Electrogravity is easy

Introduction. The article describes the simplest generator electrogravity capable of both reducing your weight and increasing it. To date working installation able to change the weight in a very small range up to 50% of the original weight. Therefore, recommendations are given for its improvement. Experiments by Sergei Godin and Vasily Roshchin Two Russian physicists have created a very interesting generator. In fact, these are permanent magnets placed in a special disk with cavities for magnets. When the "disk with magnets" rotated clockwise, the weight of the generator decreased, and when rotated counterclockwise, it decreased.

Scientists put experience s but no theories have yet been proposed for their experiments.

All their experiments boiled down to the fact that scientists change the speed of rotation and observe the change in weight. According to them, the weight decreased up to 50% Flying saucer, it's simple. At first glance, the anti-gravity effect can be strengthened simply by spinning the "drum" with magnets faster. Alas, centrifugal forces will simply break the drum. This is what the experimenters observed. Therefore, the first step is to put a small electric motor on each magnet in addition to the main electric motor. The diameter of each magnet is much smaller than the whole drum, and the design of a single magnet is stronger than the prefabricated "drum"; therefore, it is possible to spin each magnet individually up to high speeds.

And you can further enhance the anti-gravity effect by adding new magnets capable of rotating equipped with mini electric motors. The second step should

, replace permanent magnets in the "drum" with electromagnets.What is a permanent magnet? In fact, this is a set of ring currents of such small electromagnets "sewn" into the body of the magnet.

flowing in the same plane. Thus, we can replace all the magnets in the Roshchin Pogodin drum with electromagnets. And apply voltage to them through sliding or liquid contacts and spin them with separate mini electromagnetic motors.

That's the whole device of the "flying saucer" according to the experiments of Roshchin Godin and the two electromagnetic paradoxes described in the article.We want to increase the weight, we rotate the electromagnets and the "drum" in one direction, we want to reduce the weight, we turn it in the other direction. Next, it should be noted very int e resin fact, discovered by physicists is the cooling of magnets. Searle found the same thing in his experiments.This will avoid possible overheating of the solenoid coils. Literature -7- Experimental study of nonlinear effects in a dynamic magnetic system Vladimir ROSCHIN , Sergey GODIN

Today, permanent magnets are found useful application in many areas human life. Sometimes we do not notice their presence, but in almost any apartment in various electrical appliances and mechanical devices, if you look closely, you can find. Shaver and speaker, video player and Wall Clock, mobile phone and a microwave oven, a refrigerator door, finally - you can find permanent magnets everywhere.

They are used in medical technology and in measuring equipment, in various tools and in the automotive industry, in DC motors, in acoustic systems, in household electrical appliances and many, many other places: radio engineering, instrumentation, automation, telemechanics, etc. - none of these areas can do without the use of permanent magnets.

Specific solutions using permanent magnets could be listed endlessly, however, the subject of this article will be short review several applications of permanent magnets in electrical engineering and power industry.

Since the time of Oersted and Ampère, it has been widely known that current-carrying conductors and electromagnets interact with magnetic field permanent magnet. The operation of many engines and generators is based on this principle. You don't have to look far for examples. The fan in your computer's power supply has a rotor and a stator.

The impeller with blades is a rotor with permanent magnets arranged in a circle, and the stator is the core of the electromagnet. remagnetizing stator, electronic circuit creates the effect of rotation of the stator magnetic field, a magnetic rotor follows the stator magnetic field, trying to be attracted to it - the fan rotates. Rotation is implemented in a similar way hard drive, and work similarly.

In electric generators, permanent magnets have also found their application. Synchronous generators for home windmills, for example, is one of the applied areas.

Generator coils are located on the generator stator around the circumference, which, during the operation of the windmill, are crossed by an alternating magnetic field of moving (under the action of the wind blowing on the blades) permanent magnets mounted on the rotor. Obeying, the conductors of the generator coils crossed by magnets direct current into the consumer circuit.

Such generators are used not only in windmills, but also in some industrial models, where permanent magnets are installed on the rotor instead of the excitation winding. The advantage of solutions with magnets is the ability to obtain a generator with low nominal speeds.

The conductive disk rotates in the field of a permanent magnet. The current consumption, passing through the disk, interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, and the disk rotates.

The greater the current, the higher the frequency of rotation of the disk, since the torque is created by the Lorentz force acting on moving charged particles inside the disk from the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. In fact, such a counter is a small power with a magnet on the stator.

