Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in structures;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- This members of the proposal, associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed in words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed in words different parts speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If this minor members sentences, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in writing punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room contained simple furniture: old sofa, table, two chairs.

  (general word - furniture);

• words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject with different sides, according to various criteria.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?

4. Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?

7. What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?

   • general word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions

Often homogeneous members are found in sentences. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these issues.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

Thus, homogeneous members are those parts in a sentence that perform the same function in the syntactic sense. In another way, we can say that they refer to one general word or are dependent on it. For example, all the adjectives in the sentence “White, blue and green balls flew into the air” are homogeneous definitions. In writing, they are separated by punctuation marks, usually commas, and also by conjunctions. In speech, pauses are formed between them. Homogeneous members are not always the same parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence “The student answered correctly, intelligently, in excellent language.” Homogeneous members are equal in rights, independent of each other. In addition to this, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's look at them in more detail with the examples given. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence “Blue, yellow and pink flowers“All definitions answer the question “which ones?” Thus they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are identical members of the sentence. Thus, in the sentence “Brother and sister met,” homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they refer to a single specific word. Thus, in the phrase “they rested and worked,” all verbs are connected with a pronoun. And finally, fourthly, homogeneous members have equal rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the conjunction “and” between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As stated above, they must be separated by something.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members are, as a rule, commas. They are placed in cases where these equal parts are not connected by unions. If such a provision exists, then there is no need for punctuation marks. It's a different matter if adversative or repeating conjunctions are used. An example of this would be the sentences “She felt happy but tired” and “In the evening they either dance or read.”

The meaning of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: “Why are homogeneous members of a sentence needed?” After all, from all the wealth of words you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, sentences turn out dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous terms are used to more accurately describe any objects and phenomena. IN

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function(i.e. occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications with homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although shallow, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because it develops; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because though.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repetitive identical shapes, connected by a particle no, that's right : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I’ll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look etc.;

4) phraseological units type: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forward, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

What are series of homogeneous members? You will find the answer to this question in this article. In addition, we will tell you what types such sentence members are divided into, as well as how they should be separated.

General information

Series of homogeneous members are those members of a sentence that are associated with the same word form and also perform the same syntactic function. As a rule, such words are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Moreover, in a sentence they are arranged contactally (that is, one after the other), and also quite often allow any rearrangement. Although it is not always possible. After all, the first in such a series is usually called that which is primary from a chronological or logical point of view, or the most important for the speaker.

Main features

The series of homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following features:

Homogeneous members: examples in a sentence

To make it more clear to you what such members are, we present clear example: “Below, the sea surf roared widely and rhythmically.” In this passage there are 2 circumstances (broad and measured). They have (with the help of the conjunction “and”), and also depend on the main member of the sentence (predicate) - made noise (that is, made noise “how?” widely and measuredly).

What do they serve as?

Homogeneous members appear in a sentence both as main and secondary members. Here are some examples:

• “Vegetable gardens, meadows, groves and fields stretched along both banks.” Such a series of homogeneous members acts as the subject.
• “The lanterns are now dim, now bright.” This
• “Everyone began vying with each other to praise Anton’s intelligence, courage, and generosity.” These are homogeneous additions.
• “The dog whined, lay down, stretched out its front paws and put its muzzle on them.” These are homogeneous predicates.
• “The wind was hitting the sides of the boat more and more sharply, more persistently and forcefully.” These are similar circumstances.

Types of homogeneous members

The series of homogeneous members, examples of which are presented in this article, in a sentence can be both common and non-common. That is, such expressions can have any explanatory words with them. Here's an example:

What part of speech can they act as?

A number of homogeneous members in a sentence can be expressed by one part of speech. Although this rule is not always mandatory for him. After all, one and the same member often appears in the form of different parts of speech. This is due to the fact that they can have completely different morphological expressions. Let's give an example: "The horse moved slowly (in the form of an adverb), with dignity (in the form of a noun with a preposition), stamping its hooves (in the form of an adverbial phrase)."

One-dimensionality

All homogeneous members used in a sentence must denote one-dimensional phenomena in some respect. If you break this rule, the text will be perceived as an anomaly. Although this method is often deliberately used by some authors for stylistic purposes. Here are a few examples of proposals:

• “Only Misha, winter and heating were awake.”
• “When mother and frost allowed me to stick my nose out of the house, Masha went to wander around the yard alone.”

Construction method

Homogeneous members are often arranged in a sentence in a row that represents unity in meaning and structure. Let's give an example: “Cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, potatoes, etc. grew in the garden.”

It should also be noted that one sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Let's look at an illustrative example: “The frost on the street grew stronger and stung my face, ears, nose, and hands.” In this sentence, “tightened and pinched” is one row, and “face, ears, nose, hands” is the second row.

