The router uses special devices called repeaters. By design, these elements are quite similar, but there are still differences. First of all, it is important to determine the main indicators of repeaters. If we talk about receivers, then they should take into account the limiting frequency.

Additionally, the throughput of the device is evaluated. Also, the main parameters of the devices include tracking accuracy and sensitivity. You can use the router as a WiFi repeater. It is quite difficult to assemble it at home, but it is possible. In this case, it is better to use some faulty router for details. Thus, in the future it will be possible to avoid many problems.

Diagram of a simple repeater

The repeater scheme implies the use of different receiver frequencies. Also, any model includes a low-power processor, which is designed for a certain number of channels. Thus, repeaters are able to support various formats. Resistors and capacitors are used to transmit a signal over a distance. With interference in the circuit, various filters will help the user to cope. They are installed, as a rule, of a mesh type. However, in this case, much depends on the limiting frequency of the repeater.

Highly sensitive models

Making a highly sensitive WiFi repeater with your own hands can be quite simple. For this, it is important to select the receiver only at 20 Hz. In this case, the processor is installed last. Chip ports must be purchased separately. To do this, you must first install all the resistors. They are selected for this purpose of the analog type. The antenna for the repeater is best taken from the router. Capacitors for this device are suitable variable type. Their throughput is pretty good. The processor at the end of work should be mounted near the capacitor. Thus, the signal transmission quality will be enhanced.

WEP devices

In order to understand how to make a WiFi repeater with the WEP standard, you need to familiarize yourself with the principle of operation of multichannel processors. It is important to select resistors only electromagnetic. The maximum negative resistance they must be able to withstand is 5 ohms. In order to increase the bandwidth parameter, many experts advise choosing heavy-duty capacitors. Their minimum capacitance must be 4 pF. Filters in this case are installed last. The ports on the chip are soldered at the output. In this case, the resistors in the WiFi repeater must be placed in pairs to improve the signal.

IEC Models

A WiFi repeater of this type is quite in demand today. This is due to the fact that its sensitivity is good, while the coverage area is extensive. It is difficult to create this type of device at home. However, an old router can greatly simplify the task. First of all, a microcircuit is installed in the case. There should be three resistors on it.

They must withstand a maximum negative resistance of 7 ohms. All this will increase the sensitivity of the device to the desired level. To solve the discretization problem, many experts advise choosing only two-bit capacitors in the store. They are quite expensive, but they have good compatibility with the processor. It is advisable to install absorption filters at the output of the circuit. All this will significantly increase the bandwidth of the signal.

How to make an SSID repeater?

A WiFi amplifier-repeater of this type is assembled from a processor for two channels. Additionally, it should be borne in mind that the receiver for this device requires a fairly powerful one. The minimum parameter of its limiting frequency must be 20 Hz. In this case, the bandwidth can be adjusted through transistors. They are selected, as a rule, of the emitter type. However, many experts prefer integrated analogues. They are able to withstand negative resistance at the level of 4 ohms.

In this case, the modulation process is quite fast. Capacitors for the device must be selected based on the sensitivity parameter of the device. If this indicator exceeds 60 dBm, then it is important to use only closed type. In this case, the capacitance of the capacitors must be at least 3 pF. Ports can normally be used from an outdated router. In order to understand how to set up a WiFi repeater, just go to the control panel of the router.

Devices with PP20 transmitter

This transmitter is capable of boasting a limiting frequency of 23 Hz. It comes with a dual channel processor. In this case, any capacitors can be selected. To increase the throughput of the device, many experts recommend the use of analog-type resistors. They must maintain negative resistance at around 4 ohms. Thanks to this, the quality of data transmission will be quite good.

Using the PP35 transmitter

This type of transmitter is rarely used for repeaters. This is due to the fact that the limiting frequency parameter is at only 18 Hz. All this suggests that the device may experience certain problems with data modulation during operation. Ultimately, the signal will not be transmitted over a long distance, and the speed of sending data will be significantly reduced. To solve this problem, many experts are installing zener diodes. With the help of these devices, the level of sensitivity can be stabilized.

How to make a high frequency repeater?

A high-frequency WiFi repeater supports most formats, and today is quite in demand. The receiver for these purposes is selected at least 30 Hz. In this case, the processor for the device is required for four channels. All this makes it possible to stabilize the modulation process. It is important to select capacitors for the repeater with a capacity of at least 5 pF. Resistors in this case can be used different.

