Sometimes, after reading the next contract, you understand why it is customary to use specially trained people to work with them. This happens due to the peculiarities of the official business style, making it difficult to understand. But this manner of presentation also has its advantages, otherwise its use would have been abandoned long ago.

Signs of an official business style of speech

Of course, for us, the main indicators of the officiality of a document are the seal of the organization and the signature of the person in charge, but when it comes to the style of speech, completely different signs come to the fore.

1. Objectivity, information content and reliability.
2. The absence of words that can be interpreted in two ways.
3. Impeccable construction of phrases and documents from a legal point of view.
4. Conciseness of wording, striving for maximum brevity, use complex sentences with frequent use of complex conjunctions and verbal nouns.
5. Neutrality of presentation, lack of emotional coloring, preference for direct word order, almost complete neglect of individualization of style.
6. The use of speech cliches when constructing phrases.
7. Application standard phrases in case of description of typical situations.
8. Logic of presentation, its narrative character.

All these features of the official business style of speech make it the most closed and stable among all book styles. Time brings its changes to this language, but the main points - phraseological units, specific speech and syntactic turns - remain unchanged. In other styles of speech, the use of cliches has long been considered a disadvantage, but in formal conversations they are welcome. Actually, this kind of templated text, combined with a lack of emotional coloring and a large number of enumerations, which are also a sign of the official style, is what makes documents so difficult to read and.

The purpose of the formal business style of speech

At first glance, all this linguistic rigidity and conservatism were invented to emphasize the isolation of business from other spheres of life. As a result, the average person receives headache from trying to understand all the intricacies, and is forced to pay money to specialists.

On the one hand, this is true, a number of specialists (document specialists, lawyers, archivists) are partly translators from official business speech into colloquial language, understandable to most of the population. But you shouldn’t look for the tenacious clutches of a global conspiracy here, because on the other hand, the official business style of speech is designed to minimize the likelihood of errors and simplify working with various kinds documentation. IN colloquial speech we often use expressions with vivid emotional coloring, we love ambiguity, often use argot and do not disdain irony. Can you imagine what, for example, a supply agreement written spoken language? On compliance with delivery deadlines, liability for violation of the agreement and the conformity of the delivered goods ordered could be forgotten. That is special style presentation for official papers was created to eliminate the possibility of speculation and different interpretations information depending on the education of the people working with them. And to speed up work with various kinds of documents, drafting standards have been invented. Everything is regulated: from the location of the details to the order in which the address is written on the envelope. This allows you to quickly find the information you need without revising the entire document. For example, an accountant paying for the rental of premises is only interested in the terms of payment, details and duration of the contract. The clear structure of the document allows you to quickly access this information; otherwise, the time for processing the contract would greatly increase.

Official business style (ODS) serves the sphere of official relations, in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.

The term “official business style” is usually used to denote the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form for the written presentation of the content, it gives the text the character of a document and transfers the various aspects of human relations reflected in this text into the category of official business documents.

The main features of the ODS are the accuracy of the wording, standard arrangement material, regulation (limited set linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.

ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

Among the linguistic features of the official business style, the following should be highlighted. To the lexical features of ODS refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech ( proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.

IN morphologically noted use short forms adjectives with the meaning of obligation ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purpose, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words ( repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).

TO syntactic features ODS texts include active use passive constructions (the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of offers with homogeneous members and isolated revolutions, various kinds stamps and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).

ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participles and participial phrases allow you to make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” of genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by high degree segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

ODS texts, or documents, occupy a significant place in life modern man. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. Title of the document (with a capital letter and without a period at the end, if the addressee uses the preposition “from”, or with lowercase letter and with a period at the end, if the addresser without the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is placed at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. It is left under the date and signature free space for resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.

The official business style is the most common style, which functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.

When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...

It is extremely important for documents correct usage verbs like trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.

The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of etc.

In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be borne in mind that in a business letter the second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in the usual writing This spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying the reasons.

Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:

1) unmotivated use foreign words (prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) misuse paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);

4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, in accordance with combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).

Here are two options for writing a statement:.

Option 1 (application from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.

Statement

I ask you to transfer me to part-time study for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed is attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of Ufa State

oil technical university

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.

