Russian poets of the early 19th century. Russian Poetry of the 19th Century
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Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary classes, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous Shimon family. The future writer inherited his love of nature from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in "The Childhood Years of Bagrov's Grandson." Estate in Orenburg Museum Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born on March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province into the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He worked as a director in the theatre. He wrote several plays for the theater: “Rural Holiday”, “Suvorov and stationmaster" Ershov became famous thanks to his fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse” Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; mother, Turkish Salha, was taken to Russia among the prisoners. At the age of 14, he was taken to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino and wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: Little Thumb, There is no dearer sky, The Lark. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexey Vasilievich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born on October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, into a merchant family. The father was a merchant. Alexey Koltsov delved into the various economic concerns of a rural resident from the inside: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the boy’s gifted, empathetic nature, such a life fostered a breadth of soul and versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov studied reading and writing at home and showed such extraordinary abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the district school, bypassing the parish school. Started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about work, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born on February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg in Summer Garden there is a bronze monument where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Siskin and Dove. Crow and Fox. antique book Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Born in Moscow in the family of captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov spent his childhood on Arsenyeva’s estate “Tarkhany” in the Penza province. The boy received a home education in the capital, and since childhood he was fluent in French and German. In the summer of 1825, my grandmother took Lermontov to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moves to Moscow and Lermontov is enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he receives a liberal arts education.
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Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born on October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician and a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator English language, Russian poet. Marshak knew M. Gorky. Studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot around England, listening to English folk songs. Even then he began working on translations of English works. , Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born on November 22, 1821 in Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. The poet spent his entire childhood and youth on Nekrasov’s family estate, the village of Greshneva, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw people's hard work. They pulled barges across the water. He dedicated many poems to the lives of people in Tsarist Russia: Green noise, Nightingales, Peasant children, Grandfather Mazai and the hares, Motherland, etc.
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Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh into the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at a theological school and seminary. I dreamed of graduating from university, but my family went broke. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Rus', Morning, Meeting Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Monument to Nikitin I.S.
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Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist and writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew the life of the forest and its inhabitants well. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and Ducklings, Pantry of the Sun, Nature Calendar, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow. His father, Sergei Lvovich, came from a wealthy family, but little of his ancestors’ estates (in the Nizhny Novgorod province) reached Pushkin. Pushkin spent his childhood in Moscow, going for the summer to Zakharovo County, to his grandmother’s estate near Moscow. In addition to Alexander, the Pushkins had children: the eldest daughter Olga and the youngest son Lev. Little Sasha grew up under the supervision of his nanny Arina Rodionovna. He loved nature and his homeland very much. He wrote many poems and fairy tales. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC and four Russian reading books for children. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana and taught the children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He plowed the land himself, cut the grass, sewed boots, and built huts. His works: Stories about children, Kids, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, Old grandfather and granddaughter. House in Yasnaya Polyana Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the childhood of the future poet was spent in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. While still a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned as a “student” to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber cadet. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.
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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich - Russian poet, diplomat. Born on November 23, 1803 in the Oryol province in the village of Ovstug. As a child, he was educated at home. His teacher was Semyon Egorovich Raich, who instilled a love of nature. At the age of 15, Fyodor Ivanovich was a student at Moscow University. I wrote a lot about Russian nature: Spring waters, Enchantress in winter, I love thunderstorms in early May, Leaves, There are in the early autumn. On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in the Tsar’s village. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Estate MuseumF. I. Tyutchev in the village of Ovstug.
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Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small nobleman. Konstantin Dmitrievich's mother, Lyubov Stepanovna, died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them " Children's world" and "Native Word". He taught me to love my native people and nature. His works: The Scientist Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a Shirt Grew in a Field. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the Novoselki estate, Oryol province. Since childhood I loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14, he was taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840 the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are missing, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life he officially bore the surname Shenshin. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, and doctor by profession. Born on January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province. Anton's early childhood passed in endless church holidays, name day. On weekdays after school, he guarded his father’s shop, and at 5 am every day he got up to sing in the church choir. At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from high school in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: White-fronted, Kashtanka, In Spring, Spring Waters, etc.