In some cases, it is best to use mesh filters. However, multilayer analogues have also recently shown themselves on the positive side, and this should not be forgotten. The negative resistance parameter in the circuit must fluctuate around 4 ohms. Ports for the device can be purchased from a store or removed from the router.

11 Mbps model

You can fold a WiFi wireless repeater with such a bandwidth at home if you find a receiver for it with a frequency of at least 22 Hz. Capacitors for the device are suitable only for capacitive type. The minimum resistance of the device must withstand at the level of 3 ohms. In some cases, experts additionally use generators.

In this situation, they allow you to increase the communication range of the device. Processors for such purposes require multi-channel, with support for major formats. Microcircuits are selected only with a binary bus. The sensitivity of a repeater ultimately depends on the resistors used. It is not recommended to install them in two rows on the board.

54 Mbps devices

A WiFi signal repeater with the specified bandwidth is formed only on the basis of a multi-channel processor. Generators in this case are used quite rarely. It is possible to reduce oscillations in the circuit due to network filters. Capacitors for the device are usually used electrostatic. Their capacitance is on average 6 pF. Due to this, the modulation process is quite fast.

150 Mbps devices

A WiFi signal repeater with the specified bandwidth is a real rarity. It can be folded on the basis of a multichannel processor. In this case, it is important to select a low-frequency receiver. The resistance in the circuit should be at the level of 5 ohms. To stabilize the data transfer process, many specialists use only capacitive capacitors. They are installed on both sides of the receiver.

With sensitivity, this device will definitely have problems. This is due to the fact that multichannel processors are not able to smooth out fluctuations. All this ultimately leads to a long process of modulation. This problem can be solved only with the help of a generator. Also, many experts install dampers. With the help of them, the sensitivity of the device is significantly increased. However, for this, filters should be selected of the positional type. You can also borrow them from a broken router.

Model with 68 dBm sensitivity

Achieving this level of sensitivity can be quite simple. To do this, the receiver is installed in the WiFi repeater with a limiting frequency of 21 Hz. In turn, the processor is needed for two channels. Next you need to match the capacitors. Their minimum capacitance at the input must be 2 pF. For the output, capacitors are taken only for 4 pF.

The smoothing process in this case is provided by a gradual increase in the limiting frequency level. Additionally, it should be borne in mind that four resistors are required for the microcircuit. At the input, they must withstand a negative resistance of 5 ohms. At the output, this indicator can reach up to 9 ohms. Filters for such devices are used quite often.

Wi-Fi is a technology capable of normal operation only within the line of sight. Wireless networks are easily lost among the walls, furniture and other obstacles in the apartment. Moving the adapter or router around the house in order to increase the efficiency of the devices is not always possible. A more correct approach is to use an external, more powerful antenna - the active part of the transmitting / receiving device.

Types of Wi-Fi Antennas

In terms of use, all antennas for Wi-Fi are divided into two classes:

• for outdoor use (outdoor),
• for internal use (indoor).

These antennas differ, first of all, in their size and gain. The outdoor class implies large dimensions and the ability to attach to any support (surface). High gain in such antennas is achieved by design features. Such devices are usually used for wireless data transmission between points that are at a considerable distance from each other. It is preferable to install them in the line of sight.

Depending on the type of antenna, Wi-Fi characterizes a greater or lesser gain - one of the most important parameters of any receiving and transmitting equipment

Indoor class antennas are designed for indoor use, they are smaller in size and do not differ in outstanding gain and power. Internal antennas are attached either directly to the transmitting / receiving gadget, to the wall, or placed on the surface. The antenna is connected to the device board either directly or via a cable.

Additional Wi-Fi antenna in an apartment or house

The main reason for needing an extra Wi-Fi antenna is to boost a weak signal. This situation may arise in the following cases:

• the Wi-Fi access point is located at a considerable distance (if the room is large), there are obstacles (walls, ceilings);
• the router is not powerful enough.

Also, an additional Wi-Fi antenna may be needed if you need to organize a “router - several client points” network, or if you need to connect several PCs “over the air”.

