The most important thing in a person’s life is how he perceives this world. Depending on how we treat it, a lot is formed in our behavior both in relation and in individual awareness of life. The topic of this article will be the problem of determining worldview. What does this concept mean and what are its types?

Characteristics of worldview

This is the most key problem that philosophy deals with. This science explores, analyzes, studies a person’s relationship to what surrounds him. Not just a bunch of “world”, not just a person in isolation from it, from culture, from civilization. Philosophy explores the interconnection, interrelationship, and interpenetration of the environment and man.

Albert Camus noticed that the world itself is completely unreasonable and meaningless; He also considered absurd the desire of a person to endow everything around him with anthropomorphic features, to call it human. Without developed integrated approach It is impossible to imagine a full-fledged personality in life, so the role of worldview in a person’s life cannot be overestimated. Understanding this fact will have a beneficial effect on the development of the individual.

The role of worldview in human life

In the collection of the once famous Soviet philosopher Georgiy Petrovich Shchedrovitsky, it is said that people today, sadly, do not need thinking as such, we do not use it in modern world. At first glance, this phrase may seem paradoxical and incomprehensible, not fitting into our usual way of life, into our idea of ​​ourselves and thinking. But if you think about Shchedrovitsky’s statement, you can find a sound grain in it. Modern man lives in a very stable world, without mentioning, of course, those border points when we are faced with the death of loved ones, illnesses, natural disasters, and cataclysms. The sun shines overhead with enviable consistency, there is no nuclear war, and every day resembles Groundhog Day, and this is a very familiar situation. Moreover, very well-known key analysts of our time have already thought a lot for you and me when they decided what we should eat, what clothes we should buy, what constitutes ideal person, relationships between people, love, friendship. They were the ones who put the idea of ​​the “American Dream” in our heads. This is how people learn to immerse themselves in a state of permanence.

Modern interpretations

What is the role of worldview in a person’s life? Today's philosophers and psychologists define thinking as a person’s ability to solve some logical problems, create others, pose questions that have not yet been asked before, the ability to find a way out of complex, confusing, contradictory situations, based on “rationality,” that is, the rational component of one’s life.

If we analyze our everyday life, then, unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of us will say that it is difficult to participate in this kind of process, that is, it is not easy for us to solve logical problems. For many of us, it is much more convenient to close our eyes to the problem that has arisen, to assure ourselves that everything will go away on its own, you just need to wait or shift responsibility to others. And all this stems from human perception. What role does worldview play in a person’s life?

Are thoughts material?

We remember that thoughts can be brought to life by putting some mystical overtones into it. Yes, they actually have the ability to materialize, but everything doesn’t work at the snap of a finger.

Depending on how we think, what kind of things we imagine, what exactly we project, in the end our real life. So what role does worldview play in a person’s life? There are countless answers to this question. However, one of the most popular and well-known definitions today is as follows: “Worldview is the totality of a person’s most general ideas about the world, his place in it, possibilities and ways of turning possibilities into reality.”

This interpretation presupposes an approach to each individual situation individually, depending on the specific situation that creates one or another background for action. All people have different attitudes towards their capabilities and transform them into reality; they have different aggregate ideas about what is good and what is bad. received the title “On what is and what should be”: what is and what should actually be.

Right to opinion

As philosophy states, it plays and should play huge role in a person's life, worldview in the modern world, because all this as a whole helps a person form an opinion. Real, your own, genuine, original, not subject to any standard patterned behavior, saturated with prepared labels, prejudices, standard settings. The phenomenon itself and its structure will be presented below in the article.

Concept, types, levels

What exactly is it, and what role does worldview play in a person’s life? The concept, used in the manner familiar to us, was first used by a representative of the classical German philosophy Friedrich Schelling. He suggested that there is such interesting thing called “view of the world” and that every person has this view.

Today we are talking about the fact that the definition of “worldview” includes several components: firstly, it is a worldview, worldview, this is actually a worldview level, and a worldview. Let's take a closer look.

Attitude

This is a person’s primary stay in this world, the level of comfortable or uncomfortable presence in the environment. The peculiarities of worldview lie in the fact that even infants who are not yet individuals in the full sense, who have not yet been socialized, already have the rudiments of a worldview level.

