Preparation of the base includes the following operations: checking the quality of the base and correcting any defects in it, cleaning the base surface from dust and dirt, treating the base surface with bitumen or bitumen materials to ensure the necessary adhesion of the coating to the base.

The most important condition for obtaining a high-quality and durable asphalt concrete pavement is a solid, even and well-compacted base with a well-made rainwater drainage system. Therefore, before starting work on the installation of the coating, it is necessary to carefully prepare the bases. The firmness of the substrate can be checked with a test run on it with a heavy roller. If, during the passage of the rear rollers of the roller, subsidence is revealed or the base "springs", it is necessary to reinforce or re-compact it. If necessary, the underlying layer is also corrected. Small irregularities with a depth of 3-5 cm can be corrected by adding an asphalt mixture with the necessary compaction with a roller or rammers.

Correcting deep potholes in the base with an asphalt concrete mixture, as a rule, leads to the formation of irregularities on the asphalt concrete pavement. This is because a thick layer of asphalt concrete is usually poorly compacted by rollers, and the additional compaction that occurs over time under the influence of passing traffic inevitably leads to deformations. The deformations that appear will be the greater, the thicker the layer of the asphalt concrete mixture. Thus, a crushed stone base with significant potholes repaired by adding an asphalt concrete mixture behaves like an unequal base made of materials that differ sharply in their properties.

Potholes and large irregularities in the crushed stone base are corrected as follows. The area to be repaired is cleaned of dust and dirt, then loosened with a pickaxe. The resulting crushed stone is passed through a screen, separating it from the dirt, and again poured into the pothole. Then fresh crushed stone is added, which is poured slightly above the edges and compacted with a roller or rammer. The ramming is carried out from the edges to the middle of the area being repaired.

To improve the compaction conditions of crushed stone during compaction, it is recommended to sprinkle a small amount of cold or hot asphalt concrete over the crushed stone layer. Good results are obtained by pouring a small amount of hot bitumen (about 1 l / m2). Crushed stone bases and old crushed stone surfaces used as bases can also be repaired using cold or hot black crushed stone (crushed stone treated with liquid or viscous bitumen). The use of black crushed stone allows you to speed up the process of compaction of the base in the repaired area.

If there are separate lowered places on the base, they are also pre-leveled with the material from which the base is made. In some cases, the base is leveled by laying a so-called leveling layer. Large potholes should be repaired prior to leveling. The transverse profile of old stone surfaces used as substrates is also corrected by laying a leveling layer. However, this method of leveling leads to excessive consumption of the asphalt concrete mixture and is not always economically viable. The substrate, prepared for laying asphalt, must have the required geometric characteristics: width, thickness, longitudinal and transverse slope. Particular attention should be paid to the flatness of the base surface, since it ultimately determines the evenness of the coating surface. The largest size of the unevenness of the base when checking with a three-meter rail should not exceed 4-5 mm.

Strong adhesion of the asphalt concrete surface to the base is one of the conditions for the stability of the surface against shear forces that appear during the passage of traffic. An indispensable condition for obtaining the necessary adhesion of the asphalt concrete surface to the base is a thorough cleaning of the latter from dirt and dust. Treatment with bitumen or bituminous materials does not achieve the goal if it is carried out on a dusty or contaminated surface. In such cases, defects may appear during the production of work. The surface of the base is cleaned with road brushes or water washing machines. The washed base must dry out before processing it with bitumen or bituminous materials.

Good results are obtained when cleaning the surface of the base from dust and dirt with compressed air. It is most convenient to use automobile compressor stations for this purpose. Workers involved in this operation must be provided with protective equipment to keep dust from entering the eyes, mouth and nose. The best results are obtained when treating bases with bitumen pastes or bitumen emulsions. These materials provide good adhesion of the top coat to the bottom when constructing two-layer coatings.

Asphalt mix is ​​possible; to lay; only after complete drying of the surface of the base (or the bottom layer of the coating). Emulsion consumption is 0.2-0.4 l / m2. The emulsion or liquid bitumen is poured 3-5 hours before laying.

1.2 When linking the technological map to a specific object and construction conditions, the scope of work, mechanization means, the need for material and technical resources and a graphical diagram of the organization of the process are specified.

1.3 In the design and construction of highways, residential streets and intra-block roads, the requirements of the relevant standards, norms and rules and other regulatory documents must be met.

2.2 Prior to the commencement of work on the construction of asphalt-concrete pavements of motor roads and driveways on a ready-made base made of cast concrete, work on the laying of external engineering networks (water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, heating networks, cables) must be completely completed and the base prepared for laying the upper layers of the coating. The base of the road must be handed over and accepted according to the act.

2.3 The profile of intra-block roads and driveways and the conjugation of the carriageway with the sidewalk and curbstone are performed in accordance with the working drawings, solutions are shown in Figure 1.

1 - concrete pavement; 2 - side stone; 3 - concrete base of the road; 4 - waterproofing material (glassine, plastic wrap); 5 - sand, 6 - concrete blind area; 7 - asphalt pavement

Street category

Asphalt concrete of the structural layer

GOST (brand)

Specifications (type)

Fine-grained

Sandy

K / z

Coarse-grained

Sandy

Cast

a type

KP

I

II

III

I

II

III

IV

V

VP

A

B

V

G

D

Streets, roads and driveways of local importance Residential streets

-

-

I

II

-

II, III

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Streets and roads in industrial and communal storage areas

-

-

I

II

I

II

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

Driveways in the neighborhoods

-

-

II

II

-

II, III

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

+

Streets and thoroughfares of local importance Residential streets

-

-

I

II

-

II, III

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

Driveways in the neighborhoods

-

-

-

-

II, III

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

+

The structural layer of the pavement, on which the asphalt concrete mixture is to be laid, must be arranged in accordance with SNiP 3.06.03-85, compacted to the normalized density and must have the required surface evenness. If there are significant irregularities on the surface of the layer, then it is necessary to arrange a leveling layer of asphalt concrete or other materials treated with organic binders.

The side stones provided for by the project are installed before laying the mixture in accordance with the specified elevation marks on the level, which should be accepted by the act for hidden work.

Cleaning the surface of the base from dust and dirt using hand wire and grass brushes, as well as blowing compressed air from a compressor;

Elimination of the found unevenness of the base by scraping the bumps, filling the low places with the material from which the base is made, or careful leveling with a layer of asphalt concrete;

Treatment of the base surface with a bitumen emulsion or liquid bitumen in a uniform layer at least 1-6 hours before laying the mixture of the lower layer of the asphalt concrete pavement. Consumption of materials is: when processing with liquid bitumen - 0.5-0.8 l / m 2, when processing with 60% bitumen emulsion - 0.6-0.9 l / m 2, heated to the temperature indicated in table 2;

Geodetic layout with the installation of control "beacons" and the leader of marks on the side stone (the top of the beacon or mark must correspond to the top of the cover after compaction). Marking on the side is done with a coated line. Asphalt-concrete or wooden "beacons" are installed along the roadway on a concrete base or a technological layer or a compacted bottom layer;

2.5 To ensure adhesion of the upper layer of the asphalt concrete mixture to the underlying layer, the latter is cleaned of dust and dirt with mechanical brushes, compressed air from a mobile compressor or other means. Not later than 1-6 hours before the start of laying the upper layer of the asphalt concrete mixture, the underlying layer is treated (primed) with an organic binder: 60% bitumen emulsion with a consumption of 0.3-0.4 l / m2, liquid or viscous bitumen with a consumption 0.2-0.3 l / m 2 heated to a temperature according to table 2.

Preference should be given to low-viscosity binders (bitumen emulsion and liquid bitumen), which ensure the formation of a more uniform film on the surface and better adhesion of the layers. The binder is filled with auto-asphalt distributors to the width of the strip being laid.

The processing of the lower layer with a binder can be omitted if the time interval between the device of the upper and lower layers is no more than 2 days and there was no movement of the construction transport.