14-13 OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE

Official business style is a type of literary language that serves the sphere of official business relations: the relationship between government authorities and the population, between countries, between enterprises, organizations, institutions, between individuals and society.

The function of a business style is that it outlines the nature of the document and thereby transfers the various aspects of human relations reflected in this document into the category of official business.

Official business style is divided into two types:

Official documentary

Everyday businesslike.

Officially documentary the substyle includes the language of diplomacy and the language of laws. Its main genres are speeches at receptions, reports, laws, international treaties, and official communications.

Everyday business sub-style includes official correspondence and business papers (application, certificate, order, act, etc.)

The most common distinguishing feature of the official business style is a deliberately restrained, strict, impersonal and objective tone (official coloring), which serves to express the stating and prescriptive nature of documents. In the official business style, the level of generalization and at the same time specification is high, since the texts reflect specific situations and indicate specific persons, objects, and dates. A distinctive feature of the style is also the widespread use of standard linguistic means of expression. In addition, standardization in the official business style affects not only language means, form elements, but the entire document or letter as a whole.

The main features of the language of official documents are the following:

The use of office stamps - reproducible lexical

phraseological units that correspond to frequently repeated situations, common concepts (for reporting period, taking into account, issued for presentation, listening and discussing...).

The use of words-names of persons by action, state (investor,

tenant); collective nouns (elections, children, parents); names of persons by profession and social status the meaning of the population (citizens, employees).

Introduction of special terminology that does not have synonyms in

common vocabulary (order, protocol, agreed, in order, party, implementation...).

Limitation of the possibility of lexical compatibility of words. For example, a service letter is compiled (not written, not forwarded, not sent).

Predominance of nouns.

Use of verbal nouns (travel, execution).

Most forms of the infinitive act in the sense of obligation (to consider, accept, must, must).

Almost complete absence of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons and the corresponding personal forms of the verb.

The use of predominantly present tense forms of the verb in the meaning of prescription or obligation, as well as forms of the verb with the meaning of statement (the commission examined).

Widespread use of complex denominative prepositions (for the purpose of, by virtue of, along the line, in part).

The use of predominantly the following syntactic structures: simple sentences (as a rule, narrative, personal, common, complete), with homogeneous members, isolated phrases, with introductory and plug-in structures, the predominance of union connections over non-union connections in sentences; impersonal offers.

Using direct word order in sentences.

Let's take a closer look at the genres in which everyday business is realized.

substyle (official documents).

Documents– these are written texts that have legal (legal) significance. Official documents have the following mandatory qualities:

reliability and objectivity

accuracy, eliminating double understanding of the text

maximum brevity, laconism of formulations

legal integrity

standardization of language when presenting typical situations of business communication

neutral tone of presentation

compliance with standards official etiquette, which manifests itself in the choice

stable forms of address and genre-appropriate words and phrases in the construction of phrases and the entire text.

Documents must be drawn up and executed on the basis of the rules set out in the Unified State Records Management System (USSD).

The type of document must correspond to the given situation and the competence of the institution. The form of documents of different types is unified. Many documents consist of individual elements– details, the set of which is determined by the type and purpose of the document (for example, addressee, addressee, date, name of the document, signature). The text of a document usually contains two semantic parts: one sets out the reasons, grounds and goals for drawing up the document, the other contains conclusions, proposals, requests, recommendations, orders. Some documents may consist of one part: an application, an order, a letter.

Documents are not uniform in the degree of unification and standardization. One group consists of documents in which not only the form is uniform, but also the standard content, for example, a passport, diplomas, accounting accounts, etc. The other group includes documents that have a unified form, but variable content, i.e., they differ significantly in the information available in them (autobiography, act, report, statement, order, etc.)

The following types of documents are distinguished according to their functional meaning:

Organizational and administrative

Information and reference

Instructional and methodological

1. Business letters

Organizational and administrative documents- this is a resolution

order, order, etc.

An order is the most common genre of administrative documents. It is published on basic issues, namely on issues of the internal life of an institution, organization, enterprise, on issues of creation, liquidation, reorganization of institutions, etc.

The text of the administrative document must have a title. The title begins with the preposition o (about) and is formulated using nouns that name the main topic of the document. (On purpose..., On measures...).