If you watch small children, you can see unusual things. For example, the posture of a child when he sleeps, spreading his arms and legs to the sides. This is a position of complete acceptance of the world, when the child feels safe and cozy, he feels good and comfortable.

And there is another type of children who live in orphanages abandoned by their parents. These children, who are still far from developing a personality, rarely cry. For one simple reason: because they understand that it is useless for them to shout, because everything in such places happens at strictly defined hours. Thus, this unformed person makes sure that resources are not wasted. He retains his strength and energy.

And this moment of finding comfort is the level of our emotional feeling state, our moods, experiences, fluid, plastic, changeable emotional states. For the same reason, waking up and seeing on the street snow fairy tale, beauty, we feel that something stirred inside, joy appeared. And if there is rain, slush outside the window, the condition is very unpleasant, we turn on sad music and fall into melancholy.

The way of life that people lead does not lend itself to such rigid comprehension and development of a worldview.

Worldview

A component of our worldview is the way we look at the world, relationships, this is the level of reason, common sense, the level of formation of elementary connections between ourselves, other people, the individual and the environment. The level of worldview, as already mentioned, is a set of more general ideas about oneself and place in this world.

Worldview

This is already a set (system) of concepts that are abstract abstract definitions, that is, the relationships between ideas that exist in the psyche of every person. The peculiarities of a worldview include the fact that it can exist without linguistic means, we have an inner feeling, and we may not express it out loud.

But understanding the world is impossible without a linguistic analogue, that is, it is impossible to grasp and understand some things without pronouncing them.

Elements of worldview

In component modern worldview Typically, four elements are identified in the literature. Firstly, this is the educational and cognitive aspect, all those practical, elementary ones that each of us acquires throughout our lives. As a rule, it is greatly influenced by such factors as the geographical component (place of birth of a person), the historical moment (era), the emotional background present in the life of absolutely any person, temperament, characteristics of the nervous system, distinctive features of the environment in which we grow up, character (sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic), character accentuation (pedantry, absolute freedom).

This also includes the phenomenon of norms and values. It is important to take into account religious, social, value, and historical norms.

Worldview and life values depend not only on the country, era, geography, but also on gender. All this is embedded in us almost from the very moment we are born. For example, girls and boys are still raised differently, that is, they are taught to relate to pain and to another person differently.

Another component of the formation of a worldview is practice. Without its implementation, this factor does not exist. As Karl Marx once said, “practice is the criterion of truth.” That is, we may have different views and ideas about the world, but without translating them into reality, it is impossible to achieve success. A worldview that gives us any dividends is considered successful.

Types of worldview

In philosophical literature, two types are distinguished: ordinary and scientific. Today we are talking about the fact that the everyday worldview has a spontaneous character. This means that we do not make any conscious effort to form a worldview, that is, it is conditioned by the present moment, the momentary fluid given situation. It is characterized by methodological omnivorousness, that is, absorption different views, exposure to the opinions of others without much criticism. Thus, the everyday view of the world is purely subjective, based on judgments, which in turn tend to be replaced, sometimes even by the opposite.

The scientific type is characterized by the following features: logical consistency (the presence of a person’s system that allows him to explain, based on his system, all the events that happen to him, to build his life, to perform some actions), systematic consciousness, its structure , independence of thinking. It is difficult for such a person to impose someone else’s opinion.

Types of worldview

The concept of a worldview and its structure can be presented in different ways, but historically the foundations of a worldview have been formed from three types. The first type is the most basic, the most global, which arises first. This worldview is mythological. It originates in the realm of legends and traditions.

A person who is in the grip of a mythological worldview is an unfree person. Like an archaic man, shackled by the chains of bondage, who was dependent on all natural phenomena and his own fellow tribesmen, because he had no right to his personal opinion. If he disobeyed, he could be subjected to death or ostracism (exile).

Mythological type

Mythology at its core is a fantastic reflection of reality, which at the same time claims to be the status of reality. These are not just fairy tales, legends, parables. This is a person’s ability to describe this world.

But why explain the space around us? To stop being afraid of him. That is why mythology has an anthropomorphic character, because all the deities representing the elements are endowed with a human appearance. Until now, as before, mythology plays a leading role in the modern world. It is preserved thanks to the same semantic load and charge that were born in primitive society.