DIY manufacturing

On the network you can find many recommendations for the manufacture of various types of Wi-Fi antennas at home. As a rule, the repetition of most designs does not require deep knowledge in radio electronics, scarce materials and specialized tools. You can make any of the Wi-Fi antennas according to the instructions below in just a couple of hours.

double biquadrate

The "double square" antenna for Wi-Fi and its modifications is the most popular on the network. The classic biquad has a good gain and a wide directivity pattern. The dual biquad antenna, discussed below, has even better performance.

To repeat the design you will need:

• copper monocore (wire) with a cross section of 2 mm;
• a small sheet of aluminum 1–2 mm thick;
• a piece of rubber (vinyl) tube, plastic ties;
• soldering iron, solder, rosin, drill, drills, pliers;
• connection cable.

The manufacture of the antenna is not difficult, the main thing is to accurately maintain the dimensions, since even small deviations threaten to shift the operating parameters:

1. We draw a sketch. The length of one side of each square is 30 mm, the dimensions of the reflector are 220×100 mm, the distance between the active part and the reflector is 15 mm. We mark the holes.

   Double bi-square - an improved version of the classic bi-square antenna

2. We bend the copper core strictly in accordance with the template. We clean (if the wire is varnished) and solder the ends.

   Even a small error in size (just a couple of millimeters) will degrade the quality of the antenna

3. We make a reflector from a sheet of aluminum. We drill holes with a diameter of 3-4 mm.

   The reflector can also be made from a copper plate or (at worst) a steel sheet

4. We fasten the active element of the antenna to the plate with plastic ties through rubber tubes.

   The racks for attaching the antenna to the reflector must be made of a non-conductive material

5. We fix the adapter (or cable, if the device is located remotely) with plastic ties. Solder the removed wires. Distance between contacts - 5 mm.

   The adapter should be fixed as securely as possible, but carefully, so as not to damage the device.

The advantages of this design include:

• easy and fast production
• Significant signal amplification and stable operation.

Perhaps the only drawback of such an antenna is that even small deviations from the required dimensions threaten to reduce its effectiveness.

From an aluminum can

This design, of course, cannot be called a full-fledged antenna (in fact, it is a reflector), but to some extent it is capable of amplifying a weak Wi-Fi signal.

What will be required:

• empty aluminum can,
• knife and scissors,
• piece of plasticine.

In terms of ease of manufacture, an antenna from an aluminum can has no equal:

1. Rinse the jar. Cut off the bottom with a knife.

   Be careful during work, health is more expensive than even the highest quality Wi-Fi antenna

2. Make a cut in the upper part, but not completely - leave an uncut section 1.5-2 cm long.

   You can also break off the bottle opener at this stage.

3. Cut the jar along the back side with scissors.

   An aluminum can is easily cut with any scissors, the main thing is that the latter are sharp enough

4. Bend the metal.

   The opening angle can be selected experimentally after installation, focusing on the level of the Wi-Fi signal

5. Fix the reflector on the device with plasticine, putting it on the standard antenna of the router. Point in the right direction.

   In the absence of plasticine, use chewing gum

Advantages of an aluminum can antenna:

• ease of manufacture
• lack of scarce materials,
• versatility (will work with any router with an external antenna).

Among the minuses, it is worth noting insufficient signal amplification and unstable directionality of reception / transmission.

Powerful sheet metal antenna

The tinplate Wi-Fi antenna, known as the FA-20, is characterized by increased power and can be used to receive a signal from remote (up to several kilometers) access points.

For its manufacture you will need:

• sheet metal;
• powerful soldering iron (100 W), solder, flux (soldering acid);
• dielectric racks, fasteners (screws, nuts);
• drill, drill;
• connection cable;
• metal scissors, wooden hammer, fine sandpaper, pliers.

Repetition of the design requires at least basic plumbing skills.

Instructions for making FA-20:

1. With scissors for metal, we cut out quadrangles and strips, strictly observing the indicated dimensions. The edges should preferably be sanded.
   

   Antenna parts are cut out separately and then soldered

2. We solder the elements of the antenna. We use solder and a special flux for soldering. It is more convenient to do this on a wooden surface.
   

   Soldering tin elements should be carried out in a well-ventilated area.

3. We wash the finished structure under running water from acid. We drill holes with a diameter of 3-5 mm.
   

   If necessary, align the antenna with a wooden hammer (mallet)

4. We make a box. Dimensions - 450 × 180 mm. The height of the sides is 2–3 cm. If you do not have the skills of a tinsmith, in principle, you can do without the sides (losing a little in sensitivity) by simply cutting out a rectangle. We drill holes in it that match the holes of the active elements. We fix the parts on the racks, the distance between the parts is 20 mm.
   

