Report on Russian poets of the 19th century. See what “Russian poets of the 19th century” are in other dictionaries
The Golden Age of Russian Poetry At the beginning of the 19th century, both classicism and sentimentalism coexisted on equal terms in Russian poetry. But in the wake of the national-patriotic upsurge caused by the Patriotic War of 1812, Russian romanticism and then realism arose. romanticismrealism
Great start. V.A. stood at the origins of Russian romanticism. Zhukovsky. He wrote elegies, elegies, messages, songs, ballads. ballads. According to Belinsky, he “enriched Russian poetry with deeply moral, truly human content.” Pushkin Pushkin considered himself a student of Zhukovsky and highly valued “the captivating sweetness of his poems.”
Civic passion. V.K. Kuchelbecker Russian Decembrist poet, critic, translator. He studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where his friendship with A.S. Pushkin and A.A. Delvig began. Kuchelbecker's romantic poetry glorified freedom. The poet was worried about the fate of the Fatherland.
K F. Ryleev K. F. Ryleev, the most prominent poet - K. F. Ryleev, the most prominent poet - Decembrist, wrote accusatory Decembrists, wrote accusatory and civil odes, political and civil odes, political elegies and messages, thoughts, poems. elegies and messages, thoughts, poems. He saw poetry as a means of fighting for political freedom. The Decembrists started talking about national character literature, put forward the demand for nationality, extending it to themes, genres, and language.
Stars of the Pleiades. A.A. Delvig The heroes of his songs are simple fellows and girls who suffer by choice and happy love. N. M. Yazykov Expressed the protest of his free youth in elegies, songs, and hymns. He glorified the heroic scope of strength, the enjoyment of youth and health.
P.A. Vyazemsky contributed to the fusion of civil and personal themes, explaining elegiac feelings by social reasons. E.A. Baratynsky is the largest poet of Russian romanticism, the author of elegies, messages, poems. Instead of illusions, he prefers calm and sober reflection. His poems are filled with philosophical meaning.
High Duma power M.Yu. Lermontov The poetic era, of which Lermontov became the spokesman, according to Belinsky, is distinguished by “lack of faith in human life and feelings, with thirst and excess of feelings.” The lyrical hero openly confronts the hostile outside world.
Gifts of Life After Pushkin and Lermontov, original talents appear in Russian poetry - A. Pleshcheev, N. Ogarev, Ap. Grigoriev, I Polonsky, A. Tolstoy, I. Turgenev, A Maikov, N. Nekrasov. With their poetry they made the transition to realism. Their poems are imbued with sympathy for the poor man. A lyrical hero often becomes a person from the nobility or commoners, who stood up in defense of the people and peasants.
Genres of Romanticism. Elegy - poem medium length, usually of sad content, imbued with sadness. Elegy BalladBallad is a poem, which is most often based on a historical event, a folk legend with an intense plot. Fable Fable is a short moralizing poetic or prose story, to which there is an allegory or allegory.
After the poetic reform of M. Lomonosov (mid-18th century), Russian lyrics developed within the framework of the syllabic-tonic system. Not only the poetic structure, but also the style is gradually reforming and approaching the modern one. Over time, poetry gets rid of ponderous archaism, from the abundance of words of Church Slavonic origin, from excessive pathos (these signs were characteristic of the founders of Russian syllabic-tonicism: M. Lomonosov, A. Trediakovsky, V. Sumarokov, V. Kapnist, etc.), from imitation Western models. Along with the civil themes, the lyrics largely reflect what they should: inner world a person, his feelings, experiences, responses to the world of relationships around him. This is a huge merit of the Russians romantic poets, the first of which is called V.A. Zhukovsky, who introduced the Russian reading public to examples of Western European lyricism in his own translations and poetic adaptations ("The Forest King" by J.-W. Goethe; "The Cup", "The Glove", "Hector's Farewell to Andromache", "The Knight of Togenburg", etc. . F. Schiller, "Rural Cemetery" by T. Gray, "Ellysium" by F. von Mattison, "Smalholm Castle" by W. Scott and many others). Zhukovsky also became the first original romantic poet, who was excited by the secrets of the world and nature ("Sea", "Flower"), the heroic exploits of the Russian army in the War of 1812, in which he saw sublime manifestations of the best qualities of Russians - true patriots of the Fatherland ("Singer in the camp of Russian warriors"), the deep and incomprehensible world of human feelings ("Evening", "Swimmer", "Aeolian Harp", "Spring Feeling" and many others), the beauty and charm of distant antiquity ("Svetlana").