The fact is that people are accustomed to completing a complete picture of the world in their imagination, otherwise they feel uncomfortable in limbo. The crumbs of existing knowledge cause horror at the all-encompassing ignorance, so man has learned to independently transform the space around him.

Religious type

The second type is the type of religious worldview. Scientists associate the emergence of religion with the development of class society and the emergence of inequality, both social and material.

Thus, an ironclad need arose to get rid of possible social tensions, coups, and revolutions. Religion easily and conveniently took over the baton from mythology in order to avoid unrest. Even the term “relegae” itself means “to bind.” The religious worldview, the significance of which is greater progressiveness for society, in this sense bypasses the mythological one. In religion, a person has the right to some freedom. This is especially clearly expressed in Christianity through free will: God controls the universe, and we ourselves are responsible for our destiny.

If we compare deities Ancient Greece and Christian, then you can see that greek gods possessed a distinct essence and were not always superior to man, while the gods in modern religions are supernatural. Despite the apparent secularization, beliefs in higher beings are leaving their leading positions, but in the coming years they will definitely remain firmly on the throne of world power.

Philosophical type

The third type of worldview is philosophical. It is characterized by the presence of a free critical assessment of oneself, another person, the world, society, and one’s place in this life.

It is one of the most progressive worldviews in at the moment. After all, it is expressed in the ability to defend one’s position, relying exclusively on the rational aspect, regardless of the sensory awareness of oneself in this world. This is the ability to use “rationality”, intelligence. The most important thing in a philosophical worldview is to develop your own opinion and outlook on life. It can be inherent in absolutely any person, not necessarily a philosopher.

Is it possible to change your worldview?

It is no secret that throughout life an adult grows psychologically above himself, acquiring new knowledge and experience. Sometimes completely sharp turns can change a person beyond recognition. It happened that ardent church fanatics became avid atheists, and it happened vice versa. Successful people They can give up a multimillion-dollar business and go traveling or live in some village. Worldview is like plasticine, it can be crushed, changed and built through improvement, the pursuit of moral ideals, traveling around the world. To know yourself you need to read a lot of philosophical and psychological literature.

Worldview in the 19th century

After the collapse of the USSR, many people experienced a worldview crisis, which arose due to the collapse of hopes and ideals inherent in communist society. Now everything is based on consumption, everyone deserves everything, the concepts of honor, respect, love have faded into the background. The era of consumers has laid down the idea in society: “Life is pleasure.” This is pure hedonism at its finest. On the other hand, it's not that bad way distract people from negative thoughts.

We hope that this article has illuminated the concept of worldview and its structure as clearly as possible, because simplicity of presentation is the key to understanding information.

WORLDVIEW

WORLDVIEW

Views on the world and man, society and humanity in it, on man towards the world and himself, as well as the basic life positions of people corresponding to these views, their ideals, principles of activity, . M. is not the sum of all views and ideas about the world around us, but their ultimate generalization. The concepts of “general”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview” are close to the concept of M.
Social culture changes from era to era and is formed under the influence of the culture of the era as a whole, and not as a result of the influence of certain aspects of social life, and especially not under the influence of ideas popular in a particular era. An essential component of mathematics as a reflection of the world (primarily the entire world of culture) and the value attitude towards it is the thinking of a historical era, which sets the general principles of the theoretical development of the world and determines the horizon of thinking of the era.
M. plays an important role in the formation. “The worldview hides philosophy within itself, goes, like it, to the whole, universal, last, finite, and includes not only knowledge about the Cosmos, but also assessments, experienced subordination of values,” (G. Meyer). According to M. Scheler, M. is “the manager of the entire culture or one individual of selection and division, in which (the worldview) actually absorbs the pure physical, mental and ideal things, regardless of how they are accomplished and even this awareness occurs in general.” The “pure essence” of everything that surrounds a person, and especially how he should act in the future, is largely the result of philosophy. thinking that tries to unite into a whole different forms of knowledge of the world, starting with the results of specific sciences and ending with an analysis of traditions, the spirit of the era and the style of its thinking. At the same time, it would be rash to assert, as Marxism-Leninism did, that any specific philosophy. system (for example, Marxist-Leninist philosophy - dialectical and) is capable of forming the core of M. society. M. is determined by culture in its integrity, and not by ideology alone, the core of which in communist society was indeed Marxism-Leninism.