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The nineteenth century is called the golden age of Russian poetry. During this period, the classicism beloved by writers was replaced by romanticism and sentimentalism. A little later, realism arose, gradually replacing the idealization of the world. It was in the nineteenth century that literature reached its peak, and the contribution that Russian poets of the 19th century made to this is invaluable. The list of them is really large; among such famous names as Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Afanasy Fet, there are also little-known but talented Vladimir Raevsky, Sergei Durov and many, many others.
Nineteenth century in literature
The nineteenth century was far from an easy period for Russia: a series of wars over trade routes erupted, Napoleon's military campaign began, which was then followed by more wars. All this became a huge shock for the country. It was against the backdrop of such events that literature developed. The great Russian poets of the 19th century in their work wrote about love for the motherland, the beauty of Russia, the difficult fate of the common man and the idleness of noble life, they talked a lot about the place of man in this world, about the opposition of the individual to society. Classicism created an image, romanticism elevated it above the dullness of life, sentimentalism surrounded the lyrical hero with stunning landscapes - poetry of the early nineteenth century sought to idealize the world. They used a huge number of tropes, played with in foreign words, brought rhyme to perfection - everything to reflect the ideal. Later, realism began to appear, within the framework of which classical poets no longer disdained colloquial expressions and experiments with the form of a poem: the main task was to demonstrate reality with all its shortcomings. The nineteenth century is a century of contradictions; it amazingly combined the ideality and imperfection of the world in which the poets lived.
Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844)
Krylov laid the foundation for fables in Russian literature. His name is so strongly associated with this genre that it has become something like “Aesop's fables.” Ivan Andreevich chose this form of poetry, unusual for that time, to demonstrate the vices of society, showing them through the images of various animals. The fables are so simple and interesting that some of their lines have become catchphrases, and the variety of topics allows you to find teaching for any occasion. Krylov was considered a role model by many Russian poets of the 19th century, the list of which would be far from complete without the great fabulist.
Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841-1880)
Nekrasov is most often associated with realism and the peasantry, and few people know that many other Russian poets glorified their people and their life. Surikov's poems are distinguished by their melody and simplicity. This is what made it possible to set some of his works to music. Here and there the poet deliberately uses words characteristic not of lyricists, but of peasants. The themes of his poems are close to every person, they are far from being as sublime as the idealized poetry of Pushkin, but at the same time they are in no way inferior to it. An amazing ability to demonstrate the life of ordinary people, show their feelings, talk about some everyday situations so that the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of peasant life - these are the components of Ivan Surikov’s lyrics.
Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875)
And in the famous Tolstoy family there were Russian poets of the 19th century. The list of eminent relatives was supplemented by Alexei Tolstoy, who became famous for his historical plays, ballads and satirical poems. In his works there is a love for native land, praising its beauty. Distinctive feature poems - their simplicity, which gives the lyrics sincerity. The poet’s source of inspiration was the people, which is why his work contains so many references to historical themes and folklore. But at the same time, Tolstoy shows the world in bright colors, admires every moment of life, trying to capture all the best feelings and emotions.
Pyotr Isaevich Weinberg (1831-1908)
Many poets in the nineteenth century were engaged in translating poetry from other languages, Weinberg was no exception. They say that if in prose the translator is a co-author, then in poetry he is a rival. Weinberg translated a huge number of poems from German language. For his translation from German of Schiller's drama "Mary Stuart", he was even awarded the prestigious Academy of Sciences Prize. In addition, this amazing poet worked on Goethe, Heine, Byron and many other famous writers. Of course, it is difficult to call Weinberg an independent poet. But in his transcription of the poems, he preserved all the features of the lyrics of the original author, which allows us to speak of him as a truly poetically gifted person. The contribution that Russian poets of the 19th century made to the development of world literature and translations is invaluable. The list of them would be incomplete without Weinberg.
Conclusion
Russian poets have always been an integral part of literature. But it was the nineteenth century that was especially rich in talented people, whose names forever went down in the history of not only Russian, but also world poetry.