The text consists of two interdependent parts - ascertaining and administrative.

The stating part is an introduction to the essence of the issue under consideration. It may list facts, events, give an assessment, or retell the act of a higher authority, in pursuance of which this administrative document is issued.

The administrative part is presented in imperative form. Depending on the type of document, it begins with the words: decree, decide, propose, order, which are printed in capital letters, i.e. they stand out visually.

The prescribed actions are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form (prepare, enroll, provide, organize).

Used to compose documents, letters and business papers in institutions, courts and in any type of oral business communication, this is an official business style of speech.

General characteristics

This is a long-established, stable and rather closed style. Of course, it too underwent some changes over time, but they were insignificant. Genres that have developed historically, specific syntactic turns, morphology and vocabulary give it a rather conservative character.

To characterize the official business style, the language must be given dryness, compactness of speech, conciseness and the removal of emotionally charged words. Linguistic means already exist in a complete set for every case: these are the so-called language stamps or cliches.

List of some documents that require official business style:

• international treaties;
• government acts;
• legal laws;
• various regulations;
• military regulations and charters of enterprises;
• instructions of all kinds;
• official correspondence;
• various business papers.

General characteristics of linguistic style

Genres can be varied, content can be different, but the official business style also has common the most important features. First and foremost: the statement must be accurate. If possible different interpretations, this is no longer an official business style. There are examples even in fairy tales: execution cannot be pardoned. The only thing missing is a comma, but the consequences of this error can go very far.

To avoid such situations, there is a second main feature that the official business style of documents contains - this is the language standard. It is he who helps to choose lexical, morphological, syntactic language means when drawing up business documents.

The order of words in a sentence is particularly strict and conservatistic; here much goes against the direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian language. The subject precedes the predicate (for example, the goods are sold), and definitions become stronger than the word being defined (for example, credit relations), the control word comes before the controlled word (for example, allocate a loan).

Each member of a sentence usually has a place unique to it, which is determined by the structure of the sentence and its type, its own role among other words, interaction and relationships with them. A characteristic features official business style - long chains of genitive cases, for example: the address of the Head of the regional administration.

Vocabulary of style

The dictionary system includes, in addition to commonly used bookish neutral words, certain cliches - clericalisms, that is, linguistic cliches. This is part of the formal business style. For example: based on a decision, incoming documents, outgoing documents, upon expiration of a deadline, control over execution, and so on.

Here we cannot do without professional vocabulary, which includes neologisms: shadow business, arrears, black cash, alibi, and so on. The official business style also includes the inclusion of some archaisms in the lexical system, for example: this document, I certify with it.

However, the use of polysemantic words and words that have figurative meaning, is strictly not allowed. There are very few synonyms and they are included in the official business style extremely rarely. For example, solvency and creditworthiness, supply and delivery, as well as collateral, depreciation and amortization, subsidy and appropriation.

This reflects social experience, not individual experience, so the vocabulary is generalized. The conceptual series prefers generic concepts that fit well into the official business style. Examples: arrive instead of arrive, arrive, fly in, and so on; vehicle instead of a car, plane, train, bus or dog sled; populated area instead of a village, a city, the capital of Siberia, a village of chemists, and so on.

So, the following elements of lexical constructions belong to the official business style.

• A high percentage of terminology in the texts: legal - law, owner and property, registration, transfer and acceptance of objects, privatization, deed, lease, and so on; economic - costs, subsidies, budget, purchase and sale, income, expenses, and so on; economic and legal - sequestration, implementation period, property rights, loan repayment, and so on.
• The nominal nature of speech construction due to large number verbal nouns, most often denoting a material action: shipment of goods, deferment of payment, and so on.
• High frequency of prepositional combinations and denominate prepositions: to the address, by force, in relation to the matter, by measure, and so on.
• Changing participles into adjectives and pronouns to enhance clerical meanings: this contract (or rules), current prices, appropriate measures, and so on.
• Regulated lexical compatibility: the transaction is only concluded, and the price is set, the right is granted, and the payment is made.