The heyday of Russian lyricism was the first three decades of the 19th century, not without reason called "golden age" of Russian poetry: the works of A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, F. Glinka, E. Baratynsky, D. Venevitinov, I. Kozlov, F. Tyutchev, poets of the “Pushkin galaxy” (A. Delvig, V. Kuchelbecker, etc.) made up the glory of Russian poetry , opened a wide path for her into world literature.
Perfectly mastering poetic skill, making wide use of the entire rich palette of language capabilities, A. Pushkin brought Russian poetry to a new creative level, covering all poetic genres and forms that existed at that time, virtually all themes and motifs, giving a new vision of man and nature, elements and passions, knowledge and poetic creativity, freedom and peace.
M. Lermontov revealed to the reading world a new hero, a romantic fighter: not only with the surrounding world and society, but with himself, with fate, with the omnipotent incomprehensible forces that control human life. That is why the god-fighting and tyrant-fighting motifs sound so powerfully in his lyrics, the voice of a lonely but great man in his aspirations, whose ideal for Lermontov for many years Napoleon remained (“The Last Housewarming Party,” “ flying ship", "No, I'm not Byron...", "Gratitude", etc.).
The most important milestone in the development of Russian poetry mid-19th century has become philosophical lyrics by F. Tyutchev. It is called philosophical because, depicting the world of human feelings and relationships, the state of man and the state of the surrounding world consonant with him, Tyutchev turned primarily to higher problems human existence, asked eternal, non-everyday, non-everyday questions.
Look how unusual Tyutchev’s theme of a person’s inner immersion in the world sounds in the poem “Silentium” (Silence):
Think about the meaning of the phrase “A spoken thought is a lie.” How deep and contradictory its content is!.. This is philosophical poetry- forcing a person to think about the contradictory mysteries of existence.
For Tyutchev, the surrounding natural world was not simply the silent world of “natural biological life” or the “environment” surrounding humans. This is an animated world, with its own life, deeply hidden from man, subject to the great laws of the cosmos, the knowledge of which is the creative task of the artist:
The poet knew how to listen to the natural world and talk to it:
The poet depicted peace of mind a person correlated with elemental images, seeing in him eternity and variability, plurality and singularity, continuity and limitation, greatness and smallness, but most importantly - inscription in the cycle of existence of the universe, necessity and semantic conditionality:
The turn of the 19th-20th centuries became a serious stage in the development of Russian lyric poetry: the previous poetic laws and rules could no longer satisfy artists, the framework of the genre system became narrow, the syllabic-tonic system itself did not allow the poet to fully express his inner world (so he " expanded" and emotionally deepened in strength historical features era), therefore new forms of creativity were required. New, previously unknown, paths of creative search in the field of poetic form, poetic language, new sounds of poetry, new themes and images emerged before the poets.
Poetry at the turn of the two centuries, in contrast to the lyric poetry of the 19th century, was not a single monolithic system (a sort of general poetic “channel”), but many directions, currents, groups (compare this with a river “delta”); sometimes the work of one poet represented an entire movement (for example, the poetry of M. Tsvetaeva). At this time, we can talk about a productive creative struggle - for the reader, for non-traditional forms, for the right to be considered the “first” in artistic discoveries, etc.
Young poets, for example, V. Mayakovsky, were not even satisfied with what their older symbolist contemporaries, who relied largely on the previous system of verse forms, were doing. In his autobiography “I Myself,” he wrote: “... it was alien. The themes, images were not my life. I tried to write just as well, but about something else. It turned out same about other things- it is forbidden".
