the direct and figurative meanings of many words: “go, poisonous, transparent, shell” and so on.
   It is believed that all figurative meanings of a word arise on the basis of one thing - the direct one, that is, the direct meaning is the initial one for all figurative ones, and figurative ones are always secondary.
   It must be said that the issue of figurative meanings is quite controversial: sometimes it is not possible to determine what is primary and what is secondary in the same “word”. Or the mechanism of transfer is unclear (why is a person sometimes called the word “goat”?). Or there is no semantic connection at all between words that sound the same (a person is walking / a dress is walking for her). In such cases, we no longer talk about literal and figurative meaning (together they are defined by the term “polysemy”), but about homonyms.
   This is a problem of modern linguistics that has yet to be clearly resolved.

2. Well, yes
3. this is when the words don’t add up, for example, eat like a bear, this is an overvalued meaning
4. The direct meaning of a word is its specific formulation, that is, what it means in the literal sense of the word, and figurative, that is, it is used with a slightly different meaning that is not natural for the world around us, for example, the word tail... Direct meaning - tail dogs are the tail of a creature.... and a figurative tail is, for example, correcting tails - that is, correcting twos) something like this)
5. ambiguous and ambiguous words. Direct and figurative meanings of the word Zhdanova L. A. A word can have one lexical meaning, then it is unambiguous or several (two or more) meanings; such a word is called polysemantic. There are enough unambiguous words in the language large number, but the most frequent, commonly used words are usually ambiguous. There are many unambiguous words among terms, names of tools, professions, animals, plants, etc. Unambiguous words, for example, are dualism, plane, neuropathologist, roe deer, poplar, tulle, trolleybus, wattle fence. Polysemantic words can have from two to more than two dozen meanings (for example, the word go has 26 meanings in Ozhegov’s Dictionary). If a word is polysemous, there is a semantic connection between its meanings (not necessarily all at once). For example, for the word road in Ozhegov’s Dictionary the following meanings are highlighted: 1. A strip of land intended for movement. Asphalt road. 2. A place through which one must pass or drive, a route to follow. On the way to the house. 3. Travel, being on the road. Tired from the road. 4. Course of action, direction of activity. The road to success. The first three meanings have a common component of movement in space, the fourth meaning is connected with the second: both contain the meaning of direction (in the second meaning the direction of movement in space, and in the fourth in activity, in development). In a polysemantic word, the direct (main) meaning of the word and figurative (derived) meanings are distinguished. The figurative meaning is the result of the transfer of the name (sound-letter means) to other phenomena of reality, which begin to be designated by the same word. There are two types of name transfer: metaphor and metonymy. It should be noted that the question of which meaning is direct and which is figurative should be resolved on the modern linguistic cross-section, and not transferred to the field of language history. For example, the word cling in Ozhegov’s Dictionary is interpreted as follows...
6. line and bend
7. making an elephant out of a moss is a figurative meaning, for example, we can’t make an elephant out of a moss, but the direct meaning is to confuse everything, transform the real into something else
   With polysemy, one of the meanings of a word is direct, and all the others are figurative.

   The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

   The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
   Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
   The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed.

   Depending on the basis on which the value transfer occurs, there are three main types of value transfer:
   metaphor,
   metonymy,
   synecdoche.
   Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:
   ripe apple eyeball (shape);
   a person's nose a ship's nose (by location);
   chocolate bar chocolate tan (by color);
   bird wing airplane wing (by function);
   the dog howled; the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound);
   etc.
   Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:
   the water boils, the kettle boils;
   porcelain dish delicious dish;
   native gold Scythian gold
   etc.
   Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche co-impliation) is the transfer of the name of a whole to its part and vice versa:
   thick currants; ripe currants;
   beautiful mouth extra mouth (about an extra person in the family);
   big head smart head
   etc.
   In the process of developing figurative meanings, a word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the basic meaning. Over time, figurative meanings can become direct.

   It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context.
   We sat on the CORNER of the bastion, so we could see everything in both directions. In Tarakanovo, as in the most remote corner of the bear, there was no place for secrets.
   In the first sentence, the word ANGLE is used in its literal meaning: the place where two sides of something meet or intersect. And in stable combinations in a blind corner, bearish corner, the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a blind corner in a remote area, bearish corner is a blind place.