For its preparation, the required number of asphalt pavers and rollers, the order of movement of the asphalt pavers, the length and width of the paving strip, and the direction of flow are preset.

The device of wear layers (top layers) of the pavement should be carried out, as a rule, simultaneously with such a number of asphalt pavers, the total width of which is equal to the width of the carriageway;

To prevent dump trucks from moving over the edge of the previously arranged asphalt concrete pavement and to ensure safe working conditions, the direction of the flow should be taken towards the movement of vehicles delivering the asphalt concrete mixture;

2.7 To lay asphalt concrete, it is necessary to create mechanized units, which should include asphalt pavers, motor rollers and auxiliary machines and devices (road brushes, mobile bitumen boilers, mobile power station, etc.). The composition of the link depends on the flow rate and the type of asphalt concrete mixture. The characteristics of the pavers and rollers are shown in tables 3, 4 and 5, respectively.

Asphalt concrete pavement: general information

The first asphalt pavements were built in Babylon 600 years BC. The construction of pavements using bitumen resumed only in the 19th century in Western Europe and then in the USA. The first section of asphalt concrete pavement in Russia was built on Volokolamsk highway in 1928.

Asphalt concrete pavement has a number of positive properties and high transport and operational performance: slow wear under the influence of heavy vehicles; relatively high strength and resistance to climatic factors and water; hygiene (not dusty and easily cleaned of dust and dirt); ease of repair and strengthening of the coating.

Asphalt concrete pavement is laid on roads with a longitudinal slope of up to 60 ppm. The cross slope is prescribed within 15-20 ppm.

Asphalt pavement pavement structures are constantly changing due to the fact that traffic loads and traffic intensity are constantly increasing. As early as 20-30 years ago, two-layer asphalt concrete pavements with a thickness of 10-12 cm on a crushed stone base of 18-25 cm were used on roads of high categories. Now such structures are suitable only for roads of lower (IV and V) categories, and on roads of II and I categories, the structures have become more powerful, at the base, lean (rolling) concrete with a thickness of 20-35 cm is increasingly used, and the total thickness of the laid asphalt is equal to 18-25 cm.

The service life of asphalt concrete pavements depends not only on the quality of the asphalt concrete, but also on the construction of the pavement. An asphalt pavement of the same quality works differently on different substrates. So, in asphalt-concrete pavements, laid on bases made of monolithic cement concrete, cracks appear due to the thermophysical incompatibility of the materials of the pavement and the base, i.e., the seams and cracks in cement-concrete bases are repeated in asphalt-concrete pavements.

Crushed stone bases are devoid of this drawback, however, they are subject to uneven shrinkage occurring due to the mutual movement of crushed stone grains under the influence of multiple impacts of transport loads.

With regard to the selected pavement structure, it is necessary to select the type of asphalt concrete mixture. Coverings from asphalt concrete mixtures should be arranged in dry weather. Asphalt paving (asphalt paving) should be carried out at an ambient temperature of at least + 5oC. Asphalt paving (asphalt paving) can be done either mechanically, using an asphalt paver, or manually.

Backfilling and restoration of roads to summer cottages and garage cooperatives, roads with inanimate traffic, asphalt road crumbs is a progressive method of road restoration. Due to the low cost and higher resistance to destruction than crushed stone, sand. Asphalt road chips have a higher density, are saturated with bitumen, which serves as an additional binding link and a sealing element, which allows the road to last much longer.

The best material for backfilling roads inside summer cottages and garage communities is asphalt crumb. The advantage of asphalt chips is that they are laid much more densely than sand and gravel. A crumb of asphalt, after filling, rolls off the wheels of cars to such an extent that it looks like asphalt. A road covered with asphalt chips is more resistant to erosion and other damage caused by water. The bitumen present in the crumb serves as an additional binding and sealing element, which allows the road to last much longer than the road dumped from sand and crushed stone.

Backfilling and restoration technology, dirt roads:

Before laying asphalt crumbs, leveling is carried out, with the help of a motor grader knocking down the unevenness of the road, profiling the base, achieving the necessary evenness. After reaching an even layer of the base, the road crumbs are leveled along the entire road, the slopes are profiled. Achieving evenness of the coating of the same layer thickness. At the final stage, compaction is performed using a road roller, thereby achieving high density and resistance to erosion and other damage caused by water.

After the road roller has compacted the pavement, the new road is ready for use.

Before installing the base, it is necessary to install side stones and curbs. The bases for asphalt concrete pavements are made of crushed stone, slag, brick breakage, as well as other waste received from the dismantling of buildings and structures. Crushed old asphalt concrete (asphalt chips) is also used as a base material. The thickness of the base is usually assigned 10-15 cm, depending on the properties of the underlying soils. The base material is leveled with a layer of the required thickness and then compacted with rollers with scattering of stone or slag fines for chipping and splitting.

The thickness of the asphalt concrete pavement is usually taken as 3-4 cm. At the entrances to neighborhoods and yards, the thickness of the asphalt concrete layer is raised to 5 cm or more. Sand or fine-grained asphalt concrete mixtures are used for paving pavements. For compacting asphalt concrete, vibratory plates or small-class rollers are used.

Sports field asphalting

font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "times new roman> An asphalt base is being built for a special sports coverage on tennis courts, volleyball, basketball and other sports grounds. The construction of such a base includes a set of works:

Earthwork (preparation of the "trough"). Excavation and removal of soil to the required height, as a rule, to the height of the crushed stone base. Layout, leveling of the soil inside the trough; Installation of side stones, curbs and drainage systems around the perimeter of the site; Installation of a sandy base 10-20 cm thick, if the soil contains clay; Arrangement of crushed stone base 15-18 cm thick. From crushed stone fractions 40x70 and 20x40. Can be used instead of rubble fr. 40x70, black crushed stone, and on the top layer - fine asphalt chips. It is advisable, to increase the reliability of the crushed stone base, to perform additional splitting by screening. Installation of embedded parts for racks; The top layer is made of fine-grained asphalt concrete mixture of the “G” type, with a total thickness of 8 cm. The asphalt is laid in two layers of 4 cm. To drain water from the surface of the court, the base must set a slope of 0.5 - 1 ‰ on the short side; Due to the specifics of the asphalt paving technology, it is impossible to achieve perfect evenness of the base. Therefore, before laying the sports flooring, it is necessary to level the base with special mixtures.

Laying in an embankment and soil compaction are carried out during planning works, erection of various embankments, backfilling of trenches, foundation sinuses, etc. Compaction is carried out in order to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, reduce its compressibility and reduce water permeability. Compaction can be superficial or deep. In both cases, it is carried out by mechanisms.

There is soil compaction by rolling, ramming and vibration. The most preferable is the combined method of compaction, consisting in the simultaneous transfer of various influences to the soil (for example, vibration and rolling), or combining the compaction with another working process (for example, rolling and movement of vehicles, etc.).

To ensure uniform compaction, the dumped soil is leveled with bulldozers or other machines. The greatest compaction of the soil with the least labor input is achieved at a certain moisture content that is optimal for a given soil. Therefore, dry soils must be moistened, and waterlogged soils must be drained.

The soil is compacted in sections (grabs), the dimensions of which should provide a sufficient scope of work. An increase in the front of work can lead to drying out of the soil prepared for compaction in hot weather or, conversely, to waterlogging in rainy weather.

The most difficult is the compaction of the soil when backfilling the sinuses of the foundations or trenches, since the work is carried out in cramped conditions. In order to avoid damage to foundations or pipelines, the adjacent soil 0.8 m wide is compacted using vibrating plates, pneumatic and electric rammers in layers 0.15 ... 0.25 m thick.More productive methods, for example self-moving vibrating plates and others, are used when compaction of the backfill under the floors.

The penetrations of soil compactors are made with a slight overlap in order to avoid skipping unconsolidated soil. The number of penetrations in one place and the thickness of the layer are set depending on the type of soil and the type of soil compacting machine or are established empirically (usually 6 ... 8 penetrations).