The poet A. Kruchenykh spoke even more harshly in his article “The Word as Such,” 1913 (let’s keep the author’s punctuation):
At the same time, even the usual graphics, that is, writing down poems, no longer suited poets - and new, unconventional forms of writing appeared: V. Mayakovsky’s “ladder”, A. Blok’s and M. Tsvetaeva’s “talking” punctuation marks:
Mayakovsky “breaks” the verse, moving each of its segments to a new line, making it rhythmically and meaningfully highlighted, minted, like a poetic “step”, and in Tsvetaeva the dash becomes significant, semantic, contrasting, as if separating two worlds - the heavenly one, with its dogmas and laws, and earthly life, with its suffering and the beautiful tragedy of women's fate.
Russian poets are increasingly turning to stylizations of ancient poetry; Ancient, almost forgotten meters, for example, the hexameter (see poems by M. Kuzmin and O. Mandelstam), acquire a new sound; completely unusual traditions of the East are mastered ("tanka" and imitations of Chinese poetry by N. Gumilyov); real hoaxes appear: E. Vasilyeva “created” the mysterious Cherubina de Gabriac and wrote poetry on her behalf for a whole year...
Let's consider the variety of poetic trends in the lyrics of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.
SYMBOLISM: one of the first and largest new, or as they can be called scientifically, modernist, trends in Russian poetry of this period. Symbolism came to Russia from Western Europe, where in poetry it was marked by the works of A. Rimbaud, S. Mallarmé, P. Verlaine, C. Baudelaire and others. Unlike most poets of the mid-19th century, who were concerned with social and civil topics(N. Nekrasov, I. Nikitin, etc.), symbolists were interested in the philosophical system of the universe, ways of intuitive comprehension of the world in complex and uninterpretable artistic images (symbols); interested in man as a unique, exceptional unit of the cosmos, creating his own artistic world, therefore in the creative system of symbolism special place occupied by the idea of the artist’s individualism, his chosenness and immorality: the artist for them is beyond the values of the modern “dark”, “boring” (“terrible”, said A. Blok) world. The intuitive feeling of the unusualness of the modern era, its troubles and problems as one’s own, the emotional tension of symbolist lyrics, the predominance of moods of despair, mental fatigue, pessimistic figurative conclusions determined the attitude towards the poetry of symbolism as decadent(decadence (French) - decline).
But to define symbolism as decadence means to narrow its scope of content.
Read K. Balmont's poem "Let's be like the sun":
A poem with such powerful dynamics of inner feeling, calling on man as “the beloved child of the universe,” infecting with faith in the indomitability of the human spirit, cannot be called decadent.
Since the movement was called symbolism, the symbol became the main thing for such poets. Scientists call the symbol the main “aesthetic category” of this movement.
What is a symbol? - There is no scientific, unambiguously recognized definition of the term.
BY SYMBOL It is generally accepted to consider an extremely generalized polysemantic image that does not have a final interpretation and expresses the deep philosophical ideas of the artist. In this case, the symbol is the image subject plan having material invoice.
In the above poem by K. Balmont, such a symbol becomes the image of the Sun - a symbol of the greatness of spiritual achievements, the indomitability of the human spirit, eternal knowledge, the burning of life, etc. But at the same time, the sun is a completely material object. The image to which the author attaches a special character in the work philosophical meaning, which determines the development of the feelings and thoughts of the lyrical hero, and becomes a symbol in symbolism.
There are two currents of Russian symbolism: the so-called “senior symbolists” (K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, D. Merezhkovsky, F. Sologub, etc.) and “young symbolists” (A. Blok, A. Bely, Vyach. Ivanov, etc. .). The “older” symbolists called their work “poetry of the inner”; their poems are more contemplative, colored by the internal dynamics of feeling; to some extent they gravitated towards the poetry of the past - to Tyutchev, to philosophical lyrics Pushkin. The work of the “younger symbolists” has a very active element, it is the poetry of “action”, raising questions of history, the fate of Russia, romantic tendencies and a mood of expectation of future cataclysms are clearly expressed.