Russian poetry of the 19th century experienced in its development at least three genuine climbs. The first, relatively speaking, dates back to the beginning of the century and is marked by the name of Pushkin. Another long-recognized poetic rise occurs at the turn of two centuries - the nineteenth and twentieth - and is associated primarily with the work of Alexander Blok. Finally, the third, in the words of a modern researcher, “poetic era” is the middle of the past so far, the 60s, although it is in poetry that the so-called “sixties” chronologically shift more noticeably to the early 50s.
In the 40s, significant and fundamentally important phenomena took place in Russian poetry. Thus, in the mid-40s, Nekrasov’s original creativity took shape, and in the 40s, Fet began to create. And yet, in this decade, in general, poetry fades into the background, which is confirmed by the external picture of literary life: a limited number of poetry collections published, the modest place occupied by poetry in magazines. And the reasons must be sought not only in the arbitrariness of publishers or the lack of aesthetic sense among critics - one CAN point out, for example, a very restrained attitude towards poetry in the second half of the 40s, even among Belinsky. In literature, analytical tendencies characteristic primarily of prose prevailed. Meanwhile, the attempt made at the very end of the 40s by such a sensitive editor and publisher as Nekrasov to revive interest in poetry seems symptomatic. A whole series of articles devoted to the poetic phenomena of the era is being planned in Sovremennik. Nekrasov’s famous article “Russian minor poets” was written within this framework.
All this was a foretaste of a new rise in poetry, signs of which were already visible from the beginning of the 50s and which by the mid-50s acquired unusual swiftness. Poetry again receives citizenship on the pages of magazines, becomes a full-blooded and independent participant in the literary process, a subject critical analysis and theoretical debates. The best critics again write a lot and with interest about it: Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, Druzhinin and Botkin. Come out and often become truly outstanding events in literary and public life poetry collections. First of all, this applies to Nekrasov’s collection of 1856. Books by Fet, Nikitin, Ogarev, Polonsky, Ap. Maykova and others. The era called specifically to poetry, and not to poetry, of which there was never a shortage. The very character of poetry also changes qualitatively. Quite a few new poets are appearing: Sluchevskin, for example, or Nikitin. What is happening, however, is not just an ordinary generational change. The process of becoming poetry looks much more complicated. Characteristic is the revival to a new life of poets who had long been established, but were almost silent in the “non-poetic” 40s. Perhaps what is most characteristic in this sense of a poet such as , is his double revival: firstly, attention to his very work, which already existed, its revival in the reader’s perception and, secondly, his extraordinary creative activity itself. One can talk about a kind of revival even of Nekrasov, who in the 1940s was experiencing a clear creative crisis, wrote little or no poetry (throughout 1849) and directly stated that he was no longer writing poetry. On the other hand, a writer like Turgenev, who created many poetic works in the “prosaic” 40s, completely parted with poetry in the “poetic” 50s.
Russian poetry after Pushkin, it carried opposing principles, expressed the increased complexity and inconsistency of life. Clearly defined and polarized, two directions are developing: democratic and “pure art.” When we talk about two poetic camps, we need to keep in mind the great diversity and complexity of relations both within each of the camps and in the relations between them, especially if we take into account the evolution of social and literary life, “Pure” poets wrote civil poetry: from liberal- accusatory (Ya. Polonsky) to protective (Ap. Maikov). Democratic poets experienced a certain (and also positive) influence from the poets of “pure art”: Nikitin, for example, in his poetry of nature. The flourishing of Khatir poetry is mainly associated with the democratic movement. Nevertheless, “pure art” put forward a number of major satirical talents: N. Shcherbina and especially A.K. Tolstoy, who wrote many satirical works - both independent and within the framework of collective authorship, creating the famous Kozma Prutkov. And yet, in general, there is a fairly clear divide between poetic movements. In the confrontation and confrontation of these two trends, intensified social struggle often manifested itself. The poles could perhaps be designated by two names: Nekrasov and Fet. “Both poets began to write almost simultaneously,” the critics stated, “both experienced the same phases of social life, both made a name for themselves in Russian literature... both, finally, are distinguished by far from ordinary talent, and for all that in poetic there is almost not a single common point in the activities of each of them.”