To measure low currents, they are used - very sensitive measuring instruments. Here, a horseshoe magnet interacts with a small current-carrying coil that is suspended in the gap between the poles of a permanent magnet.

The deflection of the coil during the measurement is due to the torque that is created due to the magnetic induction that occurs when current passes through the coil. Thus, the deflection of the coil turns out to be proportional to the value of the resulting magnetic induction in the gap, and, accordingly, to the current in the coil wire. For small deviations, the scale of the galvanometer is linear.

You probably have a microwave in your kitchen. And it has two permanent magnets. To generate the microwave range, it is installed in the microwave. Inside the magnetron, electrons move in vacuum from the cathode to the anode, and in the process of movement, their trajectory must be curved so that the resonators on the anode are excited powerfully enough.

For curvature of the electron trajectory, top and bottom vacuum chamber magnetron installed ring permanent magnets. The magnetic field of permanent magnets bends the trajectories of electrons so that a powerful vortex of electrons is obtained, which excites resonators, which in turn generate microwave electromagnetic waves to heat food.

In order for the hard disk head to be accurately positioned, its movements in the process of writing and reading information must be very precisely controlled and controlled. Once again, a permanent magnet comes to the rescue. Inside the hard disk, in the magnetic field of a stationary permanent magnet, a coil with current moves, connected to the head.

When a current is applied to the coil of the head, the magnetic field of this current, depending on its value, repels the coil from the permanent magnet more or less, in one direction or another, thus the head starts to move, and with high accuracy. This movement is controlled by a microcontroller.

In order to increase the efficiency of energy consumption, in some countries, mechanical energy storage devices are being built for enterprises. These are electromechanical converters operating on the principle of inertial energy storage in the form of the kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel, called.

For example, in Germany, ATZ has developed a 20 MJ kinetic energy storage device with a capacity of 250 kW, with a specific energy content of approximately 100 Wh/kg. With a flywheel weighing 100 kg, rotating at 6000 rpm, a cylindrical structure with a diameter of 1.5 meters, high-quality bearings were needed. As a result, the lower bearing was made, of course, on the basis of permanent magnets.

Studying the Faraday disk and the so-called. "Faraday's paradox", spent several simple experiments and made some interesting findings. First of all, about what should be paid the most attention in order to better understand the processes occurring in this (and similar) unipolar machine.

Understanding the principle of operation of the Faraday disk also helps to understand how all transformers, coils, generators, electric motors (including a unipolar generator and a unipolar motor), etc., work in general.

In the note, drawings and detailed video With different experiences illustrating all conclusions without formulas and calculations, "on the fingers."

All of the following is an attempt to comprehend without pretensions to academic reliability.

Direction of magnetic field lines

The main conclusion that I made for myself: the first thing you should always pay attention to in similar systems- this is magnetic field geometry, direction and configuration of field lines.

Only the geometry of the magnetic field lines, their direction and configuration can bring some clarity to the understanding of the processes occurring in a unipolar generator or unipolar motor, Faraday disk, as well as any transformer, coil, electric motor, generator, etc.

For myself, I distributed the degree of importance as follows - 10% physics, 90% geometry(magnetic field) to understand what is happening in these systems.

Everything is described in more detail in the video (see below).

It must be understood that the Faraday disk and the external circuit with sliding contacts somehow form the well-known since school times frame- it is formed by a section of the disk from its center to the junction with a sliding contact at its edge, as well as the entire outer circuit(suitable conductors).

Direction of the Lorentz force, Ampère

The Ampère force is a special case of the Lorentz force (see Wikipedia).

The two pictures below show the Lorentz force acting on positive charges in the entire circuit ("frame") in the field of a donut-type magnet for the case when the external circuit is rigidly connected to the copper disk(i.e. when there are no sliding contacts and the external circuit is directly soldered to the disk).

1 rice. - for the case when the entire circuit is rotated by an external mechanical force ("generator").
2 rice. - for the case when the circuit is supplied D.C. from an external source ("engine").

Click on one of the pictures to enlarge.

The Lorentz force is manifested (current is generated) only in sections of the circuit MOVING in a magnetic field

Unipolar generator

So, since the Lorentz force acting on the charged particles of the Faraday disk or a unipolar generator will act oppositely on different sections of the circuit and the disk, then in order to obtain current from this machine, only those sections of the circuit (if possible) should be set in motion (rotate), direction the Lorentz forces in which will coincide. The remaining sections must either be fixed or excluded from the circuit, or rotate to opposite side .