At the same time, a group of artists appeared who contrasted their work with symbolism, but in many ways developed precisely the same creative principles. We are talking about the poetry of Acmeism.
ACMEISM(Greek "joy, blooming time, highest degree anything") - a poetic movement created by the poet N. Gumilev. The name was also invented by Gumilev. The motto of the Acmeists was the word “Joy!”. Gumilev wrote: “You need to remember about the “unknowable”, but not offend your thoughts about it with more or less probable guesses - this is the principle of Acmeism." Reality is "wise and clear", it does not need to be speculated, the Acmeists believed.
The circle of Acmeist poets included G. Ivanov, O. Mandelstam, I. Odoevtseva, M. Kuzmin. For some time, A. Akhmatova also saw her place among the Acmeists.
Let's read N. Gumilyov's poem "My Readers", which fully and figuratively expressed the creative principles of this direction:
| Old tramp in Addis Ababa, conquered many tribes, He sent me a black spearman With greetings made up of my poems. Lieutenant who drove gunboats Under fire from enemy batteries, All night over the South Sea He read my poems to me as a souvenir. Man among a crowd of people Shot the imperial ambassador, Came up to shake my hand Thank you for my poems. |
There are many of them, strong, angry and cheerful, Killed elephants and people Dying of thirst in the desert, Frozen on the edge eternal ice, Faithful to our planet, Strong, cheerful and angry, They carry my poems in a saddle bag, They read them in the palm grove, Forgotten on a sinking ship. |
I don't insult them with neurasthenia, I don’t humiliate you with my warmth, I don’t bother you with meaningful things hints For the maintenance of an eaten egg. But when bullets whiz around, When the waves break the sides, I teach them how not to be afraid Don't be afraid and do what you need to do. And when a woman with a beautiful face The only dear one in the universe, He will say: I don’t love you, - I teach them how to smile And leave and never come back. And when their last hour comes, A smooth, red fog will cover glances, I'll teach them to remember right away All the cruel sweet life, All my native, strange land And, appearing before the face of God With simple and wise words, Wait calmly for his trial. |
Futurism became a new step in Russian poetry.
FUTURISM(Lat. "future") - "art of the future." Futurism as a philosophical and aesthetic movement originated in Italy. Its founder and author of the term “futurism,” Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, said: “A roaring car is more beautiful than the Nike of Samothrace.” These were the aesthetic values of the new industrial age. In Russia, futurism became a breakthrough in the field of experiments with various forms in art: with color, line, composition, line, rhyme, phrase, etc.
Russian futurists saw their poetic mission as the birth of super-art capable of transforming the world, while in their aesthetic experiments and projects they relied on the latest scientific and technical achievements, which distinguished them from poets of other movements. At the same time, the futurists were also characterized by a special shocking behavior, a craving for theatricality - not only at poetry evenings, but also in everyday life- this is how new, advanced views on the world and the average person were expressed, which require immediate transformation.
In the famous manifesto “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” (1912), which can safely be called a work of new verbal art, its creators D. Burlyuk, A Kruchenykh, V. Mayakovsky and V. Khlebnikov wrote:
| "Only we are the face of our Time. The horn of time blows for us in the art of words. The past is tight. The Academy and Pushkin are more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs. Abandon Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, etc. and so on. from the Steamship of Modernity. (...) All these Kuprins, Bloks, Sologubs, Remizovs, Averchenks, Chernys, Kuzmins, Bunins and so on. and so on. All you need is a dacha on the river. This is the reward that fate gives to tailors. From the heights of skyscrapers we look at their insignificance!.. We order honor rights poets: 1. To increase the vocabulary in its volume arbitrary and derivative words (word innovation). 2. An insurmountable hatred of the language that existed before them. 3. With horror, remove from your proud brow the wreath of penny glory you made from the bath brooms. 4. Stand on the rock of the word “we” amidst whistling and indignation. (…)" |
Let's read the poems by V. Mayakovsky “And you could” and “They understand nothing”:
Hostility towards philistine life, the desire to “break”, change the way people live and think, and the irresistible desire to be heard are heard in these verses.