Morphology of style

Morphological features of the official business style include, first of all, the frequency (repeated) use of certain parts of speech, as well as their types, which help in the language’s desire for accuracy and ambiguity of statements. For example, these:

• nouns that name people based on action (tenant, taxpayer, witness);
• nouns that call people by position or rank, including women strictly in the masculine form (salesman Sidorova, librarian Petrova, sergeant Ivanova, inspector Krasutskaya, and so on);
• particle non- in verbal nouns (non-compliance, non-recognition);
• the use of derivative prepositions in a wide range (due to, in connection with, to the extent of, by virtue of, on the basis of, in relation to, and so on);
• constructions in the infinitive (to provide assistance, to conduct an inspection);
• present tense of verbs in a different meaning (a fine will be charged for non-payment);
• complex words with two or more stems (employer, tenant, repair and maintenance, material and technical, below-mentioned, above-mentioned, and so on).

Style syntax

The characteristics of the official business style consist of the following syntactic features:

• Simple sentences are used with many series of homogeneous members. For example: An administrative penalty may include fines for violation of labor protection and safety regulations in construction, industry, agriculture and in transport in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
• There are passive structures of this type: payments are made strictly at the specified time.
• Nouns prefer the genitive case and are strung with beads: the results of the activities of customs control units.
• Complex sentences are filled with conditional clauses: in cases of subscribers’ disagreement with the processing of their personal data in terms of the methods and purposes of processing or in full, subscribers sign a corresponding statement when concluding a contract.

The sphere of official business style in genre diversity

Here, first, you need to highlight two areas of subject matter: official-documentary and everyday-business styles.

1. The official documentary style is divided into two categories: legislative documents related to the work of government bodies - the Constitution, charters, laws - this is one language (J), and diplomatic acts related to international relations, - memoranda, communiqués, statements, conventions - this is a different language (K).

2. Everyday business style is also subdivided: correspondence between organizations and institutions is the j language, and private business papers are the k language. The genres of everyday business style include all official correspondence - commercial correspondence, business letters, as well as business papers - autobiography, certificate, act, certificate, statement, protocol, receipt, power of attorney, and so on. Standardization, characteristic of these genres, facilitates the preparation of papers, saves language resources and prevents information redundancy.

Standardization of business papers

Specially selected words in an official business style ensure communicative precision, giving documents legal force. Any piece of text must have a single interpretation and meaning. For such high accuracy, the same words, terms, names are repeated many times.

The form of the verbal noun complements the features of the official business style with an analytical expression of actions and processes: instead of the word “supplement” the phrase “make additions” is used, instead of “decide” - “make decisions” and so on. How much harsher it sounds to be “responsible” instead of just “responsible.”

Generalization and abstraction to the highest degree and at the same time the specific meaning of the entire lexical structure are the main features of the official business style. This inconceivable combination, used simultaneously, gives the document the possibility of a single interpretation and, in the totality of information, legal force. The texts themselves are full of terms and procedural vocabulary, and, for example, appendices to contracts contain nomenclature vocabulary. Questionnaires and registers, applications and specifications help terminology to be deciphered.

In addition to emotionally charged text, the use of any swear words, reduced vocabulary, jargon, or colloquial expressions in documents is unacceptable. Even professional jargon is inappropriate in the language of business correspondence. And most of all, because it does not meet the requirements of accuracy, since it is assigned strictly to the sphere of oral communication.

Oral business speech

Emotionlessness and dry logic of texts, the standard arrangement of material on paper differs significantly from oral speech, which is usually emotionally charged and asymmetrical according to the principles of textual organization. If oral speech is emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

Features of the official business style are that oral business communication, despite the professional topic, should proceed in the sphere of positive emotions - sympathy, trust, respect, goodwill.

This style can be considered in its varieties: clerical and business - simpler, but the language public administration, diplomatic or legal requires special attention. The areas of communication in these cases are completely different, therefore the style of communication must also be different. Statements, protocols, orders, decrees - everything that is thought out, written down, read, is not as dangerous as oral negotiations, business meetings, public speaking and so on. The word, like a sparrow, cannot be caught if it flies out.

The main features of the formal business style of speech are brevity, accuracy and influence. To achieve these goals, you will need an appropriate selection of words, correctly composed structures, correct syntax, and standardization in your mind of entire blocks of prepared speech. Just as in written business text, there is no place for emotionally charged vocabulary in oral speech. It is better to choose a neutral one, to be closer to the standards of clerical language means in order to accurately state what is planned.