Embankments, which are not subject to high requirements for soil density, can be compacted by vehicles during the process of filling the soil. The scheme of work is drawn up so that the loaded transport moves along the dumped layer of soil.

Unlike conventional concrete, cement-crushed stone mixtures contain significantly less cement and can be compacted by the static effect of self-propelled rollers with smooth drums. A base made of lean concrete is arranged along a technological layer of compacted crushed stone, cement soil or sand and gravel mixture 10-15 cm thick. On roads, a single-layer asphalt concrete pavement with a thickness of at least 10 cm is laid on a layer of lean concrete. Lean concrete is laid in the base with a concrete paver, crushed stone paver or with the help of small-scale mechanization. The mixture is spread in a layer up to 20 cm and immediately compacted, first with light and then with heavy rollers until the rolling marks disappear completely.

The device of an asphalt concrete pavement over lean concrete can be carried out after it has been compacted or after 2-3 days. In the latter case, the surface of the base should be treated with a bitumen emulsion in two layers. The total consumption of the emulsion is 0.7 kg per 1 m2 of the base. The installation of lean concrete foundations significantly reduces labor costs, as well as the time to start laying asphalt concrete. In lean concrete bases, temperature transverse joints are arranged. The distance between them is taken from 20 to 40 m, depending on the air temperature when laying the concrete mixture, the grade of lean concrete and the type of asphalt concrete pavement. The seams are cut with special cutters or arranged with a bookmark in the base of spruce or pine boards.

Reinforcement of asphalt as a way to increase its durability

The issue of reinforcing the road surface is by no means idle, since the bulk of roads and streets are covered with asphalt concrete, and its often deplorable state and rapid, over several years, destruction is familiar to everyone who drives their own or municipal wheels.

The quality of asphalt paving and the service life of asphalt concrete depends both on the quality of the base on which it is laid and on the properties inherent in the very nature of the asphalt concrete pavement.

Asphalt concrete pavements with good resistance to short-term loads have low tensile strength in bending and insufficient distribution capacity under repeated application of the load. Therefore, the fatigue and reflected cracks arising during the operation of the asphalt concrete pavement, developing intensively, lead to its premature destruction.

For a long time all over the world, the service life of asphalt concrete pavement has been increased by reinforcing it with geogrids. Today on the market there are geonets made of fiberglass, polyester, basalt fibers and a number of others.

Based on the results of numerous laboratory studies and operating experience, the following requirements are imposed on reinforcing geonets:

the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing material must be greater than the modulus of elasticity of asphalt concrete in order to absorb tensile forces in the same way as in reinforced concrete; the adhesion between the asphalt and the reinforcing material must be very good in order to distribute the tensile stresses in the reinforcing material into adjacent areas of the asphalt concrete pavement. In doing so, two important factors must be taken into account that affect the strength of this bond: the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of asphalt concrete and the reinforcing material should be as small as possible, since with temperature drops, secondary local stresses arise at the point of their junction, which can exceed the limit values, and the system will stop working as a whole. An example is the excellent behavior of reinforced concrete, where steel and concrete have the same coefficients of thermal expansion; the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement material should not exceed the modulus of elasticity of asphalt concrete by several orders of magnitude. This is due to the fact that, being an elastic-plastic material, asphalt concrete under a transport (dynamic) load behaves like an elastic material, perceives stresses and redistributes the load over a large area of ​​the underlying layers together with the reinforcing material. If too stiff reinforcement is applied, most of the tensile stresses will be absorbed by it. These stresses must be transmitted to the asphalt layers through the adhesion forces and a very large area of ​​reinforcement embedding in the asphalt would be required so that the stresses do not exceed the adhesion forces of the reinforcement to the asphalt.

Characteristics of some materials and finished products
Name	Elastic modulus, N / mm2
Asphalt	1000 – 7000
Concrete	20000 – 40000
Steel	200000 – 210000
Fiberglass	69000
Polyester fiber	12000 – 18000
Polyester Geogrid Strands	7300
Basalt Geogrid Strands	35000

Analyzing the above data from the above positions, one can understand why materials such as glass, steel or basalt work in tandem with asphalt concrete worse than polyester.

The difference between the moduli of elasticity of fiberglass, steel, basalt, on the one hand, and asphalt concrete, on the other, causes problems with the adhesion strength between them. Reinforcement with the aforementioned materials would be possible if the reinforcing material extended over the entire width of the carriageway and were sufficiently secured along its edges. Otherwise, the reinforcement will simply be pulled out of the asphalt concrete.

There are examples of the use of fiberglass meshes for reinforcing asphalt concrete with an insufficient length of embedding of the mesh in asphalt concrete. The permissible adhesion forces between the mesh and the asphalt concrete are exceeded, delamination occurs between the mesh and the asphalt concrete, and under the influence of dynamic traffic loads, relative movements between the mesh and the asphalt appear, which lead to the complete destruction of the glass fibers. This was found out during core sampling, when only white powder remained from the fiberglass mesh after several years of operation.

The reinforcement material should not be affected by dynamic loads from moving vehicles, otherwise the reinforcement will not work well in the future. Studies have shown that fiberglass meshes do not withstand dynamic loads. The breaking strength of the tested fiberglass meshes dropped to 20-30% of the initial value after 1000 loading cycles, and none of them withstood 5000 loading cycles, while Hatelit successfully withstood 6000 cycles.

Studies of fiberglass mesh reinforcement have shown disappointing results under various conditions. On two different road sections, the behavior of fiberglass reinforced and unreinforced asphalt concrete was investigated for four years.

In the first section, the fiberglass-reinforced pavement had many more cracks on the roadway than the unreinforced one.

In the second section, the final inspection showed the absence of cracks in the transition zone of both reinforced and unreinforced coatings. At the same time, the fiberglass mesh did not prevent the appearance of cracks in the area of ​​intersection with the old railway tracks.

Thus, based on the research results, it is not recommended to use fiberglass mesh as a crack-breaking reinforcement.

The most serious approach to the choice of asphalt concrete pavement reinforcement should be taken during the construction of asphalt concrete runways. After all, potholes in the asphalt on the roadway force drivers to slow down and only sometimes lead to damage to the car's suspension. Violation of the integrity of the asphalt concrete on the runway is a direct path to a disaster with fatalities.

The most optimal choice for reinforcing asphalt concrete in comparison with fiberglass mesh is a reinforcing mesh of the Hatelit type. This type of mesh has quite high technical and economic indicators:

significant reduction in the thickness of asphalt concrete; increasing its crack resistance by 3 times or more; an increase in the service life of the coating and a decrease in operating costs for its maintenance.

The use of fiberglass reinforcing meshes did not give a positive effect due to their low physical and mechanical characteristics and the inability to effectively prevent the development of cracks in asphalt concrete.

Despite the fact that new types of fiberglass reinforcing nets are constantly being developed, their effectiveness and durability remains significantly lower than that of Hatelit-type polyester nets.

The most effective geogrids are Hatelit C grids according to the following indicators:

The reinforcing threads of the nets are made of polyester and, in comparison with fiberglass threads, take well not only stresses in the horizontal plane, but also stresses from multiple vertical loads. Polyester threads are resistant to vertical stress and deformation. Glass threads do not perceive vertical deformations and stresses; already at the factory, the mesh is treated with bitumen, which provides good adhesion to asphalt concrete; is a composite material. In addition to the reinforcing threads, the meshes have a geotextile base, which ensures the design position of the mesh when laying without additional operations; the dimensions of the cell of the reinforcing nets must be equal to the doubled size of the largest fraction of crushed stone. For fine-grained asphalt concrete, the optimal mesh size is 40x40 mm.