"Exceptions" to the rules

Not all enumerations in a given text are homogeneous. Indeed, in some cases such combinations act as a single member of the sentence. To deal with such exceptions, let's present a few illustrative examples:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If the members of a sentence act as a definition, then they can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are expressions that relate to a defined word. That is, they are connected to each other by a coordinating connection. In addition, they are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration.

Homogeneous definitions in a given sentence can characterize a phenomenon or an object from the same side (for example, by properties, material, color, etc.). In this case, commas should be placed between them. Let's give a clear example: “Violent, mighty, deafening rain poured onto the city.”

As for heterogeneous definitions, they characterize an object from completely different sides. In such situations there is no coordinating connection. That is why they are pronounced without the intonation of enumeration. It should also be noted that between heterogeneous definitions no commas are used. Let's give an example: “There were tall, dense pine trees in a large clearing.”

Summarizing words

Homogeneous members may have generalizing words that occupy the following positions:

• Before or after homogeneous members. Let's give an example: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: clothes, face, thoughts, and soul,” “In the bushes, in the grass of wild rosehip and dogwood, on the trees and in the vineyards, aphids have developed everywhere.”
• After, or rather before, homogeneous members there may be words such as “namely”, “somehow”, “for example”. They usually indicate further enumeration. Let's give an example: “The game of hunters includes not only birds, but also other animals, namely: wild boars, bears, wild goats, deer, hares.”
• After homogeneous members, or rather before generalizing words, there may be expressions that have the meaning of a total (for example, “in one word,” “in a word,” etc.).

The concept of a complex sentence

Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

1. The concept of a complex sentence

Complex sentences include those sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and phrases: isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, inserted constructions, addresses, comparative phrases. Complex sentences on the transitivity scale occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative element that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativeness is a message additional to the main statement about the relevance of what is being expressed to reality.

1. Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence – these are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The basis for the selection of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single-functionality;

2. subordinating connection with a common / subordinate or subordinate / word;

3. a coordinating connection between them, marked by intonation or coordinating conjunctions.

For example: A fairy tale is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ – in this sentence, homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate needed and are in a relationship of comparison, realized by a coordinating conjunction. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A. Pushkin/.

The main members of one-part sentences are not covered by all three parameters, therefore their syntactic structure is not recognized or is called into question: They didn’t knock, didn’t shout, didn’t bother with questions/A. Chekhov/: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Both main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Gardenerfell silent, shoved tube behind the boot top (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; We walked past Dunyashkacaps and scarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) – homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) – homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but can be expressed by different parts of speech: Spokehe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in the voice andSo , as if he himself was listening carefully to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following signs:

Take the position of one member of the sentence;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating connection;

Connected together by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually they express similar concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not considered in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an enhanced manifestation of a characteristic, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going V open field(P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink and drink , and the water from the ground flows and flows/IN. Peskov/.

In complete phraseological expressions: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.

When two verbs are combined in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its purpose, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go have a look class schedule;took it and did it vice versa, etc.

Members of a sentence connected by explicative/clarifying-explanatory/ relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid-April, the oak was black and gloomy/IN. Krutilin/.

This phenomenon also does not provide syntactic homogeneity modern language, as an indication of an object in its relation to another object: Tolstoy and his contemporaries: readers and the book: student and perestroika. The presence of an alleged coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic predicament: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In a block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected by meaning and grammatical means: intonation, coordinating conjunctions and lexico-grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is coordinating connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(meaning “and”), neither...nor and others. Union And can be single or repeating. A single conjunction shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

Repetition of the union And before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union And can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Repeating conjunction neither...nor used in negative sentences, acting as a conjunction And, For example: Neither the sea nor the sky were visible behind the rain (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech; its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating member, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, and Cat, and Falcon once swore to each other eternal friendship(Kr.).

Opposing alliances: ah, but, yes(meaning “but”), however, etc.

Union A shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: The Tit gave glory, but did not light the sea(Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union A indicates a contrast: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union But introduces a hint of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes adds a conversational tone: He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart(Kr.).

Conjunctions emphasize opposition however And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction And: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Gr.).

Dividing unions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, either... or etc.

Union or(single or repeating) indicates the need to select one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: I was allowed to go to the river with Yevseich every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Aks.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), has a colloquial character: Gavrila decided that the mute either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

Repeating conjunction then... then indicates the alternation of phenomena: The stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared (T.)

Repeating conjunction whether... whether has a separative-enumerative meaning.

Repeating conjunctions not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

Comparative(gradational): both - so and; not only – but also; although and – but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not as much - as much as - as much comparisons matter: Although it is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful quality (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; and even then; and even then Also have connecting meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the works and successes of my friends (P.)

One sentence may contain several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members. In one composed series, synonyms and antonyms occur, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the series: Rejoicing and mourning, and dripping with black blood , She looks, looks, looks at youWith both hatred and love (Block).