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .

WORLDVIEW

a system of views on the world and man’s place in it, on man’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as those determined by these views basic people’s life positions, their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity, value orientations. M. is not all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their ultimate. The content of M. is grouped around one or another solution to the main question of philosophy. The personality actually acts as the subject of M. M. is the core of societies. and individual consciousness. Production of M. - creatures. an indicator of maturity not only of an individual, but also of a definition. social group, social class and its party. By its essence, M. is social and political. , which arose with the advent of humans. society.

M. is an understanding of the world, man, society, which determines sociopolitical, Philosopher, religious, moral., aesthetic., scientific-theoretical. person's orientation. There are three basic type M. - everyday (ordinary), philosophical and religious. All these types of M. reveal necro, covering certain. range of questions, eg how spirit relates to matter, what it is and what its place is in the universal interconnection of the phenomena of the world, how a person learns what it is, according to what laws a person develops. . Epistemological M. is formed as a result of the generalization of natural sciences, socio-historical, technical. And Philosopher knowledge.

There are the concepts of “M.”, “general picture of the world,” “attitude,” “worldview,” “worldview,” and “worldview.” There is close unity between all these concepts. They are often used as synonyms. However, there are also differences between these concepts. The overall picture of the world is people and social reality. The totality of natures. sciences forms natural sciences. picture of the world (cm. Scientific picture of the world), and public - socio-historical. picture of reality. Creating a general picture of the world is the task of all areas of knowledge.

Man asserts himself in the objective world not only with the help of thinking, but also with the help of all his cognizances. abilities. Holistic awareness of the reality affecting a person in the form of sensations, perceptions, ideas and emotions form a worldview, worldview and worldview. Worldview is only a conceptual, intellectual M. M. is characterized by even higher knowledge than in the general picture of the world, and the presence of not only an intellectual, but also an emotional and value-based attitude of a person to the world.

Being a reflection of the world and a value-based attitude towards it, M. plays a decisive role. regulatory creative role, acting as a methodology for constructing a general picture of the world. Not a single specific one in itself is M., although each of them necessarily contains a worldview. start.

The concept of M. correlates with the concept of “”, but they do not coincide in their content: M. is broader than ideology. Ideology covers only that part of mathematics that is focused on social phenomena and class relations. M. in general refers to all objective reality and to man.

M. can speak in everyday life (ordinary) level generated directly. living conditions and the experiences of people passed on from generation to generation. This level of M. exists in the form of common sense, spontaneous, unsystematized, traditions. ideas about the world. Relig. M. gives fantastic. picture of the world and is associated with the recognition of supernatural beings. world principle, its basis is expressed in an irrational and emotional-figurative form (cm. Religion). Philosophy M. appears in a conceptual, categorical form, to one degree or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and having a definition. logical measure evidence.

M. is not only, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine activities. The most important M. are ideals as decisive life goals. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the formulation of definitions. goals, from the generalization of which a life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give M. effective force. The content of consciousness turns into M. when it acquires the character of convictions, a person’s complete and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas, “... which take possession of our thoughts, subjugate our beliefs and to which chains ours - these are bonds from which it is impossible escape without breaking your heart, these are demons that a person can defeat only by submitting to them.” (Marx K., cm. Marx K. and Engels F., Works, T. 1, With. 118) . M. has a huge practicality. vital. It influences norms of behavior, a person’s attitude towards work, etc. people, the nature of their life aspirations, their tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything is perceived and experienced. Ideological conviction helps a person, in a moment of mortal danger, to overcome self-preservation, sacrifice life and perform heroic deeds. ideals.

In class antagonistic. in society there is not and cannot be a single M., for each (e.g., in a capitalist society - , bourgeoisie, ) has its own specificity. M. In such a society, M. occurs. The carriers of advanced M. are those who turn out to be the bearers of the most progressive method of production. Depending on whether the interests of a given class coincide with the objective historical trend. development, with data from science and society. practice or not, its M. in its content, societies. significance can consistently be scientific or unscientific, materialistic or idealistic, atheistic or religious, revolutionary or reactionary. Feudal-religious. M. openly defended class inequality. The movement of the bourgeoisie, when it opposed feudalism as a rising class, was progressive. At the same time, its M. even then had a class and historically limited character. After the bourgeoisie is established in power, its capital becomes conservative and reactionary. Burzh. M., being extremely contradictory, generally distorts reality and slows down society. It is dominated by an apology for capitalism, profit, violence, which coexist with liberal and neoliberal concepts and petty bourgeoisie. anarchic-rebellious ideas.