It should also be noted that during dynamic bending tests of specimens at maximum values ​​of tensile stresses equal to 10 MPa, the number of cycles to failure for a specimen with Hatelit C is 13 times higher than for a specimen with a basalt mesh. With three passes of the compacting roller, the basalt mesh lost almost 50% of its strength (Hatelit C - 10%), and with 5 passes - 60% (Hatelit C - 13%). Thus, there is an obvious tendency for the basalt mesh to lose its strength, reduce the ability to deform and break with an increase in the number of compaction cycles or simply the passes of heavy vehicles during road works. For comparison, in Hatelit C, the mechanical damage coefficient, even with a 5-fold compaction, remained within the permissible range - it did not exceed 1.15.

Shear stability studies have shown that for the core with Hatelit C it is equal to 34 kN / m (due to good bitumen impregnation, fusion and compaction of the nonwoven material applied to the mesh), and for the core with basalt mesh, the shear resistance was 6 kN / m with the minimum allowable value 15 kN / m.

In addition, the consumption of 70% bitumen emulsion when laying the Hatelit S mesh is 0.3–0.5 l / m. sq., and when laying a grid of basalt - 1.0-1.2 l / m2. sq.

At the end, it should be noted that the Hatelit C geogrid is certified in Russia and Ukraine. In addition, in Ukraine there is a “Technological regulation for the use of the Hatelit 40/17 C mesh for reinforcing asphalt concrete”.

Reinforcement of the road:	Geogrid Hatelit C in rolls:
Geogrid Hatelit 40/17 С:	Laying asphalt on top of the Hatelit 40/17 C geogrid:

If you get to the dacha by your own car, then sooner or later you will get tired of putting it just near the porch of the house. You will think about the time to build a stationary parking lot for your "iron horse", which will protect it from hot sunlight and precipitation during your summer cottage. The easiest and fastest in execution is the parking for the car in the country in the form of a platform with a shed. Let's talk about how to build such a parking lot and select materials for it.

Choosing a parking location

The place to "rest" your car should be located on level ground. The slope for parking is categorically unsuitable, since subsequently you will have to constantly put the car on the hand brake, place stones or bricks under the wheels, and just be nervous that the car, despite your efforts, will leave without your permission. However, despite this, it is necessary to provide for a slight slope for the site. This will make it easier for the car to enter the parking lot. Also, make sure that the site is not in a low place, but slightly above ground level. Then rainwater and snow will not stagnate here.

Site device

The construction of the site begins with the removal of a layer of soil 10-20 cm thick in a selected place. A sand or crushed stone pillow is poured into this small pit and tamped.

Concrete screed

If the soil on the site is sufficiently stable and not subject to seasonal displacements, then you can stop at a concrete screed, reinforced with reinforcement. To do this, a wooden formwork from an edged board of the required height is installed along the perimeter of the site. A layer of concrete about 5 cm thick is poured on top of the sand, on which a reinforcing mesh is immediately placed, without waiting for solidification. From above, it is again poured with concrete.

The thickness of the concrete platform should be at least 10 cm, but if the car is large and heavy, then it is better to increase this figure. Despite the fact that the concrete will set in 2-3 days (at this time it will already be possible to remove the formwork), it is not yet possible to operate it. Wait another month for the concrete to reach its final strength - then it can support the weight of the machine.

Paving slabs

In the event that the soil is prone to swelling, then after a year the concrete surface of the site can be cracked, so another option must be preferred. A good choice can be paving slabs, which, due to the gaps between themselves, will allow moisture to evaporate better from the surface of the earth and the base of the parking lot will be less warped.

Such tiles can be of completely different textures and colors - stylized for a certain type of wood or stone. For car parking, it is better to use granite-like tiles.

Paving slabs are laid very easily - on a compacted rubble pad or on a layer of sand and cement. No other binders such as glue are required. The tile is nailed to the surface with a special rubber hammer and adheres tightly to the base. After the tile is laid, it is advisable to install a curb along its borders. Instead of tiles, paving stones, natural stone, clinker bricks can be used as facing the site.

Crushed stone filling

In the case of swollen soils, ordinary crushed stone can also be used for the site surface. It is enough to fill a layer of rubble into the dug hole and the parking lot is ready.

Lawn grill

And this is already an option for lovers of environmentally friendly coatings that fit perfectly into the natural landscape. Ecoparking is a special rigid plastic lattice that creates the basis for the soil into which the lawn grass is sown.

The polymer grill will evenly distribute the weight of the machine over the entire site, so wheel ruts will not form on the grass and the lawn will always look well-groomed. The advantages of eco-parking are durability (up to 25 years), drainage, frost resistance. The grill does not require any maintenance during the entire period of use, but it is relatively expensive.

Canopy over the site

Regardless of what type of coverage you prefer for your parking, it is undesirable to leave it open to rain and sunlight. The modern construction market offers a huge selection of carports. A canopy is very popular, which is a lightweight structure made of a steel frame and a roof - coverings made of polycarbonate, slate, metal, corrugated board.

Such structures are sold ready-made or they can be ordered in parts. If you wish, you can make such a canopy yourself. This will require supporting and transverse metal pipes, from which the frame is constructed using welding or bolts. From above, the roof is covered with wooden planks, slate or roofing felt - whichever you have available.

Thus, a parking lot for a car in a country house can have a wide variety of views - from frankly urban (with a platform made of concrete and a polycarbonate canopy) to the most natural (eco-parking with a wooden canopy). The main thing is that it could protect the car from external negative factors and fit into the overall style of your site.

Paving asphalt is a rather difficult and time-consuming process, but at the same time an effective way of paving. The complex of works performed includes: earthworks, foundation arrangement, asphalt laying, territory improvement.

The work performed at a professional level will allow you to create not only a reliable and stable road surface, but also ensure its long service life. Specialists START CITY GROUP will help you choose the best base and material for laying asphalt, based on your wishes.

Asphalt (or asphalt concrete mixture) is a rationally selected mixture based on mineral materials, which include sand, crushed stone, mineral powder, liquid bituminous substance. All substances are selected in the optimal amount and mixed in a heated state.

The crushed stone that is part of the mixtures must comply with the requirements of GOST 8267 and GOST 3344. It is allowed to use gravel or crushed stone produced according to foreign standards, provided that their quality meets the established Russian standards.

The scope of application of asphalt concrete is wide: the construction of roadways, squares, sidewalks, parking lots, a park area for cyclists, airfields, flooring in industrial buildings and in many other areas.

Today, asphalt concrete mixtures, depending on the mineral component, are divided into:

• Sandy;
• Crushed stone;
• Gravel.

The structure of each type has its own characteristics, which determine the efficiency of using the selected material.

Also, asphalt concrete mixtures are classified according to the size of the mineral grains:

• Fine-grained - less than 2 cm;
• Coarse-grained - up to 4 cm.
• Sandy - up to 1 cm.

The amount of solid aggregate in the mixture depends on which group the asphalt concrete belongs to. There are 3 groups: A, B, C.

Styling technology. Stages. Materials (edit)

To date, two technologies are used for the device of the roadway:

• hot asphalting;
• cold asphalting.

Each of them has its own pros and cons:

• Hot paving. The mixture is prepared from viscous and liquid petroleum bitumen. Laying can be done in winter. The temperature of the mixture should not be less than 120 degrees. Before laying the asphalt, a piece of the road on which the asphalt concrete mixture will be applied is dried with a special technique.
• Cold asphalting. The mixture is prepared from liquid oil road bitumen. Laying work is carried out only in the warm season, since water is not dried using this technology. Cold asphalting is often used for patching.

Professional paving work requires a significant investment. After all, for this it is necessary to attract special equipment and experienced qualified specialists.

Asphalt laying consists of several stages:

1. Development of design estimates

Each site is individual: it has its own size, relief and configuration, soil characteristics, remoteness and peculiarities of access roads. Based on these criteria, after the departure of the specialist, the total area, volume and preliminary cost of the work are determined.