The rotation of the magnet does not change the uniformity of the magnetic field around the axis of rotation (see the last section), therefore, whether the magnet is standing or rotating does not matter (although there are no ideal magnets, and field inhomogeneity around axis of magnetization caused by insufficient magnet quality, also has some effect on the result).

Here an important role is played by which part of the entire circuit (including the lead wires and contacts) rotates and which is stationary (since the Lorentz force occurs only in the moving part). And most importantly - in what part of the magnetic field the rotating part is located, and from which part of the disk the current is taken.

For example, if the disk protrudes far beyond the magnet, then in the part of the disk protruding beyond the edge of the magnet, the current of the direction opposite to the current can be removed, which can be removed in the part of the disk located directly above the magnet.

Unipolar motor

All of the above about the generator is also true for the "engine" mode.

It is necessary to apply current, if possible, to those parts of the disk in which the Lorentz force will be directed in one direction. It is these sections that must be released, allowing them to rotate freely and "break" the circuit in the appropriate places by placing sliding contacts (see the figures below).

The remaining areas should, if possible, be either excluded or minimized.

Video - experiments and conclusions

Time different stages this video:

3 min 34 sec- first experiences

7 min 08 sec- what to pay the main attention and continuation of experiments

16 min 43 sec- key explanation

22 min 53 sec- MAIN EXPERIENCE

28 min 51 sec- Part 2, interesting observations and more experiments

37 min 17 sec- erroneous conclusion of one of the experiments

41 min 01 sec- about Faraday's paradox

What repels what?

A fellow electronics engineer and I discussed this topic for a long time and he expressed an idea built around the word " repelled".
The idea with which I agree is that if something starts moving, then it must be repelled from something. If something is moving, then it is moving relative to something.

Simply put, we can say that part of the conductor (the outer circuit or disk) is repelled by the magnet! Accordingly, repulsive forces act on the magnet (through the field). Otherwise, the whole picture collapses and loses logic. About the rotation of the magnet - see the section below.

In the pictures (you can click to enlarge) - options for the "engine" mode.
For the "generator" mode, the same principles work.

Here the action-reaction occurs between the two main "participants":

• magnet (magnetic field)
• different sections of the conductor (charged particles of the conductor)

Accordingly, when the disk rotates, and the magnet is stationary, then the action-reaction occurs between magnet and part of the disk .

And when magnet rotates together with the disk, then the action-reaction occurs between magnet and outer part of the chain (fixed lead wires). The fact is that the rotation of a magnet relative to the outer section of the circuit is the same as the rotation of the outer section of the circuit relative to a fixed magnet (but in the opposite direction). In this case, the copper disk almost does not participate in the "repulsion" process.

It turns out that, unlike the charged particles of a conductor (which can move inside it), the magnetic field is rigidly connected to the magnet. Incl. along a circle around the axis of magnetization.
And one more conclusion: the force that attracts two permanent magnets is not some mysterious force perpendicular to the Lorentz force, but this is the Lorentz force. It's all about the "rotation" of electrons and the very " geometry". But that's another story...

Rotation of a bare magnet

There is a funny experience at the end of the video and a conclusion as to why part the electric circuit can be made to rotate, but it is not possible to make the "donut" magnet rotate around the axis of magnetization (with a stationary DC electric circuit).

The conductor can be broken in places of the opposite direction of the Lorentz force, but the magnet cannot be broken.

The fact is that the magnet and the entire conductor (the external circuit and the disk itself) form a connected pair - two interacting systems, each of which closed inside yourself . In the case of a conductor - closed electrical circuit, in the case of a magnet - "closed" lines of force magnetic field.

At the same time, in an electrical circuit, the conductor can be physically break, without breaking the circuit itself (by placing the disk and sliding contacts), in those places where the Lorentz force "unfolds" in the opposite direction, "released" different sections of the electric circuit to move (rotate) each in its own opposite direction to each other, and break the "chain" of magnetic field or magnet lines of force, so that different sections of the magnetic field "did not interfere" with each other - apparently impossible (?). No similarities of "sliding contacts" for a magnetic field or a magnet seem to have been invented yet.

Therefore, there is a problem with the rotation of the magnet - its magnetic field is an integral system, which is always closed in itself and inseparable in the body of the magnet. In it, opposite forces in areas where the magnetic field is in different directions are mutually compensated, leaving the magnet motionless.

Wherein, Work Lorentz force, Ampere in a fixed conductor in the field of a magnet, apparently goes not only to heat the conductor, but also to distortion of magnetic field lines magnet.