IN bourgeois M. communist M., summarizing the achievements of science and society. practice, is consistently scientific, internationalist, humanistic. It arose with the advent of the worker revolutionary movements. The core of the communist M. is made up of Marxist-Leninist philosophy - dialectical. and historical . Marxist-Leninist M. - powerful revolutionary transformation of the world, one of the decisive forces organizing people in the struggle for communism. IN modern in the world there is an acute struggle between two opposing M. - communist and bourgeois, during which the influence of Marxism-Leninism is growing, winning with the power of truth, the reliability of its consistently scientific provisions.

In socialist Marxist-Leninist society became dominant. Formation of communist attitudes among the broadest masses of working people. M. forms the core of all ideological education. party work. Communist The party strives to ensure that every person sees the meaning of his life in the struggle for practical life. the embodiment of the ideals of communism, clearly understood the course and prospects for the development of world events, correctly understood the socio-political. phenomena, consciously built society. The most important task is communist. attitude towards labor, communist morality, true humanism, patriotism and internationalism.

Program CPSU (Adopted by the XXII Congress CPSU) , M., 1976; Materials of the XXVI Congress CPSU, M., 1981; Ermolov A. Ya., The role of philosophy in the formation of M., M., 1964; Chernovolenko V.F., M. and scientific cognition, K., 1970; Fundamentals of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, M., 19805; Drygin V.I., Scientific. M., its functions, Saratov, 1981; Philosophy and world view. problems modern Sciences, M., 1981.

A. G. Spirkin.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

WORLDVIEW

the totality of the results of metaphysical thinking and research, and is understood as a science that unites into a single whole forms of knowledge of the world: firstly, various “natural” types of worldview associated with an era, people, race, etc., secondly, philosophy, striving for a priori knowledge (i.e. knowledge that does not depend on the amount of inductive research) in all areas, and thirdly, the results of specific sciences. “The worldview conceals philosophy, goes, like it, towards the whole, the universal, the last, the finite, and includes not only about the cosmos, but also assessments, experienced subordination of values, forms of life” (G. Meyer); see also Picture of the world. According to M. Scheler, a worldview is “a type of selection and division that governs an entire culture or one individual, in which it (the worldview) actually absorbs the pure essence of physical, mental and ideal things, regardless of how their awareness occurs and even whether this awareness occurs at all".

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2010 .

WORLDVIEW

a generalized system of a person’s views on the world as a whole, on the place of the department. phenomena in the world and in one’s own. place in it, understanding and emotion. a person, the meaning of his activities and the destinies of humanity, a set of scientific, philosophical. political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic. beliefs and ideals of people. The concept of M. is also used in a narrow sense, for example. Philosopher M., politician M., religious M., etc. Man's relationship to the world is infinitely diverse. This determines various aspects of a person’s awareness of himself in the world, various facets of a single M. Each of us is “a person who has become a person,” and we are one way or another aware of what place we occupy in the endless cycle of events. Through science, we realize our unity with nature, and at the same time we relate. independence - both in its origin and in all its life activities. We are keenly interested in whether man is alone as an intelligent being in the universe or whether there is an intelligent being on other worlds. This is all a worldview. questions.

Man’s relationship to nature is realized through his infinitely diverse relationships with other people, through societies. relationship. And we are also aware of our unity with societies. whole and at the same time relates to itself. independence - both in the way of one’s life, and in language, and in the norms of consciousness. Social life shapes people's definitions. ideals, political views, moral and aesthetic. ideas, etc. All this is worldview. questions.

A person not only acts, but also thinks. And he has long been interested in what place the mind occupies in the overall development of life, how it relates to reality. It is also deeply ideological. problems of great practical importance. . Every person has certain views on the world - this constitutes one of the characteristics of man that distinguishes him from animals. M. can be ordinary (spontaneous, naive) and theoretically substantiated, conscious, imbued with definition. Philosopher principles. M. generally reflects the characteristics of societies. the existence of the individual, his place in a historically specific system of societies. relationships.