   Support posts must be of insulating material

5. We solder the cable: the red dot is the central core, the blue one is the common (screen).
   

   To connect the antenna to the router, a regular TV cable is suitable

Advantages of a homemade tinplate antenna:

• high power,
• good direction,
• scarce or expensive materials for manufacturing are not required.

A significant disadvantage of the FA-20 is the complexity of its manufacture. In addition, the antenna is quite large and is more likely to be suitable for installation on a roof or balcony.

Do-it-yourself Wi-Fi antenna variations

On the Internet, among the huge variety of homemade Wi-Fi antennas, the so-called “double square” and its variants are most often found. However, you can also see a lot of handicrafts that are different from the classics.

You can choose and try to make any of the antennas, however, be aware that not all of these products are really high performance, as the authors claim.

Photo gallery: other homemade designs

The MIMO antenna has two circuits inside one housing and, accordingly, two connectors for separate reception and transmission. This variation of the biquad antenna amplifies the signal many times over. The reflector of the biquad antenna is often made of foil fiberglass. and on the street An antenna made of cans looks original, but in fact it is not a very effective design Petal steamer in this design can be replaced with a colander or an iron bowl

Connection

The method of connecting a Wi-Fi antenna depends on the type of router, adapter or other device used. In most cases, you will have to open the gadget, find the place where the standard antenna is connected (soldered) and connect (solder) the self-made cable in the same way. It is very convenient when the gadget provides for an independent connection of an external antenna, this can be done in the form:

• connector in the battery compartment, on the back cover of the device, inside the case, etc.;
• the so-called pigtail (usually located directly on the device board).

If the adapter has a removable standard antenna, a home-made design can be connected instead.

In any case (excluding the soldering option), you will need the appropriate connector-connector, which can be purchased at the radio store. You are lucky if your router has an output for connecting an external antenna headset You can install the pigtail jack on the gadget body yourself if you are confident in your own abilities A tiny connector on the device board is used to attach a special pigtail extension standard antenna

Setting

Setting up a homemade Wi-Fi antenna comes down, first of all, to installing it in the right direction. In this case, the following conditions must be observed:

• take into account the signal propagation vector of the Wi-Fi signal receiver/transmitter;
• take into account the presence of barriers between transmitting and receiving devices;
• take into account the fact that hard surfaces reflect the signal, and soft surfaces, on the contrary, absorb it;
• if possible, install the antenna within the line of sight relative to the receiver / transmitter.

For best performance, the antenna should point towards the access point.

During the setup phase, the cable length should be reduced as much as possible, so you get rid of unnecessary signal losses and improve its quality.

How to test changes

The simplest and most affordable option for testing a homemade Wi-Fi antenna is to measure changes in the speed of the Internet channel. To do this, a comparative study of the results is carried out alternately with a connected standard antenna and a hand-made one. You can make such measurements, for example, on the Speedtest resource. The system will automatically select the optimal server, check ping, download and upload speed.

Video: do-it-yourself Wi-Fi signal amplification

With the advent of Wi-Fi, many users have the opportunity to quickly and mobile access to the Internet. For a stable wireless connection, it is recommended to use special expensive equipment, but you can get by with a little bloodshed by assembling an external antenna with your own hands.

Recently, the number of users on the Internet has been increasing. Many want to use wireless Internet, so any user should know how to make a wi-fi transmitter and receiver. This is very beneficial, because one router allows you to use the Internet for all devices that are in its coverage area and support the Internet.

What this router should be, everyone decides for himself, there are a lot of operating factors that must be taken into account. A standard device consists of a power supply, from which it actually works, a port for connecting to the Internet via a modem, various usb inputs, and so on.

There is a very, very large number of routers, TP-Link alone has about forty types. The choice of a particular router is determined by its power, speed and the number of devices that can uninterruptedly use the network from one router.