2. Development of the territory, earthworks

The preparation of the territory for the installation of an asphalt road begins with the removal of the top layer of soil. As a rule, bulldozers and loaders are used to remove a large soil layer. Graders are used to level the surface of the base. The road "trough" is formed according to the given marks with its further compaction.

If there is an old surface on the asphalt area, then it is destroyed with a road milling cutter. With proper recycling, old coatings can be reused.

3. Preparation of the base

It is now the turn of the "road cushion" formation. To do this, two layers of road "cake" are poured: first, sand or sand and gravel mixture is laid, and to give the entire coating special strength, crushed stone of a coarse fraction is poured on top, and then a fine fraction to minimize voids. Each base layer is leveled with a grader and carefully compacted. A side stone is installed along the edges of the site. To make asphalt paving of high quality, the surface of the site is spilled with bitumen before laying the asphalt.

4. Laying asphalt

The top layer consists of asphalt concrete. This material is delivered by dump trucks or prepared directly on the road construction site itself. The standard composition of ABS includes: mineral powder, sand, crushed stone and liquid bitumen.

The mixture is evenly distributed over a given area. Asphalt pavers are used to lay the last layer of the mix. Asphalt compaction is carried out with several rollers for the best consistent compaction. Our company has formed its own material basis - a modern vehicle fleet of special equipment, which includes about 40 units of equipment, which fully ensures the entire process of road construction.

It should be noted that the technology of asphalt concrete laying and the materials used may have some differences depending on further operating conditions. For example, to extend the lifespan of highways, new technologies are used - modified gel-like petroleum bitumen (MAC-bitumen).

Time of the roads

It should be noted that asphalt paving is a seasonal job and directly depends on weather conditions. It is recommended to carry out all work in dry weather.

In autumn and spring, the temperature should not be less than +5 degrees. After all, the supplied mixture is a hot product. Therefore, all manipulations with it should occur as quickly as possible, so that it does not have time to cool down. Otherwise, it will be impossible to lay asphalt.

Terms of operation

The service life of the asphalt pavement directly depends on the loads, traffic intensity, weather conditions, adherence to laying technologies and the quality of the materials used.

The guaranteed service life is approximately 7 - 10 years. But it is necessary to take into account the fact that with intensive operation, the indicated period can be reduced. Timely repair work of the roadbed, which includes the elimination of holes, subsidence, cracks and irregularities, will help to extend the operational life.

Knowing the main points of asphalting, you will be able to determine the professionalism of the performers and better control the entire process of improvement.

Asphalt, the most common material for road construction. It is used on public roads, sidewalks, as well as in the construction of courtyards, paths and parking lots. Asphalt pavement in a city courtyard or around a country house is a common and familiar phenomenon, but its arrangement should be taken quite seriously. Of course, as a customer, you entrust the asphalting to a specialized organization, but knowing the main points, you can determine the professionalism of the performers and better control the entire improvement process.

First, we mark the territory - we determine on the spot where we will put asphalt (paths, parking or road), where there should be curbs, lawns, flower beds, fences, etc.

We decide on the type of asphalt pavement. The pavement itself consists of a crushed stone base or foundation and a layer of the asphalt itself. On pedestrian paths and pavements with a low load, a single-layer base 10-15 mm thick made of compacted crushed stone with a fraction of 20-40 cm is sufficient; for a road with a higher load or general parking, a two- or three-layer base made of crushed stone of different fractions is recommended. The first layer is 40-70 mm crushed stone for better water drainage, the second -20-40 mm, the third layer, as a rule, a fraction of 5-20 mm. The base in this case can reach up to 40-50 cm. For better adhesion, the crushed stone is impregnated with a special bitumen emulsion.

Now let's decide on asphalt, which comes in different brands and consists of crushed stone, sand, bitumen and mineral additives (for plasticity and temperature resistance).

Asphalt concrete pavement

For the sidewalk, one layer of 4-5 cm is enough, which contains the maximum amount of sand, and the road will be covered with a covering (in 1 or 2 layers, depending on the design load), which contains the largest amount of crushed stone.

Now, over the entire asphalting area, select the soil to the required depth, and proceed to the foundation arrangement. We level the crushed stone layer by layer and carefully roll or tamp it, then install curbs, plums, hatches and storm sewer elements.

You can proceed to the final stage. Asphalt is applied to the substrate at a temperature of about 120 degrees with asphalt pavers and immediately rolled with rollers. In hard-to-reach places, all this is done with the help of hand tools. Before applying the second layer of asphalt, the first one is covered with bitumen. To prevent water from forming puddles, the slopes of the topcoat are calculated in advance and carefully observed throughout the entire process.

Paving asphalt is highly dependent on the weather - it is not recommended in the rain, and in cold weather the delivery of asphalt should be done quickly enough so that it does not cool down, since the paving of cold material will not provide a good quality of the pavement. Subject to the same laying technology and operating mode, the asphalt pavement will last up to 10 years.

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Creating a garden on the site is not an easy task and requires a special approach. Here everything should be taken into account to the smallest detail, including garden and park lamps. After all, it is they who are able to give charm, add zest and create a fabulous atmosphere.

The material that holds the future

Nowadays you will not surprise anyone with concrete paving stones - there are a lot of them, different, for every taste and color. The material is universal. Only the quality differs: some paving stones are as good as new for years, while the other falls apart in the same year. Let's figure out why this is happening, what are the advantages of paving stones, what technologies are used for its manufacture.

Change house for giving - profitable and convenient

Where to start arranging your summer cottage?

Asphalting involves a number of works. Both hot and cold asphalt paving technologies provide for preliminary preparation of the base, or the creation of a "road cushion". At this stage, planning of the area takes place: the road is leveled horizontally, while all the necessary elevations and descents are provided.

How to lay asphalt with your own hands in the garden?

As a result of the "road cushion" device, an unpaved roadway appears, where already:

• sand leveling of the bottom is done;
• drainage is provided;
• one or several layers of crushed stone were laid with wedging of fractions;
• the layers are tamped.

Depending on the place of asphalting and its subsequent use, the thickness of each layer is selected. Typically, a "travel cushion" consists of:

• from clean sand, which is leveled with a grader, and also compacted with a roller;
• two layers of crushed stone of fine and coarse fractions (each of them is compacted).

The durability of the pavement directly depends on the quality of the preparation of the "road cushion", because even its minimal deformations entail the destruction of the asphalt. This also happens if it is laid using road mesh reinforcement.

A stone-asphalt mixture is laid on the pillow on a layer of crushed stone (impregnated with bitumen). For the final fixation of the mixture, it is tamped and leveled using special road equipment.

Read also:
Optimal prices for laying paving stones in LLC "Asfaltstroy-2000"

Popular about asphalt paving technology

Landscaping is a serious matter. And although asphalt concrete specialists will almost certainly be involved in asphalting your yard, it will be useful for you, as the owner-customer, to familiarize yourself with the basics of asphalt paving technology in order to assess the professional level of your contractors and to simply navigate the process.

So, it all starts with a marking or a breakdown of the territory - you need to determine where the asphalt will lie, where the curbs will be, where and how the drain and collection of rainwater will be arranged. It is also necessary to decide from the very beginning with the composition of the asphalt concrete pavement. Depending on the upcoming operating mode, the thickness of the crushed stone base and the number of asphalt layers are selected. If only pedestrian loads and occasional movement of light vehicles (sidewalks, courtyards, parking lots) are expected on the landscaped area, then you can limit yourself to a crushed stone base 10-15 cm thick and one layer of asphalt 4-5 cm.If traffic will be systematic and possibly even the movement of heavy trucks (road sections, gas stations, industrial areas), then the crushed stone base should be 25 - 35 cm, asphalt in 2 - 3 layers.

Work directly begins with a device, the so-called earthen trough. The new asphalt concrete pavement, as a rule, must be flush with the rest of the surface, so all layers of rubble and asphalt must go deeper. Therefore, throughout the territory, soil is selected to a depth equal to the total thickness of the future coating. After the soil has been selected, it is advisable to compact the bottom of the trough; for this, walk on it with a road roller or vibrating plate.