Since man always appears in history as a representative of a definition. class, which is determined by its social existence, then a person’s wealth is not only his personal property, but also a class property reflected in his consciousness through forms of culture. In a class society, M. always has a class character. Depending on whether the practical the interests of a class with an objective tendency of history or not, a given class coincides with the scientific. objectivity or contradicts it, and, consequently, the M. of this class develops as advanced or backward, reactionary. According to its content and societies. the significance of M. can be consistently scientific, i.e. based on data from advanced science and scientific. philosophy, or unscientific, materialistic. or idealistic, dialectical. or metaphysical, atheistic. or religious, revolutionary or reactionary, in modern times. conditions - communist. or bourgeois. In our follow-up. revolutionary and the only scientific one. M. is M. revolutionary. the working class and its communist. party - Marxism-Leninism, and dialectical. and historical materialism is a philosophy. M.

M. is not a companion, but a kind of spiritual mentor, a guide to a person, class, party, people, humanity. And if it comes from a correct worldview, then it serves as a solid basis for a reasonable transformation of the world. If M. is a false reflection of reality, then it is a serious obstacle in the life of the individual.

A characteristic feature of M. is the unity of his way of thinking with his way of life. Communist M., for example, is possessed not by the person who has only studied Marxism-Leninism and knows it, but by the one who lives and acts in full accordance with this knowledge. Knowledge turns into knowledge when it forms socio-political and moral principles. and aesthetic a person’s positions acquire an internal character. a person's beliefs, i.e. become the basis of his entire way of life.

In the process of social education of an individual, the spiritual one assimilated by him becomes from the totality of knowledge about the world a conscious program of his society, and thereby personal behavior. It is as a factor in a person’s behavior that his knowledge becomes his beliefs. Thanks to this, M. has a strong active influence on life, on all sides of knowledge. and practical activities of people. This is why principled people, deeply convinced of the correctness of their views, are capable of undergoing any suffering and even... Many great truths and principles of social justice were paid for with the blood of their convinced defenders, who went to the stake, the gallows, served hard labor, died in exile and in a foreign land.

For revolutionaries and martyrs of science, e.g. Giordano Bruno, a typical motto: “I stand on this and cannot do otherwise!” It was precisely advanced mathematics that gave an amazing social conscience to noble thinkers and revolutionaries and sharply sharpened their understanding of reality. It was this that inspired them to tirelessly search and intensely think about social mysteries.

The power of personal conviction is an important practical skill. and theoretical activities. The luminaries of the revolutionary cause, the founders of Marxism-Leninism not only possessed the truth. They were deeply convinced people. They are characterized by fearlessness, self-sacrifice and boundless devotion to their ideas. Their entire way of life and thought was guided by the eternal dream of humanity about happy life all workers on earth.

A person deprived of a broad and correct orientation in questions of mathematics and ways of approaching knowledge and transformation of the world feels helpless. In order not to find yourself in the position of an incompetent swimmer, floating at the will of the waves in the stormy ocean of life, a person is obliged to master the science. M. Then he will be able to boldly and confidently go in the chosen direction, see his place and role in the complex whirlpool of events.

What is the powerful and irresistible Marxist-Leninist M.? “Marx’s teaching,” wrote Lenin, “is omnipotent because it is true” (Works, vol. 19, p. 3). Correctly and deeply reflecting the laws of development of nature and society, Marxist-Leninist materialism comprehensively expresses the fundamental interests of the working people and reveals the meaning of humanity. history and people's lives.

For modern bourgeois M. is characterized by a lack of positive ideals; the present in it seems uncertain, and the future seems dark and devoid of prospects. Reactionary ideologists bourgeoisie, complaining that in modern times. in the world, all spiritual values ​​have lost their meaning, the pessimistic proclaim. – blessed is he who expects nothing: he who expects nothing will never be disappointed. They are against all social ideals, believing that the latter often turn into evil irony. Loss of societies. ideals, meaning and goals of life, moral and cynicism, loss of something in which to believe and to which one can be devoted - these are the main features of modern life. reaction bourgeois M.