Details

The most striking characteristic of the official business style is not even the text itself, but all the essential elements of its design - the details. Each type of document has its own information set, provided for by GOST. Each element is strictly assigned to a specific place on the form. The date, name, registration number, information about the compiler and all other details are always located the same way - some at the top of the sheet, others at the bottom.

The number of details depends on the content and type of document. The sample form shows the maximum details and the order in which they are located on the document. This is the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, emblems of an organization or enterprise, images of government awards, code of an organization, enterprise or institution ( all-Russian classifier enterprises and organizations - OKPO), document form code (all-Russian classifier of management documentation - OKUD) and so on.

Stencilization

Machine processing, computerized office work - new era in the process of standardization. Economic and socio-political life is becoming more complicated, technological progress is gaining momentum, therefore the features of the official business style are to justify economically the choice of one language option from all possible and to consolidate it in practice.

Using a stable formula, an accepted abbreviation, and a uniform arrangement of all material, drawing up a document is much faster and easier. This is how all standard and template letters, tables, questionnaires, etc. are compiled, which allows information to be encoded, ensuring the informative capacity of the text, with the ability to expand its full structure. Such modules are implemented into the text of contracts (on lease, performance of work, purchase and sale, etc.)

From fifty to seventy percent of word usage in a document is procedural vocabulary and terminology. The subject of the document determines the unambiguity of the context. For example: The Parties undertake to comply with the above rules. The word “parties”, used outside the document, is very ambiguous, but here we can read a purely legal aspect - the persons who enter into the agreement.

The official business style is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law and legislation. Official business speech is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (it is brought up for discussion, not we bring it up for discussion; cases of non-fulfillment of the contract are noted, etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations.

In connection with these properties of the official business style, stable, clichéd phrases play a big role in it: to impute a duty, due to absence, to take measures, for lack of it, after the expiration of a deadline, etc. A striking sign of business style are combinations with verbal nouns: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing a program, checking execution, etc.

A significant number of speech genres are distinguished here: law, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, treaty, instruction, announcement, report, explanatory note, complaint, statement, various types judicial investigative documentation, indictment, examination report, verdict, etc.

It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of communication, which in the business sphere determine the appearance of such a typical feature of the official business style as standardization (pattern, form). Since everything in legal relations is regulated, and communication is carried out according to certain standards that facilitate this communication, the speech standard, the template, turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient and justified.

Due to the obligatory prescriptive nature and the need to formulate legal norms, business speech is also characterized by a special way of presentation. Narration, reasoning and description are not presented here in their “pure” form.

Since in the texts of state acts it is usually necessary not to prove something (analysis and argumentation precedes the compilation of these texts), but to establish and regulate, then these texts, in general, are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method sharply distinguishes the official business style from the scientific one, which is similar in a number of other features. This method of presentation, as narration, is also not typical for business sphere communication, since there is no need to talk about any events. Only in such genres as a protocol, a report, partly an agreement, and some parts of a resolution (statements) is there an appeal to a narrative style of presentation.

There are almost no “pure” descriptions in business speech. What looks outwardly like a description actually turns out to be a special prescriptive-statistical way of presentation, in which, for example, the present tense forms of the verb are assumed to have a subtext of obligation.

The official business style is divided into two varieties, two substyles - official-documentary and everyday business.

Each of the subtypes of official business style is unique. For example, the language of diplomacy has its own lexical system, rich in international terms (communiqué, attache, doyen); it uses etiquette words (king, queen, prince, Shahinshah, His Highness, His Excellency, etc.); The syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched allied communications, with participial and participial phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions.

The language of laws is the official language, the language state power, in which she speaks to the population. It requires precision in the expression of thoughts, generality, a complete lack of individualization of speech, and standard presentation.

Official correspondence is characterized, first of all, by high standardization. The existence of models and their speech variants, i.e. standards, greatly facilitates the preparation of business letters. Business letters are composed, not written. Brevity and accuracy are also necessary attributes of business letters.

Business papers (application, autobiography, receipt, etc.) should also be written briefly and clearly. They are compiled in a certain form.