A new figurative concept of the world and man entered Russian poetry through the work of S. Yesenin, who began his journey within the framework of imagism - a poetic movement focused on the image-impression. Over time, Yesenin did not consider himself to belong to any direction, just like A. Blok - the former Young Symbolist and former futurist V. Mayakovsky. A true genius is always outside of frameworks and systems. Images of heaven and earth, the eternal heavenly hut, embodied in a village hut, the world tree, transformed in Yesenin’s lyrics, close to Russian folklore and song creativity, into images of maple, birch, rowan, images of the moon (month) and the sun, the main nurse and giver of life - cows, the image of the path and the poet as an eternal wanderer - these are the components of Yesenin’s artistic world.
One of the main themes of poetry late XIX- beginning of the 20th century theme of destruction, collapse of the old world And the theme of the birth of a new thing in the throes and conflagrations, a world not yet explored by history and humanity. It sounds in the works of A. Blok (cycle " Scary world", poem "The Twelve", V. Mayakovsky ("To you", "Here!", "Left March", etc.), S. Yesenin ("Low house with blue shutters...", "Soviet Rus'", "Sorokoust ", etc.) and many others. The leading question within the framework of this topic was asked by all poets: what will this world be like and what will it bring to man? Differences in answers to this question determined the ideological and aesthetic ideals of the artists, their system of views on man, its possibilities and its future.
Before starting to get acquainted with the topic and completing tasks, be sure to familiarize yourself with the theory for topics No. 7 (Lyrical genre of literature: Genres of lyric poetry) and No. 8 (Lyrical genre of literature: Beginnings of poetry), since all the complex poetic terminology is explained there. We will not repeat ourselves.
When doing your work, carefully read the poem analysis plan.
- V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
- A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchina" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", " winter road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths Siberian ores...", "Anchar", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...", "Prisoner", "Conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "The Poet and the Crowd", "Autumn", "...I visited again...", "Am I wandering along the streets noisy...", "A vain gift, an accidental gift...", "October 19" (1825), "On the hills of Georgia", "I loved you...", "To ***" ("I remember wonderful moment..."), “Madona”, “Echo”, “Prophet”, “To the Poet”, “To the Sea”, “From Pindemonti” (“I value great rights inexpensively...”), “I have erected a monument to myself...”
- M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “The Death of a Poet”, “The Poet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Thought”, “Both boring and sad...”, “Prayer” (“I, Mother of God, now with prayer...”) , “We parted, but your portrait...”, “I will not humiliate myself before you...”, “Motherland”, “Farewell, unwashed Russia...”, “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different ...", "Leaf", "Three Palms", "From Under a Mysterious, Cold Half Mask...", "Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages...", "Prisoner", "Prophet", "I go out alone on the road..."
- N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: “I don’t like your irony...”, “Knight for an hour”, “I will soon die...”, “Prophet”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Troika”, “Elegy”, “Zine” (“You are still on you have the right to life..."); other poems of your choice
- F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Autumn Evening”, “Silentium”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “The earth still looks sad...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”, “I met you...”, “ Whatever life teaches us...", "Fountain", "These poor villages...", "Human tears, oh human tears...", "You can't understand Russia with your mind...", "I remember the golden time...", "What are you talking about howling, the night wind?”, “The gray shadows have shifted...”, “How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers...”; other poems of your choice
- A.A.Fet. Poems: “I came to you with greetings...”, “It’s still a May night...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Sevastopol rural cemetery”, “A wavy cloud...”, “Learn they have - at the oak, at the birch...", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air...", "Village", "Swallows", "On railway", "Fantasy", "The night shone. The garden was full of the moon..."; other poems of your choice
- I.A.Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest" …", "Twilight"