In contrast to the views of the bourgeoisie and its ideologists with their preaching of pessimism, hopelessness and disbelief in the future, Marxist philosophy gives a person a revolutionary aspiration in his outlook on life: the power of ideological conviction, faith in the power of reason, in the bright future of humanity. It stands out sharply against the background of the general decline of the bourgeoisie. M. clearly shows humanity the way to the future.

In conditions of victorious development, socialist. revolution, Marxist-Leninist M. became one of the decisive forces organizing the revolution. actions of the masses in the struggle for peace, socialism and communism. In socialist countries, Marxism-Leninism becomes the M. of the entire people and forms a new, socialist. and communist attitude to work and to all aspects of society. development. It is a decisive force in the fight against the remnants of the bourgeoisie. and religious M. Therefore, the CPSU Program attaches paramount importance to the formation of scientific. M. y all owl workers. society on the ideological basis of Marxism-Leninism.

The deeper this M. penetrates into the consciousness of the masses, the more actively they participate in the struggle against exploitation, colonial oppression, and for socialism and communism. That is why the CPSU considers one of the most important tasks of building communism to be the education of the entire people, each Soviet man in the spirit of science M. Formation of scientific. M. involves generalization and synthesis of all knowledge obtained by the department. sciences. And this is possible only on the basis of Marxist philosophy.

A. Spirkin. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

WORLDVIEW

WORLDVIEW (\\feltanschauung, W)ridouUook, vision du monde) - a system of human knowledge about the world and about the place of man in the world, expressed in the axiological attitudes of the individual and social group, in beliefs about the essence of the natural and social world. The term “worldview” first appears in the beginning. 18th century in the writings of German romantics, as well as in the work of F. E. Schleiermacher “Speeches on Religion.” Hegel analyzes the “moral worldview” in “Phenomenology of Spirit” (Soch., vol. 4. M., 1959, pp. 322-330). In “Lectures on Aesthetics” (book one) Hegel examines the “religious worldview” (Works, vol. 12. M., 1938, pp. 329-330). In the same work (book three), Hegel uses the concept of “theoretical worldview” to characterize the artist’s ideological position (Works, vol. 14. M., 1958, p. 192). Thus, Hegel tried to distinguish various types worldviews. E. Dühring developed the theory of worldview instead of metaphysics. According to G. Gompertz, a worldview is a “cosmotheory” designed to present a consistent understanding of the ideas developed in individual sciences and the facts of practical life. V. Dilthey saw the source of worldview in life and identified various types of worldviews in religion, poetry and metaphysics. Within metaphysics, he distinguished between naturalism, idealism of freedom and objective idealism as a matter of course. types of worldviews. Scheler, speaking about the philosophical worldview, identified three types of knowledge: 1) knowledge for the sake of domination; 2) knowledge for the purpose of human education, 3) metaphysical knowledge, or knowledge for the sake of salvation. The latter knowledge represents a philosophical worldview.

A typology of worldviews can be built on different foundations. Typically, a religious worldview, a natural science worldview, a socio-political worldview, and a philosophical worldview are distinguished. Some researchers also distinguish the worldview of everyday experience, the worldview, and the mythological worldview. Three independent criteria for distinguishing worldviews can be identified. The first of them can be called epistemological, since it refers to scientific, non-scientific and anti-scientific types of worldview. The second is of a substantive nature: it is about reality - natural or social, which receives its generalized theoretical meaning in one or another worldview. The third criterion is universal-synthetic, τ. V. covering both natural and social, thanks to which a philosophical worldview becomes possible.

Every worldview is made up of beliefs. They can be true or, on the contrary, imaginary; scientific, religious, moral, justified and unjustified, progressive and reactionary, etc. Some beliefs are based on facts, others, on the contrary, are rooted only in subjective confidence, devoid of an objective basis. Beliefs are characterized primarily by the energy, persistence, and determination with which they are expressed, justified, defended, and opposed to other beliefs. From this point of view, it does not coincide with simply making a statement regarding what is considered true, useful, etc. It is active for or against some other beliefs. It is necessary, however, to distinguish between worldview beliefs and beliefs of a private, special nature. The conviction of modern anthropologists about the unity of the human race despite all racial differences is also ideological in nature. Worldview beliefs are not introduced into science from the outside; they are formed in the process of development of the sciences themselves. These beliefs characterize 1) the essence of natural and social phenomena; 2) people’s interested attitudes towards certain phenomena; 3) generalizations that, in their significance, go beyond the boundaries of the special field of scientific knowledge.