WiFi router transmitter power each model is different. It all depends on what kind of power is initially required to achieve. But, do not forget that any router will convert the incoming speed, since the router's router cannot save the initial incoming signal. But, first of all, it all depends on the room in which the router will be used, so for a one-room apartment, a router with a capacity of up to five to six decibels is quite enough.

wifi signal map must distribute a good level of data rate over the entire required area. Therefore, when buying, check with the sellers about the capabilities of the card that is installed in the selected router.

usb models. It is worth noting that models with usb are more expensive than simple routers. The main difference between routers with usb is that they are suitable for connecting the entire system to the wireless Internet, and a simple router is only for organizing the work of a local network.

In different countries, the officially permitted wi-fi transmitter power is different, it depends on many factors connecting the router. Depending on the location of the router, on its characteristics and features, the structure of the wi-fi signal changes. Through various manipulations, the user can adjust the structure for himself. Using powerful wi-fi transmitters, the Internet coverage area reaches several kilometers.

If you still create wireless Internet for yourself using this device, then you need to carefully study all the features of a particular model, which is more suitable. It is important to decide whether the chosen modification is suitable.

How to make a wifi transceiver?

Many are faced with the fact that the level of signal reception is very low. This is due to the fact that the wifi transmitter and receiver are separated by some obstacles: walls, furniture that degrade the signal. The problem is solved by buying a modern or modifying an old device. The new wireless wifi transmitter must have a stronger signal than the existing one.

Option number 1. There are a large number of options for how to make a wifi transmitter. The simplest wifi transmitter is made from a tin can, it works well at short and medium distances.

Required material:

1. can;
2. RF N-type connector;
3. the wire.

Not all cans are suitable for making a transceiver, since ribbed cans scatter waves, so you need to take a smooth tin can with a diameter of 8.3 cm, a length of 21 cm. In addition to it, you need an N-type RF connector with a 1.2-1.6 cm nut, copper or brass wire (length 4 cm, diameter 0.2 cm) and standard tools.

Manufacturing progress. Cut off the top of the beer can, rinse thoroughly and cut a hole the diameter of your N-type RF connector 6.2 cm from the bottom. The bare copper wire is soldered to the N-type RF connector in an upward direction. Then the RF connector is fixed with a nut. Wifi transceiver is ready.

Finished antenna photo:

Option number 2. Wifi transmitters can be made from disc blanks. You will need a regular box for disks for 25 pieces.

Manufacturing progress. Cut off the spindle at a distance of 1.8 cm, form round slots, into which they attach with glue, a double square of wire (length 25 cm, diameter 0.25 cm). A disk is glued to the bottom of the box. A cable is soldered to the center, which is fixed on the back of the box.

If you wish, you can make wifi transmitters or improve existing ones. Making a transceiver is not difficult, the main thing is to observe the correct dimensions and proportions and do everything carefully. Connecting such Wi-Fi transmitters to a laptop is very simple, anyone can do it.

How to transfer data via wifi?

Wi-fi transmitter power. The Wi-Fi transmitter power parameter is one of the most important, since it is he who is responsible for the network coverage area.

There are two ways to increase the power of a wi-fi transmitter:

1. programmatically;
2. using additional equipment.

The first is to change the system settings of the equipment, since not every installer sets exactly the maximum values ​​\u200b\u200bwhen connected. The second method is solved by installing additional antennas in the router or replacing the radiating device. Installation of additional antennas may be possible only in certain models of routers.

Reception and transmission of Wi-Fi may be impaired due to thick walls or if the device is placed in a metal box with a high refractive index. To get rid of this effect, you need to move the device to the central part of the room. You can connect it to an existing network using embedded twisted-pair sockets.

PLC adapter company Rostelecom

When there is no internal wiring, you will need to use PLC adapters that output transceiver signals to electrical wiring, and accordingly to the router. With a large area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, wireless wi-fi data transmission will require the installation of additional repeaters that distribute and amplify the signal.

Wi-fi sound transmitter. To transmit sound files over a distance, 802.11 standard repeaters are also used, which have an audio output. Such devices can often be found on the market. They are a small adapter with an antenna on one end and a cable outlet on the other, which makes it possible to connect to speakers, stereo, TV or other devices.

A Wi-Fi audio transmitter, like any other device that works according to this standard, requires configuration for normal data transmission.

When designing a wireless data transmission network, the area of ​​​​the object, as well as the power and technical data of the device that provides communication, should be taken into account. For more accurate measurements, it is recommended to use special equipment. With the right calculation, uninterrupted operation of the Wi-Fi network will be ensured throughout the premises, capable of transmitting both regular files and audio content.