More often, the Nekrasov school - and here we are talking about just such a school - means poets of the 50s - 70s, ideologically and artistically closest to him, who experienced the direct influence of the great poet, even organizationally united in essence due to that circumstance that most of them were grouped around a few democratic publications: Nekrasov’s Sovremennik, Russian Word, Iskra.
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Niobium in its compact state is a lustrous silvery-white (or gray when powdered) paramagnetic metal with a body-centered cubic crystal lattice.
Noun. Saturating the text with nouns can become a means of linguistic figurativeness. The text of the poem by A. A. Fet “Whisper, timid breathing...”, in his
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Abstract on the topic: “Russian poetry of the 19th century”
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Content
Introduction
1. The Golden Age of Russian Poetry: general characteristics period
2. Golden age of Russian poetry: main representatives
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
In the history of the thousand-year culture of Russia, the 19th century is called the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. This was the rise of the Spirit, a cultural upsurge that can rightly be considered the great Russian Renaissance.
The 19th century fully expressed the synthesizing, philosophical-moral, conciliar-collective character of Russian culture, its patriotic-ideological character without which it loses its soil and destiny. It manifests itself everywhere - from universal-cosmic quests to almost practical “instructions” for answering eternal Russian questions: “Why? Who is to blame? What to do? Who are the judges?”
Literature in the 19th century was the most influential form of national culture. This is the time when its largest representatives worked, who gave spiritual food to two centuries of all mankind! Thus, Paul Valéry called the Russian literature of the 19th century century one of the three greatest wonders of human culture.
Poets A.S. Pushkin, V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, D.V. Davydov, F.N. Glinka, P.A. Katenin, V.F. Raevsky, K.F. Ryleev, A A. A. Bestuzhev, V. K. Kuchelbecker, A. I. Odoevsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig, E. A. Baratynsky, N. M. Yazykov, I. I. Kozlov, D. V. Venevitinov and others. Their poetry left a noticeable mark on Russian literature.
Thus, this topic is still quite relevant today.
1. The Golden Age of Russian poetry: general characteristics
Engine of Russian development literature of the 19th century century, which continues to “work” to this day, has become poetry.
The beginning of the “Golden Age” can be called 1808, because already in some of the first mature works of Zhukovsky, the individual intonation so characteristic of poetry that has become “higher” is very clearly visible. In the early 20s, Byron's influence was noticeable, and such a form of expression as the poetic story became popular.
What was the peculiarity of the Russian "golden age"?
Firstly, the breadth and enormity of the tasks we have set ourselves. Secondly, the high tragic tension of poetry and prose, their prophetic effort. Thirdly, the inimitable perfection of form.
Another feature of the “golden age”: the tragic, prophetic tension of poetry and prose is expressed even more strongly by his direct heirs than Alexander Pushkin himself. The poems of this time are very original, in contrast to the fact that earlier eras borrowed more.
Most of what was written by our classics in the 19th century has long become a literary anthology. Today it is impossible to imagine a person who would not know and have not read such a cult novel in verse by Pushkin as “Eugene Onegin” or Lermontov’s great poems “The Demon” and “Mtsyri”. Dozens of poems memorized since school still evoke feelings of warmth and joy in our hearts; these poems, just like many years ago, continue to breathe and live in our souls. They continue to warm us, give us hope, help us not to lose heart; they are always ready to become our guiding light.
"Golden age"...
Was lit by two literary trends- classicism (M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin, D. Fonvizin) and sentimentalism (A. Radishchev, N. Karamzin), then romanticism (K. Ryleev, V. Zhukovsky) is already preparing the transition to realism, to the greatest masterpieces of Russian literature of the new century. When approaching this special period for Russian literature, it is important for the teacher to prepare a short introductory story about these directions, designed to make a transition from repeating information about the literature of the 18th century to characterizing the golden age of Russian poetry with the names of the largest Russian poets - Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Fet.