BY THE WAY! It would be interesting to conduct an experiment in which, through a fixed conductor located in the field of a magnet, pass huge current, and see how the magnet will react. Will the magnet heat up, demagnetize, or maybe it will just break into pieces (and then it’s interesting - in what places?).

All of the above is an attempt to comprehend without pretensions to academic reliability.

Questions

What remains not completely clear and needs to be checked:

1. Is it still possible to make the magnet rotate separately from the disk?

If you give the opportunity to both the disk and the magnet, freely rotate independently, and apply current to the disk through the sliding contacts, will both the disk and the magnet rotate? And if so, in which direction will the magnet rotate? For the experiment, you need a large Neodymium magnet- I don't have it yet. With an ordinary magnet, there is not enough strength of the magnetic field.

2. Rotation different parts disk in different directions

If done freely rotating independently of each other and from a stationary magnet - the central part of the disk (above the "donut hole" of the magnet), the middle part of the disk, as well as the part of the disk protruding beyond the edge of the magnet, and apply current through sliding contacts (including sliding contacts between these rotating parts of the disk ) - will the central and extreme parts of the disk rotate in one direction, and the middle one - in the opposite direction?

3. Lorentz force inside a magnet

Does the Lorentz force act on particles inside a magnet whose magnetic field is distorted by external forces?

As shown earlier, one of the most important advantages of polyphase systems is the production of a rotating magnetic field using fixed coils, which is the basis for the operation of AC motors. Consideration of this issue will begin with an analysis of the magnetic field of a coil with a sinusoidal current.

The magnetic field of a coil with a sinusoidal current

When a sinusoidal current is passed through the coil winding, it creates a magnetic field, the induction vector of which changes (pulsates) along this coil also according to a sinusoidal law. The instantaneous orientation of the magnetic induction vector in space depends on the winding of the coil and the instantaneous direction of the current in it and is determined by the rule of the right gimlet. So for the case shown in Fig. 1, the magnetic induction vector is directed upward along the coil axis. After half a period, when with the same module the current changes its sign to the opposite, the magnetic induction vector with the same absolute value will change its orientation in space by 1800. In view of the foregoing, the magnetic field of a coil with a sinusoidal current is called pulsating.

Circular rotating magnetic field of two- and three-phase windings

A circular rotating magnetic field is a field whose magnetic induction vector, without changing in absolute value, rotates in space with a constant angular frequency.

To create a circular rotating field, two conditions must be met:

The axes of the coils must be shifted in space relative to each other by a certain angle (for a two-phase system - by 90 0, for a three-phase system - by 120 0).

The currents feeding the coils must be shifted in phase according to the spatial displacement of the coils.

Let us consider obtaining a circular rotating magnetic field in the case of a two-phase Tesla system (Fig. 2a).

When passing harmonic currents through the coils, each of them, in accordance with the above, will create a pulsating magnetic field. The vectors and characterizing these fields are directed along the axes of the corresponding coils, and their amplitudes also change according to the harmonic law. If the current in coil B lags behind the current in coil A by 90 0 (see Fig. 2, b), then.

Let us find the projections of the resulting vector of magnetic induction on the x and y axes of the Cartesian coordinate system associated with the axes of the coils:

The module of the resulting vector of magnetic induction in accordance with fig. 2, in is equal to

The obtained relations (1) and (2) show that the vector of the resulting magnetic field is unchanged in absolute value and rotates in space with a constant angular frequency , describing a circle, which corresponds to a circular rotating field.

Let us show that a symmetrical three-phase system of coils (see Fig. 3a) also makes it possible to obtain a circular rotating magnetic field.

Each of the coils A, B and C, when passing harmonic currents through them, creates a pulsating magnetic field. The vector diagram in space for these fields is shown in fig. 3b. For the projections of the resulting vector of magnetic induction on

axes of the Cartesian coordinate system, the y-axis of which is aligned with the magnetic axis of phase A, can be written

The above relations take into account the spatial arrangement of the coils, but they are also fed by a three-phase system of currents with a temporary phase shift of 1200. Therefore, for the instantaneous values ​​of the coil inductions, the relations

; ;.

Substituting these expressions into (3) and (4), we get:

In accordance with (5) and (6) and fig. 2,c for the modulus of the magnetic induction vector of the resulting field of three coils with current, we can write:

,

and the vector itself makes an angle a with the x-axis, for which

,

Thus, and in this case there is a vector of magnetic induction, unchanged in absolute value, rotating in space with a constant angular frequency , which corresponds to a circular field.