- A.A.Blok. Poems: “I enter dark temples...”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn...”, “The earthly heart grows cold again...”, “Oh, spring without end and without end...”, “ About valor, about exploits, about glory...", "On the Railway", the cycles "On the Kulikovo Field" and "Carmen", "Rus", "Motherland", "Russia", "Morning in the Kremlin", "Oh, I I want to live crazy..."; other poems of your choice; poem "Twelve"
- A.A.Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “You know, I’m languishing in captivity...”, “Before spring there are days like this...”, “Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...”, “I learned to live simply, wisely...”, “Native land "; “I have no use for Odic armies...”, “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”, “Courage”; other poems of your choice
- S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, my dear Rus'...”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to mother,” “ The golden grove dissuaded me...", "I left my home...", "To Kachalov's dog", "Soviet Rus'", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Uncomfortable liquid moonlight...", "The feather grass is sleeping...", "Goodbye. , my friend, goodbye..."; other poems of your choice
- V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Here!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Cheap sale”, “Good attitude towards horses ", "Left March", "About rubbish", "To Sergei Yesenin", "Anniversary", "Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva"; other poems of your choice
- 10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
- A. Tvardovsky. Poems: “I was killed near Rzhev...”, “I know, it’s not my fault...”, “The whole point is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother,” “To the bitter grievances of one’s own person...”; other poems of your choice
- I. Brodsky. Poems: "I entered instead wild beast...”, “Letters to a Roman friend”, “To Urania”, “Stanzas”, “You will ride in the darkness ...”, “To the death of Zhukov”, “From nowhere with love ...”, “Notes of a fern”
- Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
- Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of poetic text. - L.: Education, 1972.
- Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L.: Science, 1973.
- Three centuries of Russian poetry. - M.: Education, 1986.
The 19th century in Russian poetry and literature is called the Golden Age. During this period, a grandiose leap took place in the entire literary process of the country. Then the formation of a literary language took place. The heroes of this celebration of culture were Russian poets of the 19th century and especially great poet Pushkin. He stands at the top of the pedestal of the golden age of Russian poetic history.
Genius on Olympus
Pushkin began his ascent to the Russian poetic Olympus with the fairy-tale poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila.” Romantic features remained in his work forever. “Gypsies” was written in the same spirit. After reading the poem, you will be taken aback by the rise creativity in any Russian person. Also, the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” forever took one of the highest places in the ranking of the popularity of artistic themes not only in literature, but also in music, as well as ballet.
Other gods on Olympus
Of course, before Pushkin and at the same time with him, there were also great Russian poets of the 19th century: Baratynsky, Zhukovsky, Fet, Tyutchev. It is believed that a unique century ends with Tyutchev. In this precious golden time, the poet was revered in Russia as a messenger of God, as an exponent of the most beautiful and noble in every soul. Lermontov inherited Pushkin's traditions. The poem "Mtsyri" is just as beautiful and romantic than "The Demon". Lermontov's poems are permeated with the spirit of sublime romance. But 19th-century romanticism was, from the very beginning, associated with social life. However, both themes sounded in the same key and did not contradict each other. There are witnesses to this - Pushkin’s odes and poems dedicated to the Decembrists, as well as Lermontov’s immortal poem “On the Death of a Poet.”
Question about today's topic
Perhaps romanticism began to fade by the middle of the century. This observation will sound even more convincing if we use Nekrasov’s social lyrics as evidence. The question of his poem is: Who can live well in Rus'? - has become an aphorism and is very relevant in our time.
Then completely different melodies began to sound, no longer golden. A new, 20th, Silver Age stood on the threshold.
Nature
What themes of 19th century poetry equated it to the immortal creations of Russian culture? Perhaps the eternal theme of nature was the bridge that united entire centuries. Any Russian person will say with pride that he understands nature no less deeply than Pushkin. And he will be right. Are the words: “Sad time! The charm of the eyes! belong to Pushkin? No! They are part of the soul of all Russian people. Lermontov also felt nature very subtly. For him, nature is the element of will, the romance of a free soul. The poet draws stars, clouds, moonlight, mountains and plains with his pen.