Remember Pushkin’s words about V. A. Zhukovsky:
His poems are captivatingly sweet
Centuries will pass the envious distance -
and the words of V. G. Belinsky that Zhukovsky discovered the “America of Romanticism” in Russia. Let us draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that Zhukovsky, a wonderful translator, the greatest poet of romanticism, the author of numerous elegies, messages, romances, songs, ballads, an exponent of emotional experiences (longing and sadness, the joy of love, compassion), sought to live as he wrote. “Life and poetry are one,” the poet asserted.
Schoolchildren at this age can already understand Zhukovsky’s judgment that for the poet, the more humane the people, the more humane and happier the state; A person’s happiness is in his soul, and everything beautiful and sublime must conquer, but for this one must despise petty interests, vanity, and strive for the sublime. It is useful to give the task of comparing two works, revealing how the objective world of Derzhavina replaced by description emotional signs, shades from Zhukovsky:
G. Derzhavin. "Nightingale"
On a hill, through a green grove,
At the shine of a bright stream,
Under the roof of a quiet May night,
In the distance I hear a nightingale...
V. Zhukovsky. "Evening"
A stream winding through the light sand,
How pleasant is your quiet harmony!
With what sparkling you roll into the river!..
In Zhukovsky’s descriptions, as in ballads, feeling prevails (remember “Lyudmila”). It is important that schoolchildren understand that Zhukovsky creates a national-historical flavor, folk legends, customs, and a call for humanism and moral beauty prevail.
For the review lesson after the final lessons on XVIII century On the topic “Russian poetry of the 19th century,” schoolchildren prepare reports:
About Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov - one of the founders of Russian romanticism, author elegies, messages (“certainty and clarity are the first and main properties of his poetry,” according to V. G. Belinsky), whose poetry is based on the dream of a perfect man;
- about Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker, the essence of whose romanticism lies in the glorification of heroes who are capable of instilling high civic feelings, as well as about what is interesting about his fate and work;
- about Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, the essence of accusatory odes, elegies, messages, poems, whose “thoughts” are in the statement “I am not a poet, but a Citizen” (an expression of civic feelings with the help of broad historical paintings on heroic examples - Susanin, Ermak);
- about the galaxy of Russian lyricists: Baratynsky, Maikov, Fet etc.
Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky is the author of poems (“Feasts”, “Ball”, “Gypsy”, etc.), critical articles, but most importantly - lyrical poems. It is important to explain to schoolchildren that according to Baratynsky, “a person is doomed to eternal disappointment”:
The years change us
And with us are our morals;
I love you with all my heart,
But your fun is alien to me...
Ninth-graders are already familiar from previous classes with the poems of Tyutchev and Fet, Maykov and Polonsky, Pleshcheev and Ogarev, so it will not be difficult to prepare short essays and reading one or two poems for such review lessons. Invite them to be creative, think through lessons dedicated to A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.
Students begin their story about Tyutchev by answering the questions: when was the poet born and died? What is especially characteristic of his poetry?
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
His poetry is characterized by a philosophical understanding of the world. Nature appears before us in constant motion, majestically beautiful and solemnly tragic. Man is involved in the cosmos.
Poet dissatisfied with modernity, in his poems there is a dream of spiritual life, a desire to comprehend Russian reality (“Russia cannot be understood with the mind ...”, “Russian woman”, “Tears”). We read Tyutchev's works, lines love lyrics, imbued with global ideas, we see the landscapes of our native nature- all these are unsurpassed masterpieces that you always want to return to...
Apollo Nikolaevich Maikov
- “this is a poet-artist, a plastic poet, but not lyricist; a writer remarkable for the masterful finishing of his poems, from his first appearance before the Russian public he became a poet of thought and fearlessly took upon himself all the endless work associated with this title” (A. Druzhinin). The author of poems whose heroes are ordinary people- fishermen, artists, cheerful girls. A close look at the natural world and an accurate transfer of impressions distinguish the most famous works: “Spring! The first frame is being exhibited...", "Oh my God! Yesterday there was bad weather...”