   In explanatory dictionaries, the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the figurative meanings are numbered starting from 2. The meaning that was recently recorded as figurative is marked as trans. :
   Wooden, oh, oh. 1. Made from wood. 2. transfer Motionless, unexpressive. Wooden facial expression. #9830;Wood oil is a cheap grade of olive oil

8. direct when words have their own meaning, and figuratively another, for example, golden hands, in the literal sense, hands of gold, and figuratively, hardworking hands.
9. The direct meaning of a word is basic and reflects the direct correlation of the word with the called object, attribute, action, phenomenon.

   The portable meaning of a word arises on the basis of the direct result of transferring the name of one object (sign, action, etc.) to another, in some way similar to it. Thus, the figurative meaning of a word reflects the connection between the word and the called phenomenon of reality not directly, but through comparison with other words. For example, the direct meaning of the word rain is precipitation in the form of drops, and the figurative meaning is a flow of small particles of something, falling in abundance.

   One word can have several figurative meanings. So, the word burn has the following figurative meanings: 1) to be in the heat, in a feverish state (the patient is burning); 2) blush from a rush of blood (cheeks burn); 3) sparkle, shine (eyes glow); 4) experience something strong feeling(burn with love for poetry).

   Over time, figurative meanings can become direct. For example, the word nose is now used in its literal meaning when we are talking about the olfactory organ located on the face of a person or on the muzzle of animals, and about the front of a ship.

   It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context: a drop of water, a drop of pity; insatiable insatiable animal, insatiable ambition; gold golden ring, golden autumn. The figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word and is given in explanatory dictionaries with the mark transfer. .

   1. Here, where the vault of heaven looks so sluggishly at the skinny earth, - here, plunged into an iron sleep, tired nature sleeps (F. Tyutchev). 2. The sun is golden. Buttercup is single. The river is silver and playful with its water (K. Balmont).

The section is very easy to use. In the field provided, just enter the right word, and we will give you a list of its values. I would like to note that our website provides data from different sources– encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

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What does "figurative meaning of a word" mean?

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

figurative meaning of the word

secondary (derived) meaning of a word that arose on the basis different types associative connections through metonymy, metaphor and other semantic changes. For example, the figurative meaning of the word “wake up” (“the forest woke up”), “falsify” (“falsify the facts”).

figurative meaning of the word

secondary (derived) meaning of a word, associated with the main, main meaning through relations of metonymic, metaphorical dependence or any associative features. P. z. With. can arise on the basis of spatial, temporal, logical, etc. correlation of concepts (adjacency of material and product, process and result, etc.), average metonymic meanings of the words “edition”, “finishing”, “wintering”, “image” ”, based on associations by similarity (in shape, color, nature of movements, etc.), for example, the metaphorical meanings of the words “dull”, “fresh”, “stamp”. As a result of the transfer of names on the basis of a common function, many P. z. arose. pp., for example, in the words “wing”, “shield”, “satellite”. P. z. With. have greater syntagmatic coherence (see Syntagmatic relations), while direct meanings are most conditioned paradigmatically (see Paradigmatic relations). Patterns of occurrence of P. z. With. (regularity and irregularity of formation of semantically homogeneous groups of words, etc.), the nature of their relationship with the main meaning (for example, the direction of development from more concrete meanings to more abstract ones, etc.) can be described both in synchronic (see Synchrony) and and in diachronic (see Diachrony) plans. In the history of the development of the language of P. z. With. can become the main ones and vice versa (average development of meanings for the words “hearth”, “slum”, “red”). This shift in the semantic structure of a word is influenced by various factors (emotional-evaluative elements, associative connections, accompanying the word when using it, etc.).

Lit.: Vinogradov V.V., Basic types of lexical meanings of a word, “Questions of Linguistics”, 1953, ╧5; Kurilovich E., Notes on the meaning of words, in his book: Essays on Linguistics, M., 1962; Shmelev D.N., Problems of semantic analysis of vocabulary, M., 1973.