The next stage of the improvement is the arrangement of the crushed stone base. If you have a base of 10 - 15 cm, then crushed stone of a fraction of 20-40 mm is usually taken for it. A more serious base is recommended to be made with two or three layers. For the lower layer, large crushed stone of 40-70 mm fraction is taken. The function of this layer is to drain water in the event of a rise in groundwater. For the second layer, crushed stone of 20-40 mm fraction is taken, it serves for a more even distribution of the load on the base. For the third layer of crushed stone, crushed stone of 5-20 mm fraction is required. Depending on the thickness, it performs a number of functions. If its thickness is 2-5 cm, then here we can talk about the folding of the upper part. When the thickness of the third layer is up to 10 cm, we are talking not only about splitting, but again about even distribution of the load on the entire base. When laying, each layer of crushed stone must be carefully compacted with a roller. The skating rink must go through one place 5-6 times.

In the case of an asphalt concrete pavement designed for high loads, to compact the base, and then the asphalt concrete, you need to use rollers of 6-10 tons and higher. For lower loads, 2-4 t rollers are sufficient. It should be remembered that the vibration function of modern rollers significantly increases the compaction capacity (by about 3-4 times!). Also, in hard-to-reach places for compaction, it is possible to use vibrating plates, vibrating rammers. To improve the quality of the seal, the base should be moistened. On large objects, sprinklers are used for this.

At the stage of setting up the foundation, a slope must be set throughout the asphalt area in the direction where rainwater collection is planned. Usually, a slope of 5-10 mm per 1 m is set. Levels are used to remove the slope, control the thickness of the layers of crushed stone and asphalt concrete.

Before laying asphalt, it is also necessary, if provided, to install curbs, run storm sewers, build or repair sewer or drainage wells, install or raise hatches, etc.

After the preparatory work has been completed, you can proceed directly to asphalting. The thickness of the asphalt concrete pavement, as well as the thickness of the crushed stone base, depends on the intensity of the planned operation. For the adjacent territory of an ordinary residential high-rise building, where the movement of trucks is not planned, you can perfectly do with one layer of fine-grained asphalt 4-5 cm thick.For more serious conditions, it is necessary to lay two layers of asphalt - the lower layer of coarse-grained asphalt concrete 4-5 cm thick, and the upper one - from fine-grained, also 4-5 cm. The third layer of asphalt will remove all questions about the strength of the future pavement (of course, we are not considering the case of runways now).

The finished asphalt concrete mixture is delivered to the site by dump trucks. Depending on the brand of the dump truck, it is capable of bringing from 7 to 20 tons of asphalt. From 1 ton of asphalt, an average of 10 m2 of asphalt concrete pavement 4 cm thick is obtained.

Bitumen is used for adhesion of asphalt to asphalt (top and bottom layers, old and new asphalt). The so-called pouring of binders is carried out on the existing asphalt before laying the fresh one.

The asphalt paving process is quite weather dependent.

Asphalt concrete pavement: general information

For example, it is not recommended to lay asphalt in heavy rain. In addition, asphalt mix is ​​a hot product. When hot, it is shipped to an asphalt concrete plant. And as quickly as possible, without letting it cool down, it needs to be transported, unloaded, planned and rolled. This is especially true for the cold season. Rolling the cooled asphalt is a disastrous and thankless task. Customers will then have many questions about the quality of the coating.

And in conclusion, we add that, subject to the selected operating mode, a well-laid asphalt concrete pavement will last 7-10 years.

Do-it-yourself technology for laying and repairing asphalt in the country

Garden paths should not only have a beautiful appearance, but also have high strength, so that a cart with building materials, etc. can be moved along them. Today there is a wide range of paving materials, but most of them are expensive. That is why it is often best to asphalt a garden path, because asphalt is one of the cheapest building materials. Read on to learn how to pave the path correctly!

The advantage of paved paths

Speaking about asphalt, I immediately want to say that this building material has more disadvantages than advantages in relation to the summer cottage.

Suburban area asphalting

Asphalt pavement has only a few main advantages - low cost, high strength, simple technology of creation and versatility. Asphalt is often chosen only because it has the lowest price in comparison with such materials for paving garden paths as paving slabs, paving stones, decking, natural stone, etc.

The disadvantages of asphalt are very significant factors that affect not only the landscape design of the garden. Among the most significant disadvantages are:

1. In hot weather, asphalt evaporates and exposes the human body to the influence of harmful substances. In addition, the unpleasant smell itself will not allow you to deeply relax in the garden, which is what we need.
2. Asphalt pavement practically does not have a decorative ability, therefore, for decorating a site, it is not only not suitable, but also vice versa, will worsen the situation. Paved paths hardly fit into garden styles, which is also very bad. The only exception is colored asphalt, to which various pigments are added, due to which the coating can be not only the usual gray color, but also green, pink, blue, etc.
3. With poor-quality paving, asphalt quickly collapses in winter: water gets into cracks, freezes, and when it freezes, it destroys the surface.
4. During the heat, the asphalt melts.

As you can see, the disadvantages of asphalt pavement are more significant than the advantages, but, despite this, it is recommended to build asphalt paths on the functional units of the garden: for example, between the garage and the utility block. It is strictly forbidden to build paved paths near recreation areas. because of the harmfulness of asphalt.

How to lay asphalt with your own hands?

In order to lay asphalt in the country with your own hands, you need to carefully prepare the area, know the technology of asphalt laying and have at least a homemade manual roller for asphalt paving.

You should immediately draw your attention to the fact that it is very difficult to make asphalt on your own, because

Arrangement of crushed stone and asphalt concrete pavement

it is necessary to warm up the bitumen, mix it with crushed stone and additives and know the correct proportions. Since asphalt is not expensive, it is best to order a ready-mix from a road repair company. In this case, you will not lose a lot of money, for that the asphalt will be brought to you directly to the place of laying in a hot state, all that remains is to quickly level it, tamp and roll it.

So let's get down to business!

Preparation of terrain for asphalting

First of all, we mark the boundaries of the future asphalt track. At this place, it is necessary to remove a layer of soil (at least 30 cm, it all depends on the purpose of the path) and make sure that tree roots do not pass near the future path, otherwise they will soon begin to destroy the asphalt. If there are roots, we cut them out with an ax. After that, along the entire perimeter of the path, we install curbs, which will be the borders. The role of curbs is not only to prevent the spread of asphalt, but also as a decorative function. To install the curbs, we dig a small even trench and put them on a cement mortar in this trench. To create an even curb, we pull the rope from the beginning to the end of the sides of the path and orient ourselves along this rope. As a curb, you can use bricks that are laid not only on the side edges, but also bricks.

Preparation of terrain for asphalting

Next, we start creating a cushion for the asphalt. We carefully tamp the bottom of the trench for the track, fill it with the first layer - crushed stone (10-15 cm thick, large fraction) and tamp it again. On this layer we pour another layer of crushed stone, but only of a finer fraction, the layer thickness is no more than 10 cm.Well, the last layer is sandy, about 5-10 cm.As soon as the pillow is created, fill it with water and, using a roller, carefully we are rolling away.

In order to prevent water from collecting on the asphalt path, make a small drain in advance: build the path at an inclination of 1-2 degrees and equip it with small drainages that direct the flow of water into the soil.

Laying new asphalt

As we said earlier, it is more expedient to order asphalt from the factory. After the asphalt is delivered to your site, you must immediately proceed to laying it, because the solution quickly hardens.

Laying new asphalt

First of all, we spread the asphalt with a shovel over the entire area of ​​the track, making an even filling. Further, using a mop-engine, we level the asphalt along the entire path, while throwing asphalt into the pits, and leveling the bumps. Please note that the minimum thickness of the asphalt pavement must be at least 5 cm to ensure the strength of the garden path. therefore it is necessary to comply with this requirement.