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet
Poet of direct experiences and impressions. “...In his best moments he goes beyond the limits indicated by poetry and boldly takes a step into our region” (P. Tchaikovsky). The desire to express the “inexpressible” tension of hearing and vision, the instantaneity of perception, the change of colors and sounds (“Quiet under the forest canopy...”, “Oh, how it smelled of spring!..”).
Apollo Alexandrovich Grigoriev
Poet, literary and theater critic. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow university. Began publishing in 1843. He published his only book of poems (1846). Then he turned to large poetic forms. Subsequently he became the leading critic of the Moskvityanin magazine. In the early 1860s, he published critical articles in the magazine of the brothers F. M. and M. M. Dostoevsky “Time”. Known as a memoirist. Author of poems about conflict modern man with the prosaic world.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky
Poet, prose writer. He graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium and studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. He began publishing poetry in 1840. A recognized master of psychological lyricism, who conveyed inner world, man in his constant inconsistency and variability. He is also known as a prose writer who with all his soul perceives the commoner, the working man, his sorrows, needs, joys (“Reapers”, “Road”, “Challenge”, “Prisoner”).
Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
Poet, playwright, prose writer. He was brought up by A. A. Perovsky (his pseudonym is Antony Pogorelsky). He passed the exam for rank at Moscow University and served as a diplomat. Then he was brought closer to the court. He began to publish as a prose writer. Gained fame lyrical poems, historical ballads and the novel “Prince Silver”. The lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy, affirming the value of the earthly world, are imbued with longing for the beautiful and infinite, spilled in nature. He is known as the author of poems, satirical poems, and a wonderful dramatic trilogy (“The Death of Ivan the Terrible,” “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich,” “Tsar Boris”). The main themes of his poetic works are nature and love (“My bells...”, “You are my land, my native land...”, “If you love, you are crazy...”), special place Ballads (“Vasily Shibanov”, “Prince Mikhailo Repnin”) occupy a place in his work.
A short story can be told about Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev (poems “Prisoner”, “Tavern”). We can briefly talk about Alexei Nikolaevich Pleshcheev - poet, translator, prose writer, memoirist and theater critic. He studied at the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets, and then at St. Petersburg University. In his youth, he became close to the circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky and, together with F.M. Dostoevsky and other members of the circle, was exiled. He gained literary fame with the publication of his first collection of poems (1846) and until the end of his life he retained his reputation as a poet with a noble and pure direction. Pleshcheev, in addition to poems (“Forward! Without fear and doubt...”, “We are brothers according to feelings...”), owns stories, short stories, translations, plays and critical articles.
So, review lessons on the topic “Russian poetry of the 19th century” are preceded by thematic lessons dedicated to Pushkin or Lermontov, Nekrasov; they can be conducted as a montage lesson, or a conference lesson, or a concert lesson (short messages and reading poems). The presenter, naturally, will be the teacher, who has previously distributed the material of stories about poets and poetic texts for reading. The teacher begins the montage, then takes on short comments designed to tie together all the parts, as well as the overall result of such a double lesson; It is appropriate to provide answers to the following sample questions and tasks:
What are the distinctive properties of the poetry of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov?
- What are the features of the creativity of Tyutchev and Fet, Ryleev and Pleshcheev?
- Remember and name the greatest poets Pushkin's time.
- Tell us about the life and work of one of poets of the 19th century century.
- Prepare a story " Poetry XIX century."
Bukhshtab B. Russian poets. - L., 1970.
Gorodetsky B. Russian lyrics: Historical and literary essays. - L., 1974.
Korovin V. Poets of Pushkin’s era. - M., 1980.
Korovin V. Russian poetry of the 19th century. - M., 1987, 1997.
Semenko I. Poets of Pushkin’s era. - M., 1970.
Russian poets: Anthology / Ed. V. I. Korovin. - M., 1990. - Part I.
V. Ya. Korovina, I. S. Zbarsky, V. I. Korovin, Literature 9th grade. Methodological advice - M.: Education, 2003. - 162 p.: ill.