Nightingale as a metaphor
The 2nd half of the 19th century continues the traditions of previous years. During this period, wonderful poets of the 19th century worked, the list of which is very large here. In the poems of the poetic luminaries of this period, the theme of the nightingale is very popular. In Polonsky, the nightingale becomes a metaphor-symbol of love, a participant in a romantic date. Nekrasov has a poem about a nightingale. It sounds like an allegory in the problem of freedom and unfreedom. For the Russian poet, the nightingale has always been a symbol of will, the impossibility of existence in conditions of oppression of the individual.
Brilliant master of words Fet
Afanasy Fet is especially great on this topic. The author's symbol of the nightingale is incredibly beautiful in his poems. All nature around the nightingale is saturated with brilliance, the shine of diamonds on the grass under the moon. And against this background the powerful voice of the great singer sounds. Fet uses a new combination - the nightingale echo, replacing traditional trills or songs with it.
Balmont, sunset and new sunrise
The decline of the golden period was marked by the appearance of new names of poets of the 19th century on the poetic stage. First of all, this is the poet Konstantin Balmont. His first collection was published at a time when he was expelled from the university for freethinking. But the poet’s main work took place already at the beginning of the 20th century. Then he became one of the innovators of a new poetic direction - symbolism.
The poets of the 19th century already had Crimea. It is believed to be a symbol of poetry Silver Age. In fact, Crimea became involved in Russian literature much earlier. Even the great Derzhavin dedicated his ode “For the acquisition of Crimea” to this poetic place. Pushkin discovered Bakhchisarai. He was there in 1820 and saw with his own eyes Bakhchisarai, the capital of the Crimean Khanate. He was especially delighted with the fountain of tears. Crimea is a symbol of poetry and a logical transition to the future.
» » Famous Russian poets of the 19th century
The strengthening of the romantic principle, which we have already noted in prose, also manifested itself in poetry. It is no coincidence that the leading direction in the poetic heritage of this period remained the civil direction, based on the traditions of freedom-loving lyrics. The greatest artistic achievements in line with this direction are associated with the names of A. N. Pleshcheev, A. M. Zhemchuzhnikov, L. N. Trefolev, S. D. Drozhzhin.
The poems of S. Ya. Nadson (1862-1887), whose childhood was spent in Kyiv, were widely known among democratically minded youth. Many of them are covered with romantic hope for the future triumph of the ideals of goodness and justice:
Let the holy ideal be broken and desecrated, And innocent blood flow, - Believe: the time will come - and Baal will perish, And love will return to earth!
As for dramaturgy, in its development it always correlates with the state of prose (to a lesser extent, poetry), sometimes overtaking it, sometimes lagging behind. This process is characteristic of the entire 19th century. and it is explained, in particular, by the fact that our greatest prose writers were often at the same time drama writers (it is enough to name the names of Turgenev, Leskov, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov). Only Ostrovsky devoted himself, as you know, exclusively to drama, but it was he who had the greatest impact on Russian theatrical art.
After Ostrovsky's death (1886), the situation in the Russian theater worsened. True, the playwright had numerous imitators who sought to continue to develop the images and motifs bequeathed by their great predecessor. Some plays could even enjoy temporary success, but this so-called mass drama-turgy could not create anything that would open a new page in the history of Russian theater.
A new word was said by Chekhov. Taking into account, of course, the existing traditions associated primarily with the names of Turgenev and Ostrovsky, Chekhov creates his own theater, guided by the new principles of dramatic art. We will also specifically talk about Chekhov’s work in the section dedicated to him, but here we will only note that further development not only Russian, but also world dramaturgy will go under the sign of Chekhov’s artistic discoveries. Material from the site
Russian literature of the last third of the 19th century. strove to artistically capture and recreate all the diversity of life phenomena in their individual originality, socio-historical and psychological complexity. The novels of Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the satires of Saltykov-Shchedrin, the essays of Uspensky, the dramas of Ostrovsky, the novels and stories of Leskov, Garshin, Chekhov, Korolenko reflected with exceptional depth and artistic perfection the main issues of the era, new conflicts , types and characters, the most important ideological, moral, aesthetic problems posed by time. This explains the growth of world recognition of Russian literature, which was especially clearly manifested in the last third of the 19th century.