As mentioned earlier, the asphalt quickly hardens, so it is better to invite several assistants to create the track, so that the process is carried out faster.

As soon as part of the path is planned out, we take a hand roller and begin to roll this section, while the others plan the path further.

Mandatory requirement: before rolling the track, lubricate the roller with diesel fuel so that the asphalt does not stick to it and the track is perfectly flat. You can also lubricate shovels with diesel fuel to make it easier to throw asphalt onto the track.

When working with the roller, it is necessary to move slowly at the same time, making only rectilinear movements (reverse movements are prohibited). During rolling, seams will form at the joints between the lines, in order to remove them, it is necessary to roll them across the seams.

Never leave the roller on the track after work.

For high-quality rolling, the roller should protrude at least 10 cm beyond the edge of the track.

If the weight of the roller is not enough for a good rolling of the track, then you can ask one of the assistants to stand on the frame of the roller, then the weight will increase.

- DIY asphalt laying tutorial

In more detail, you can see the asphalt laying process on this one:

Laying asphalt on old pavement

If you decide to lay asphalt not on the ground, but on the old asphalt surface or concrete screeds, then the process of preparing the area will change. Instead of a cushion of rubble and sand, you just need to repair the old coating. To do this, you need to rid the surface of dirt and various debris, if there are small cracks, they must be expanded manually, so that in the future they would be tightly clogged with asphalt.

After that, along the entire perimeter of the future garden path, it is necessary to pour molten bitumen and, using a mop-engine, spread the bitumen into strips of 50 cm (not less). Along the entire length of the track, it is necessary to make transverse bituminous strips with a step of half a meter and then create an asphalt track with our own hands using the technology indicated above.

How to repair an asphalt track?

Even if you have laid the asphalt with high quality with your own hands, the track will sooner or later start to collapse. The most common destructive factors are:

• Asphalt started to melt in hot weather
• Water got into the cracks in winter and when it thawed - destroyed the coating
• Heavy equipment has entered the asphalt path, for which this path is not designed

To repair the asphalt pavement with your own hands, it is recommended to use cold asphalt, which is allowed to be laid even at low temperatures (minus).

How to cover broken asphalt?

If the asphalt path has completely collapsed and is not suitable for repair, then this situation must be corrected. There are two ways to fix a broken asphalt track:

1. Remove asphalt and re-build
2. Lay paving slabs on top of the asphalt or pour a concrete screed

As for the first method, all construction companies involved in road repairs must remove the broken asphalt, re-create a cushion of rubble and sand, and roll a new asphalt surface.

For an inconspicuous garden path, this process will be difficult and not economically viable.

It would be more expedient to fill a layer of sand (at least 5 cm) on top of the asphalt, fill it with water and start paving the paving slabs. We have already talked about how to properly pave a garden path from paving slabs in this article.

Another option is to pour a concrete screed over the asphalt pavement. This option is simpler, but at the same time, a concrete path will not be an ideal addition to the garden decor, in contrast to a paving slab path.

This is all that I wanted to tell you about how to properly lay asphalt with your own hands, as well as how to repair or replace it. We hope that our article will help you in creating an asphalt path with your own hands!

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Asphalting technology

We are all so accustomed to paved roads and areas that their absence causes surprise and discontent. This type of coating is found almost everywhere. Not only roads, but also sidewalks and sports grounds are covered with asphalt. Such surfaces are capable of withstanding significant mechanical loads. Note that this artificial material becomes especially in demand during the period from spring to autumn.

What types are there

Now only two types of coatings are used:

With regard to paving temperatures, asphalt mixes are classified into two types:

1. Hot-type coatings.

   They are laid at temperatures above 140 degrees. This requires a special technique. Hot asphalt pavement is highly durable, therefore it is used for paving roads, city streets and squares.

2. Cold asphalt. This type of mixture is also called warm, but it is prepared using bitumen, which have a reduced viscosity. Cold material is laid at a temperature of 80 to 120 degrees. Asphalt pavements of this kind are most often used in yards, playgrounds, sidewalks and other places that are not exposed to heavy loads.

Classification

All asphalt mixtures are divided into three grades according to the grain size of the mineral components.

The first class is large grains. The largest of them can be up to four centimeters. Material of this caliber is suitable for paving tracks. It is able to withstand the movement of a large number of trucks.

The second class is medium grains. Their largest size can be 25 millimeters. This material is used to improve pedestrian streets and squares.

The third class is small grains. In this case, the particles of the mixture do not exceed fifteen centimeters in size. The fine fraction allows you to achieve a tight fit of the grains to each other. Therefore, in the process of tamping, the surface is perfectly flat. A coating of this class is suitable for the improvement of courtyards and sports grounds.

About improvement

Any coating has its own advantages and disadvantages. Asphalt is no exception. Its advantage can be considered the possibility of using specialized equipment during the installation process. Note that building concrete, for example, is only laid by hand, which is incredibly difficult.

The main disadvantage of this artificial material is its strong odor. And all because bitumen is present in the mixture, which, under the influence of high temperatures, begins to smell strongly. This causes some discomfort.

If we talk about asphalt paving, then this process is quite complicated. It requires strict adherence to technology. Note that for each individual stage of installation, there are rules. If all the rules are followed, then the finished coating will last for many years. It should also be added that a variety of techniques and equipment are used in the installation process. Therefore, it is not enough just to attract experienced specialists and study the technology in detail. You also need to have a license confirming that the company has the right to provide the relevant services.

In addition, the contractor must know how to correctly calculate the thickness of the future pavement, how to make the markings, and carry out all the necessary work. He is also obliged to guarantee the quality. This is very important, because each of us knows perfectly well how domestic companies like to save on this process. As a result, the road surface disintegrates in just one season.

Road paving

So, asphalt paving is a multi-stage technological process. It is not easy to do, especially during the cold season. It is important to be extremely precise and meticulous. If the standards are violated, then the consumption of materials will increase significantly, and the coating will quickly become unusable.

But first, let's figure out what the asphalt pavement consists of. And it includes the following components:

• Crushed stone.
• Sand.
• Bitumen and bitumen emulsion.
• Mineral powder or stone flour.
• Asphalt.

Each of these components is taken in strictly defined proportions. In no case should you replace clean crushed stone and sand with stone crushing products.

The work process begins with the fact that the area is carefully marked. The asphalt should be level with the ground. That is why the soil itself is first prepared. The loosest part of it is removed with a bulldozer. It turns out, as it were, a bathtub for laying the material. Its bottom is covered with sand, which is compacted with a vibratory roller and covered with a special material. It is called geotextile. Its function is to prevent rubble from sinking into the sand layer. This increases the level of strength.

The asphalt itself is laid either on a rigid concrete base or on a crushed stone pad. For its preparation, three types of crushed stone are used. First, the largest species is filled up, and then the medium and small ones. As it is poured, each of the layers is also compacted using a roller. When the pillow is ready, it must be watered with a bitumen emulsion.

The final stage is the laying of asphalt, which is thoroughly mixed with fine sand and stone flour. This mixture is heated to the desired temperature and stacked in layers. Each should be about seven centimeters thick. During the paving process, an asphalt paver is used. This serious technique is equipped with many sensors and its own computer. At the end of the process, the finished coating is again watered with a bitumen emulsion.

Note that technology is subject to change. It all depends on what type of material will be used in the process. For example, hot asphalt is laid in a very different way from cold asphalt. Updating the existing coverage is also carried out using a different technology. In this case, there is no need to make a new foundation. It is necessary either to simply remove the old coating, or to ensure high-quality adhesion of the old and new layers. Note that you cannot lay asphalt in rainy weather. This will cause the compound to cool too quickly, preventing it from compacting properly.

If the laying of asphalt will take place in winter, then it is necessary to use warm asphalt concrete. Its main difference lies in the content of special additives. It is thanks to them that the laying of asphalt in the winter becomes possible.