Language features formal business style

Vocabulary. 1. The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to common and neutral words, words and set phrases that have the connotation of an official business style. For example: proper, above, forwarded, recipient, present (meaning “this”).

• 2. The second feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it large quantity words belonging to professional (legal and diplomatic) terminology. For example: legislation, conduct, act, powers, collection, legal entity, recall, review.
• 3. The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by a complete absence of slang, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive connotation.
• 4. A feature of this style is also the presence stable phrases attributive-nominal type with an official business character: cassation appeal, one-time benefit, established procedure (usually in the prepositional case: “in the established manner”), preliminary consideration, verdict of guilty, acquittal.
• 5. The specificity of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms, as well as historicisms. Archaisms: this, that, such, assurance of respect. Historicisms: His Excellency, Your Majesty. The named lexical units are found in certain genres of official business documents, for example, historicisms in government notes.
• 6. From a number of synonyms in the official business style, words are always selected that express the will of the legislator, such as, for example, decree, oblige, prohibit, permit, etc., but not say, advise.
• 7. Many of the words of the official business style appear in antonymic pairs: rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, prosecutor - lawyer, accusatory - acquittal. Note that these are not contextual, but rather linguistic antonyms.

Morphology. 1. Among the nouns, names of people are used in an official business style based on a characteristic determined by some action or attitude; for example: tenant, tenant, adoptive parent, plaintiff, defendant.

• 2. Nouns denoting positions and ranks are used here only in the masculine form: witness Ivanova, police officer Sidorova.
• 3. Verbal nouns are widely represented: exile, deprivation, execution, finding, liberation; among them special place occupied by verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-fulfillment, non-compliance, non-recognition.
• 4. To avoid inaccuracies, the noun is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in a nearby sentence.
• 5. The “morphological sign” of the official business style is the use of complex denominative prepositions: for purposes, in relation to, on the subject, in force, in part, etc. stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions and conjunctions involved in the formation of similar relationships; compare: for the purpose of preparation - to prepare, for preparation; due to violation - due to violation.
• 6. In formal business style there is the highest among functional styles Russian language percentage of infinitive compared to other verb forms. Often this ratio reaches 5:1, while in scientific speech it is equal to 1:5.

This quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the goal of most official business documents - to express the will, the establishment of the legislator.

7. Of the conjugated forms, the present tense forms are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This meaning is defined as "present prescription", as opposed to "present timeless", which is common in scientific style.

Syntax. 1. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of an official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition by and prepositional case, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching.

• 2. The need for detailed presentation and reservations explains the complication simple sentences numerous isolated turns, homogeneous members, often lined up in long chain points. This entails an increase in the size of a sentence (including a simple one) to several hundred word uses.
• 3. The percentage of complex sentences is relatively low, especially with subordinate clauses; the number of means of expressing logic and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since many texts (codes, charters, instructions) require stipulating the conditions of offenses and law and order.
• 4. In many genres of official business texts, infinitive constructions with the meaning of “ought” are widely represented, for example: The specified decisions must be announced to the public.
• 5. The syntax of the official business style is characterized by “stringing genitive case", i.e. the use of complex phrases with several dependent components in the genitive case form without a preposition.
• 6. The official business style, like the scientific one, is also characterized by an objective word order, and

Grammatical features of official business style

Comparison of business, scientific, journalistic (newspaper) and literary texts allows us to highlight some grammatical features of the official business style:

1. Predominant use of simple sentences (usually narrative, personal, general, complete). Interrogative and exclamatory sentences practically never occur. Of the one-part ones, only impersonal ones are actively used and in some types of documents (orders, official letters) - definitely personal ones: For the purpose of... it is necessary to highlight...; In case... it will be necessary to reduce...; I order...; Please note...

Of the complex sentences, the most common are non-union and complex sentences with subordinate explanatory, attributive, conditional, reasons and goals, as well as constructions like... fulfilled contractual conditions, which allows... Widespread use of constructions with denominative prepositions (In the order of supervision...; Due to the refusal...; ...due to under-delivery of materials) allows you to avoid the use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason, purpose, conditionals. Subordinate clauses of place and time are generally rarely used.