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Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary classes, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous Shimon family. The future writer inherited his love of nature from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in "The Childhood Years of Bagrov's Grandson." Estate in Orenburg Museum Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born on March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province into the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He worked as a director in the theatre. He wrote several plays for the theater: “Rural Holiday”, “Suvorov and the Station Agent”. Ershov became famous thanks to his fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse” Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; mother, Turkish Salha, was taken to Russia among the prisoners. At the age of 14, he was taken to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino and wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: Little Thumb, There is no dearer sky, The Lark. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexey Vasilievich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born on October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, into a merchant family. The father was a merchant. Alexey Koltsov delved into the various economic concerns of a rural resident from the inside: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the boy’s gifted, empathetic nature, such a life fostered a breadth of soul and versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov studied reading and writing at home and showed such extraordinary abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the district school, bypassing the parish school. Started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about work, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born on February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg in Summer Garden there is a bronze monument where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Siskin and Dove. Crow and Fox. antique book Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Born in Moscow in the family of captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov spent his childhood on Arsenyeva’s estate “Tarkhany” in the Penza province. The boy received a home education in the capital, and since childhood he was fluent in French and German languages. In the summer of 1825, my grandmother took Lermontov to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moves to Moscow and Lermontov is enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he receives a liberal arts education.
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Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born on October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician and a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator English language, Russian poet. Marshak knew M. Gorky. Studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot around England, listening to English folk songs. Even then he began working on translations of English works. , Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born on November 22, 1821 in Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. The poet spent his entire childhood and youth on Nekrasov’s family estate, the village of Greshneva, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw people's hard work. They pulled barges across the water. He dedicated many poems to the lives of people in Tsarist Russia: Green noise, Nightingales, Peasant children, Grandfather Mazai and the hares, Motherland, etc.
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Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh into the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at a theological school and seminary. I dreamed of graduating from university, but my family went broke. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Rus', Morning, Meeting Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Monument to Nikitin I.S.
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Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist and writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew the life of the forest and its inhabitants well. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and Ducklings, Pantry of the Sun, Nature Calendar, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow. His father, Sergei Lvovich, came from a wealthy family, but little of his ancestors’ estates (in the Nizhny Novgorod province) reached Pushkin. Pushkin spent his childhood in Moscow, going for the summer to Zakharovo County, to his grandmother’s estate near Moscow. In addition to Alexander, the Pushkins had children: the eldest daughter Olga and the youngest son Lev. Little Sasha grew up under the supervision of his nanny Arina Rodionovna. He loved nature and his homeland very much. He wrote many poems and fairy tales. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC and four Russian reading books for children. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana and taught the children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He plowed the land himself, cut the grass, sewed boots, and built huts. His works: Stories about children, Kids, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, Old grandfather and granddaughter. House in Yasnaya Polyana Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the childhood of the future poet was spent in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. While still a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned as a “student” to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber cadet. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.
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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich - Russian poet, diplomat. Born on November 23, 1803 in the Oryol province in the village of Ovstug. As a child, he was educated at home. His teacher was Semyon Egorovich Raich, who instilled a love of nature. At the age of 15, Fyodor Ivanovich was a student at Moscow University. I wrote a lot about Russian nature: Spring waters, Enchantress in winter, I love thunderstorms in early May, Leaves, There are in the early autumn. On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in the Tsar’s village. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Estate MuseumF. I. Tyutchev in the village of Ovstug.
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Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small nobleman. Konstantin Dmitrievich's mother, Lyubov Stepanovna, died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them "Children's World" and "Native Word". He taught me to love my native people and nature. His works: The Scientist Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a Shirt Grew in a Field. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the Novoselki estate, Oryol province. Since childhood I loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14, he was taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840 the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are missing, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life he officially bore the surname Shenshin. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, and doctor by profession. Born on January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province. Anton's early childhood passed in endless church holidays, name day. On weekdays after school, he guarded his father’s shop, and at 5 am every day he got up to sing in the church choir. At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from high school in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: White-fronted, Kashtanka, In Spring, Spring Waters, etc.
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