As for the laying of cold asphalt, it is usually used for patching. This is because the cold coating achieves the required strength through compression. In other words, the finished mixture is simply placed on the desired area and tamped using heavy equipment. At the end of the repair work, the movement of transport is fully restored, which also contributes to an increase in the strength of the laid mixture.

The good thing about cold asphalt is that it can be laid in all weather conditions. Moreover, this technology allows you to minimize the amount of waste. The material that remains can be used in the future.

About defects in asphalt pavement and ways to eliminate them

Now let's look at what defects can appear on the asphalt pavement, understand the reasons for their appearance and how to eliminate them.

1. Short waves repeating every half a meter. In this case, the composition is likely to be unevenly fed to the auger feeders of the stacker. As a result, the pressure of the screed on the surface is constantly changing. To eliminate the defect, you need to carefully inspect the batteries of the asphalt paver and the screed itself. It is also necessary to pay attention to the temperature of the composition and its stability.
2. Long waves. Such a marriage occurs due to fluctuations in the composition and its temperature. Also, the reason may lie in abrupt changes in the movement of the roller. In addition, this flaw may be a reflection of the irregularities of the base itself. The defect is eliminated by monitoring the operation of the laying mechanisms and the quality of the working composition.
3. Breaks in the middle of the laid layer, along its edges and over the entire surface. This is most likely the fault of the asphalt paver itself, or rather its smoothing plate. Also, deformation of the coating can occur due to the low temperature of the working composition and the presence of foreign components in it. Gaps can be eliminated by rigorously monitoring the operation of the stacking equipment. Single breaks are only repaired by pouring hot mixture directly in front of the road roller.
4. Uneven surface texture. This defect appears due to the fact that the composition exfoliates, its temperature decreases, or it is simply incorrectly fed to the stacker. To eliminate the defect, you need to determine the cause of its occurrence and check the operation of the paver finisher.
5. Cracking. This defect may appear at the very beginning of the rolling process. The problem may lie in the excessive plasticity of the composition or its high temperature. Less commonly, the surface will crack due to the large temperature difference between the mixture and the substrate. In this case, the asphalt composition is checked and corrected, the compaction regime is corrected. Replacing the links of the road rollers can also help.
6. Bituminous spots on the surface. This flaw arises at the very beginning of operation. This can make the surface more slippery, especially if it is raining.

   Preparation of the base for laying asphalt concrete

   The reason for this defect is too much bitumen in the mixture, its stratification, the presence of water in it. It is possible that the very base contains too much bitumen.

   This drawback can be eliminated by controlling the level of moisture and bitumen in the mixture, changing its composition. As a last resort, oily stains can be sprinkled with fine sand.

7. Poor quality of strip contact seams. Such a nuisance can occur if you do not follow the rules for laying. Naturally, it is eliminated by strict adherence to the technology of laying the asphalt pavement. Also, experts recommend heating cold spikes with gas burners, and then rolling them up with a roller.
8. Unequal layer thicknesses. This type of scrap occurs either because the screed is not adjusted or because the paver itself was driving too fast. In this case, it is necessary to correct the operation of the asphalt paver.
9. Longitudinal cracks. A flaw of this kind arises due to the fact that the lower layer is poorly compacted. When the roller moves, this layer is displaced. As a result, cracks appear. The defect can only be partially eliminated, and then while the mixture is still warm.

This article describes asphalt road materials that are most commonly used in road construction and repair.

A list of materials indicating the features, advantages and disadvantages of each of them.

Hot asphalt - bitumen resins, which act as a binder, and a mixture of bitumen resins with sand are also called asphalt. To prepare an asphalt mixture (AC), bitumen resins are heated to a temperature above 200 degrees, and mixed with sand, which plays the role of a filler, an inert component.

AC is more liquid in comparison with asphalt concrete, and has a slightly lower strength. The AC is great for places where there is minimal or no light traffic. In this case, the asphalt pavement of the roadway will serve for many years. The speakers are transported in dump trucks, if possible, insulating the body to avoid cooling. When cooled below 130 degrees, the mixture is considered unusable, because bituminous resins harden and lose their plasticity.

If you lay such a solution, then its strength and wear resistance will be noticeably lower than expected.

Cold asphalt

Cold asphalt differs from hot asphalt in that various solvents are introduced into its composition, so bitumen resins liquefy not from temperature, but from the solvent. This allows the use of cold asphalt at temperatures down to minus ten degrees. But the optimum quality of asphalt is obtained at temperatures above plus five degrees.

Hot asphalt concrete - asphalt concrete differs from asphalt by the presence of crushed stone and gravel in its composition. Asphalt concrete production technology is similar to asphalt production technology. Bituminous resins are heated to temperatures above 200 degrees, and thoroughly mixed with sand, crushed stone, gravel, various mineral additives that change the properties of the asphalt concrete mixture (ABS). Mineral powders - crushed remains of blast-furnace slag, limestone or dolomite, can reduce the porosity of asphalt concrete and increase its frost and moisture resistance. Like AC, ABS is prepared at asphalt concrete plants (ABZ) and transported by dump trucks, minimizing heat loss if possible. Depending on the type of ABS, they contain from 40 to 60 percent of crushed stone.

Hot asphalt concrete is produced at the plant and transported to the repair site.

Cold asphalt concrete

Cold asphalt concrete - during its preparation, bitumen resins are mixed with a solvent. The rest is similar to hot asphalt concrete. The optimum application temperature is up to zero degrees. Laying can be done at temperatures up to - 10 degrees, but the quality of the coating decreases.

Liquid asphalt

Liquid asphalt is used to repair the top layer of the road surface.

Liquid (cast) asphalt - pieces of old asphalt pavement, bitumen and solvents are used for its preparation.

Such asphalt is used in the process of repairing the top layer of asphalt pavement.

Crushed stone

Crushed stone - used for the preparation of ABS. Before use, it is carefully sieved with a screen. It is also used to create a base. It is divided into fractions depending on the size. For the preparation of ABS, fractions of 5-15 mm are used.

Fractions from 5 to 100 mm are used for the base. Crushed stone is obtained by crushing hard rocks.

Crushed stone is part of hot asphalt concrete.

Sand

Sand - used for the preparation of asphalt, asphalt concrete and the top layer of the base. For the construction of the roadway, only clean sand is used, without admixtures of loam. Sand is mined in river beds and sand pits.

Sand is used to prepare asphalt, asphalt concrete and the top layer of the base.

Bitumen

Bitumen - used for the preparation of asphalt and asphalt concrete, as well as for the treatment of the base or asphalt pavement in the process of repair. Extracted from oil by distillation. They have different pour points and viscosities. In asphalt and asphalt concrete it is used as a binder.

Bitumen is used as a binder and for the preparation of asphalt and asphalt concrete.

Additives

There are two types of additives.

The first ones are used to change the operational properties of asphalt and asphalt concrete mixtures - they increase cold resistance and resistance to wear and abrasion. Ground blast furnace slag, ground ash and slag mixture of blast furnaces, cement plant dust, and other finely ground mineral substances are used as additives.

The latter change the properties of the binding material - bitumen. Most of these additives are various solvents.

The basis of the road surface

1. Coarse crushed stone 80-150 mm. Such crushed stone is used for the bottom layer of the base. The large size and irregular shapes allow the drainage of rainwater wastewater.
2. Crushed stone of medium fraction 40-80 mm. Crushed stone is used for the middle layer of the base. The use of less coarse gravel allows you to make splitting - to fill in the unevenness of the layer from the larger gravel. This will make the base thicker and stronger.
3. Fine crushed stone 10-30 mm. Used for the top layer of the base.
4. Reinforced concrete for a concrete base. Often, reinforced concrete is used as a material for the base of the road surface. For the preparation of reinforced concrete, crushed stone of various fractions, sand, cement, various additives and additives, and metal or fiberglass reinforcement are used.

The use of quality materials allows us to make a good quality roadbed. This road will serve for many years.