Magnetic field in electric car

In order to amplify and concentrate the magnetic field in an electric machine, a magnetic circuit is created for it. The electric machine consists of two main parts (see Fig. 4): a fixed stator and a rotating rotor, made respectively in the form of hollow and solid cylinders.

Three identical windings are located on the stator, the magnetic axes of which are shifted along the bore of the magnetic circuit by 2/3 of the pole division, the value of which is determined by the expression

,

where is the radius of the bore of the magnetic circuit, and p is the number of pairs of poles (the number of equivalent rotating permanent magnets that create a magnetic field, in the case shown in Fig. 4, p = 1).

On fig. 4 solid lines (A, B and C) mark the positive directions of pulsating magnetic fields along the axes of the windings A, B and C.

Assuming the magnetic permeability of the steel to be infinitely large, we plot the distribution curve of magnetic induction in the air gap of the machine, created by the winding of phase A, for a certain moment of time t (Fig. 5). When constructing, we take into account that the curve changes abruptly at the locations of the coil sides, and in sections devoid of current, there are horizontal sections.

W Let us replace this curve with a sinusoid (it should be pointed out that for real machines, due to the appropriate design of the phase windings for the resulting field, such a replacement is associated with very small errors). Taking the amplitude of this sinusoid for the selected time t equal to VA, we write

;

.

Summing relations (10)…(12), taking into account the fact that the sum of the last terms in their right parts is identically equal to zero, we obtain the expression for the resulting field along the air gap of the machine

which is the traveling wave equation.

The magnetic induction is constant if . Thus, if we mentally select a certain point in the air gap and move it along the magnetic core bore at a speed

,

then the magnetic induction for this point will remain unchanged. This means that over time, the magnetic induction distribution curve, without changing its shape, moves along the stator circumference. Therefore, the resulting magnetic field rotates at a constant speed. This speed is usually defined in revolutions per minute:

.

The principle of operation of asynchronous and synchronous motors

Device induction motor corresponds to the image in fig. 4. The rotating magnetic field created by current-carrying windings located on the stator interacts with the currents of the rotor, causing it to rotate. The squirrel-cage induction motor is currently the most widely used due to its simplicity and reliability. Current-carrying copper or aluminum rods are placed in the grooves of the rotor of such a machine. The ends of all rods from both ends of the rotor are connected by copper or aluminum rings, which short-circuit the rods. Hence the name of the rotor.

In the short-circuited winding of the rotor, under the action of the EMF caused by the rotating field of the stator, eddy currents arise. Interacting with the field, they involve the rotor in rotation at a speed fundamentally lower than the field rotation speed 0 . Hence the name of the motor - asynchronous.

Value

called relative slip. For motors of normal execution S=0.02…0.07. The inequality of the velocities of the magnetic field and the rotor becomes obvious if we take into account that at , the rotating magnetic field will not cross the current-carrying rods of the rotor and, therefore, the currents involved in the creation of the torque will not be induced in them.

The fundamental difference between a synchronous motor and an asynchronous motor is the design of the rotor. The latter in a synchronous motor is a magnet made (at relatively low power) on the basis of a permanent magnet or on the basis of an electromagnet. Since the opposite poles of the magnets are attracted, the rotating magnetic field of the stator, which can be interpreted as a rotating magnet, drags the magnetic rotor along with it, and their speeds are equal. This explains the name of the motor - synchronous.

In conclusion, we note that, unlike an asynchronous motor, which usually does not exceed 0.8 ... 0.85, a synchronous motor can achieve a larger value and even make the current lead the voltage in phase. In this case, like capacitor banks, a synchronous machine is used to improve the power factor.

Literature

Basics circuit theory: Proc. for universities /G.V.Zeveke, P.A.Ionkin, A.V.Netushil, S.V.Strakhov. –5th ed., revised. -M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989. -528s.

Bessonov L.A. Theoretical basis electrical engineering: Electrical circuits. Proc. for students of electrical, energy and instrument-making specialties of universities. –7th ed., revised. and additional –M.: Higher. school, 1978. -528s.

Theoretical fundamentals of electrical engineering. Proc. for universities. In three tons. Under the total. ed. K.M. Polivanova. T.1. K.M. Polivanov. Linear electrical circuits with lumped constants. -M.: Energy - 1972. -240s.

test questions

What field is called pulsating?

What field is called a rotating circular field?

What conditions are necessary to create a circular rotating magnetic field?

What is the principle of operation of a squirrel-cage induction motor?

What is the principle of operation of a synchronous motor?

At what synchronous speeds are AC motors of general industrial design produced in our country?