Video signal transmission via wifi

Modern technologies allow the transmission of a video signal in good quality over a distance in several ways. However, wireless methods for obtaining images on remote media are most commonly used. So, the wi-fi video signal is transmitted to various electronic equipment through special receiving devices. In various types of computer equipment, the necessary receivers are already present, which is the advantage of wi-fi.

Transfer analog video via wifi. The transfer of analog video over wi-fi can be complicated due to the low performance of the programs of a certain device or desktop of a personal computer. When using this method of obtaining an image at a distance, there are often difficulties in the settings between clients and the server. In general, there are more disadvantages of this method than advantages.

Many manufacturers offer to buy a wi-fi video transmitter from their company, but consumers should pay attention to its packaging, operating frequency, and software orientation.

Wi-fi video devices can transmit a signal at a distance of 100 m, which is also an important factor when choosing the device in question.

In the modern world, wi-fi video is broadcast to a mobile phone if you first install the appropriate program and select the appropriate device. You can set a password to protect the transmitted video data.

Inspired by an article from the site lan23.ru, about the manufacture of a WiFi feed for a satellite that can be used as an independent antenna, I decided to repeat this business.

You can use the sizes that I used, according to the sizes from Igor Panchenko. 10-12dB

You can use what JoMy suggested. 14-15dB

Or use the factory sizes. 10-12dB

I decided to take the first option, because the second, at the time of the creation of the antenna, did not exist yet.

Dimensions from Panchenko:
Dimensions (material thickness is not critical 0.5-2 mm. Central pin 3 mm. steel):

1. Screen diameter from 90 mm. The bead on it is 15mm. Gives plus 2-3dB
2. Active pancake diameter 68 mm. 11mm from screen. Washing 10 mm from the edge.
3. First director diameter 54mm. Distance from active 12 mm.
4. Second director diameter 38mm. Distance from 1 director 32mm.
5. Third director and subsequent 37 mm. The distance between them is 28-32 mm. At 28 mm, the antenna bandwidth is wider.

Differences in my version:
The central pin took 4mm, because there was no die for threading 3mm.
He planted pancakes not on soldering, but on nuts. So it seemed more practical.
The first pancake, the screen, made 100mm.
I decided to do without a side, because there was nothing to make it from.
The distance between the third director and the next set 28mm.

Having robbed the welders working nearby for a couple of electrodes, peeled and cleaned it with sandpaper, and started cutting threads into studs.

DO NOT DO THIS EVER! If there is no threaded stud - use a soldering iron or a torch and solder with acid!

While I cut 45 cm of thread on the electrode, I got sick like no one else. As it turned out, cutting threads of such a length was a long and tedious business, but it was too late to retreat.

Having made the studs, he began to trace the found metal.

A case of a Soviet device made of steel 1 mm thick was discovered. Also found galvanized in 0.5mm. It was decided to use the body. Metal is not critical. Copper or iron doesn't matter. As well as the thickness of the metal. The main thing is to keep in shape.

The body flatly refused to be cut with scissors. Steel stubbornly resisted, the quality was on top. I had to cut it with a hacksaw.

While I was sawing the case and sawing blanks out of it, I thought that galvanizing was also a good thing, and it was cut with a bang with scissors. But it was already too late.

If your antenna is in the case, then you can use thinner metal, which, without protection from crows, can bend.
All blanks are marked with serial numbers and diameter, so as not to be confused.
After cutting and preparation, processing began.
Metal was removed on emery not reaching the border by 0.5-1mm. After a hole was drilled and then the next stage of processing followed.

This distance was left in order to have a margin. For when reaming holes, even on a vertical drilling machine, the holes go 0.5-0.7mm to the side.
The stock during further processing allows you to remove the marriage.

After drilling the holes, two or three pancakes were clamped into a bolt or stud and fixed with a nut with Grovers.
After that, everything was inserted into the drill and the excess metal was removed on a piece of emery.
The final finishing took place on a file clamped in the same vise.
This method allows you to make almost perfect circles, and remove the marriage resulting from reaming.

The photo shows approximately assembled antennas (the dimensions between the pancakes have not yet been exactly set).

For the last pancake, I found an amazing piece of aluminum plate, 3mm thick.
This thickness perfectly allows you to make hidden screws to hold the antenna socket and fasteners.
On the left is a pancake after thermal paint removal, on the right after stripping and grinding.

Measured and drilled a hole for the connector socket. Drilled and flared mounting holes for the connector and fasteners.

Screws and self-tapping screws sat flush with the surface of the pancake.

On the reverse side, the connector is secured with nuts and washers
To mount the antenna on the bracket or in the clamp of the offset antenna, a PVC pipe, 40 cm in diameter, was used. The length is arbitrary.

Holes are made in the pipe with a thin drill, and the pipe itself sits on thin self-tapping screws 20-40 mm long.
The screws themselves are also hidden and turned out flush with the plate.

All item assembled:

In order to protect the pipe from water and not turn it into a home for some kind of insects, I made a plug and glued it in place with super glue.

Not finding what to make a protective cover for antennas from, I decided to limit myself to painting.
Having degreased and properly dried with a hairdryer, I painted them with waterproof enamel from a can in 3 layers.
Another advantage of painting is that the paint additionally locks the nuts.

Type of products after painting:

Antenna mounted on the roof.

Antenna mounted on the return, on the balcony.

Attention!

I made a huge mistake!
A PL-259 socket and connector was purchased not for the proper frequency. These jacks and connectors are rated for 300 MHz and not 2400 MHz as needed for Wi-Fi.
On Wi-Fi, as well as 3G, you need a socket and connector of the N-245 or N-P245 type.

Fortunately, they were the same size and fastening coincided.
Take care in advance of buying high-quality and correct connectors and cable. Wrongly selected, they will eat up a bunch of useful signal, nullifying the gain of the most correct and beautiful antenna.

If you want to assemble a long-range WiFi antenna, then you should know about some of its features.

First and foremost, large antennas of 15 or 20 dBi (isotropic decibels) are power-limiting and don't need to be made even more powerful.

Here is a clear illustration of how, as the antenna power in dBi increases, its coverage area decreases.

So it turns out that with an increase in the distance of the antenna, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bits coverage decreases significantly. At home, you will have to constantly catch a narrow band of signal coverage with a too powerful WiFi emitter. Get up from the couch or lie down on the floor, and the connection will immediately disappear.

That's why home routers have conventional 2dBi radiating antennas so they're most effective over short distances.

directional

Antennas at 9 dBi work only in a given direction (directional action) - they are useless in a room, they are better used for long-distance communication, in the yard, in the garage next to the house. A directional antenna will need to be adjusted during installation to transmit a clear signal in the desired direction.

Now to the question of the carrier frequency. Which antenna will work better at long range, at 2.4 or 5 GHz?

Now there are new routers operating at double the frequency of 5 GHz. Such routers are still new, they are good for high-speed data transfer. But the 5 GHz signal is not very good for long distances, as it decays faster than at 2.4 GHz.

Therefore, older 2.4 GHz routers will perform better in long-range mode than newer, faster 5 GHz routers.

Drawing of a double homemade biquadrate

The first samples of home-made WiFi signal distributors appeared back in 2005.

The best of these designs are bi-square, providing gain up to 11-12 dBi and double bi-square, having a slightly better result at 14 dBi.

According to user experience, the bi-square design is more suitable as a multifunctional radiator. Indeed, the advantage of this antenna is that with the inevitable compression of the radiation field, the signal opening angle remains wide enough to cover the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment with proper installation.

All possible versions of the biquad antenna are easy to implement.

Required Parts

• Metal reflector - a piece of foil textolite 123x123 mm, foil sheet, CD, DVD CD, aluminum lid from a tea can.
• Copper wire with a section of 2.5 mm.kv.
• A piece of coaxial cable, preferably with a wave impedance of 50 ohms.
• Plastic tubes - can be cut from a ballpoint pen, felt-tip pen, marker.
• A little hot glue.
• N-type connector - useful for convenient connection of the antenna.

For the 2.4 GHz frequency on which the transmitter is planned to be used, the ideal bi-square dimensions would be 30.5 mm. But still, we are not making a satellite dish, so some deviations in the size of the active element -30–31 mm are acceptable.

The question of the thickness of the wire also needs to be taken carefully. Given the selected frequency of 2.4 GHz, the copper core must be found exactly 1.8 mm thick (with a cross section of 2.5 mm2).

From the edge of the wire we measure the distance of 29 mm to the bend.

We make the next bend, controlling the outer size of 30–31 mm.

We make the following bends inward at a distance of 29 mm.

We check the most important parameter for the finished biquadrate -31 mm along the midline.

We solder the places for the future fastening of the coaxial cable leads.

Reflector

The main task of the iron screen behind the emitter is to reflect electromagnetic waves. Correctly reflected waves will superimpose their amplitudes on the vibrations just released by the active element. The resulting amplifying interference will make it possible to propagate electromagnetic waves from the antenna as far as possible.

To achieve useful interference, it is necessary to place the emitter at a distance of a multiple of a quarter of the wavelength from the reflector.

Distance from emitter to reflector for antennas biquadrate and double biquadrate we find as lambda / 10 - determined by the features of this design / 4.

Lambda is the wavelength equal to the speed of light in m/s divided by the frequency in Hz.

Wavelength at a frequency of 2.4 GHz - 0.125 m.

By multiplying the calculated value five times, we get optimal distance - 15.625 mm.

Reflector size affects the antenna gain in dBi. The optimal screen size for a bi-square is 123x123 mm or more, only in this case it is possible to achieve a gain of 12 dBi.

The sizes of CDs and DVDs are clearly not enough for complete reflection, so biquad antennas built on them have a gain of only 8 dBi.

Below is an example of using a tea can lid as a reflector. The size of such a screen is also not enough, the antenna gain is less than expected.

Reflector shape should only be flat. Try also to find the plates as smooth as possible. Bends, scratches on the screen lead to the scattering of high-frequency waves, due to the violation of reflection in a given direction.

In the above example, the sides on the cover are clearly superfluous - they reduce the signal opening angle and create dissipated interference.

Once the reflector plate is ready, you have two ways to assemble the emitter on it.

1. Install the copper tube by soldering.

To fix the double biquadrate, it was necessary to additionally make two small ballpoint pen stands.

1. Fix everything on a plastic tube using hot glue.

We take a plastic box for discs for 25 pieces.

We cut off the central pin, leaving 18 mm in height.

We cut four slots in the plastic pin with a needle file or file.

We trim the slots equally in depth

We install a home-made frame on the spindle, check that its edges are at the same height from the bottom of the box - about 16 mm.

Solder the cable leads to the emitter frame.

Taking a glue gun, we fix the CD at the bottom of the box with plastic.

We continue to work with a glue gun, fix the emitter frame on the spindle.

On the back of the box, we fix the cable with hot glue.

Connecting to a router

Anyone with experience can easily solder to the pads on the circuit board inside the router.

Otherwise, be careful, thin tracks can come off the printed circuit board during long-term heating with a soldering iron.

You can connect to an already soldered piece of native antenna cable via an SMA connector. Buying any other N-type RF connector at your local electronics retailer should be no problem.

Antenna Tests

Tests have shown that an ideal bi-square gives a gain of about 11-12 dBi, which is up to 4 km of a directional signal.

The antenna from the CD gives 8 dBi, because it turns out to catch a WiFi signal at a distance of 2 km.

Double bi-square delivers 14dBi - a little over 6km.

The opening angle of antennas with a square radiator is about 60 degrees, which is quite enough for the courtyard of a private house.

About the range of WiFi antennas

From a native 2 dBi router antenna, a 2.4 GHz, 802.11n signal can extend up to 400 meters within line of sight. Signals of 2.4 GHz, old standards 802.11b, 802.11g propagate worse, having half the range compared to 802.11n.

Considering a WiFi antenna as an isotropic radiator - an ideal source that spreads electromagnetic energy evenly in all directions, you can be guided by the logarithmic formula for converting dBi into power gain.

Isotropic decibel (dBi) - antenna gain, defined as ten times the decimal algorithm of the ratio of the amplified electromagnetic signal to its original value.

AdBi = 10lg(A1/A0)

Converting dBi antennas into power gains.

A,dBi	30	20	18	16	15	14	13	12	10	9	6	5	3	2	1
A1/A0	1000	100	≈64	≈40	≈32	≈25	≈20	≈16	10	≈8	≈4	≈3.2	≈2	≈1.6	≈1.26

Judging by the table, it is easy to conclude that a directional WiFi transmitter with a maximum allowable power of 20 dBi can propagate the signal to a distance of 25 km in the absence of obstacles.