Worldview, as a philosophical and theoretical synthesis of scientific knowledge, everyday and historical experience, changes and develops in the course of human history. So, for natural science until the end of the 19th century. was characterized by a mechanistic worldview.

Some thinkers, especially philosophers of a positivist orientation, try to prove that the sciences do not need a worldview. Others (in particular, the founders of 20th century physics) emphasize the heuristic importance of worldview. Thus, A. Einstein wrote: “The basis of all scientific work serves the conviction that the world is an ordered and knowable entity” (Collected. scientific works. M., 1967, vol. 4, p. 142). M. Planck in his report “Physics in the Struggle for a Worldview” emphasizes: “The worldview of a researcher is always involved in determining the direction of his work” (Plank M. Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnia. Stuttg., 1949, p. 285). Worldview, especially its natural scientific, socio-political and religious forms, plays an outstanding organizing role in all spheres of public life.

Lit.: Dshtei V. Types of worldview and their discovery in metaphysical systems. -^ In the collection: New ideas in philosophy, No. 1. St. Petersburg, 1912; BroilL.de. Revolution in physics. M., 1965; Dorn M. Reflections and memories

Worldview- This is a system of generalized views on the world, on a person’s place in it and his attitude to this world, as well as beliefs, feelings and ideals based on these views that determine a person’s life position, the principles of his behavior and value orientations.

Views - this is a certain set (system) of knowledge expressed in ideas and concepts; they form the basis of a worldview. This is not all knowledge, but only the most general provisions and principles. They become components of a worldview when they turn into beliefs, in firm confidence in the truth of this knowledge, in readiness to act in accordance with it. Beliefs are not special kind knowledge, and their condition, qualitative characteristics.

Worldview includes moods, feelings, experiences, constituting its emotional and psychological side and having a significant impact on a person’s ideological position. Two sides of the worldview: emotional-psychological and rational (cognitive-intellectual) to one degree or another are inherent in any worldview, however, in its different types and different people As a rule, one of them predominates.

An important component worldviews are ideals. They contain the highest goal of human aspirations for truth, goodness, beauty, and justice.

So, worldview includes knowledge that has become beliefs. This is the basis of the worldview; human activity is based on it. And since this activity is meaningful and purposeful, it is aimed at achieving the ideal as the organizing and directing principle of human activity.

It is necessary to distinguish between a person’s worldview and the worldview of a social group, social class and society as a whole.

The worldview of different people is not the same; it depends not only on many objective factors (living conditions, nationality), but also on its subjective characteristics. In relation to life, a person can be an optimist or a pessimist, in relation to people - an egoist or an altruist, in his political views - a conservative or a revolutionary. A significant role in the formation of personality is played by its belonging to a particular social group or social class.

At the same time, universal human values ​​are formed in society - ideas of humanism, moral principles, aesthetic and other criteria that are common to all people.

The following types of worldview are identified as the main ones: mythological, religious, everyday And philosophical.

Mythological worldview- is formed in the early stages of the development of society and represents man’s first attempt to explain the origin and structure of the world, the appearance of people and animals on earth, the causes of natural phenomena, and to determine his place in the world around him. The creation of the world was usually depicted as the transformation of chaos into space, which was formed by separating the sky from the earth and separating land from the ocean. As a result, three worlds appear: heavenly, earthly and underground.

Mythology is a fantastic reflection of reality in the form of sensory and visual representations. Generated by the fantasy of primitive man mythical creatures- gods, spirits, heroes - are endowed with human traits, they perform human actions, and their destinies are similar to the destinies of mortal people. Myths expressed the unity and inseparability of man and nature; Human properties were projected onto natural phenomena.

Myths were closely connected with rituals, with the customs of the people; they contained moral norms and aesthetic ideas, included the rudiments of knowledge and religious beliefs, combined reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, thoughts and feelings.

Mythology has had a significant influence on the spiritual life of mankind. Elements of the mythological worldview have been preserved in the public consciousness of modern society. Reactionary political regimes create myths, introducing them into the mass consciousness through propaganda. Such, for example, are the myths of the German fascists about the superiority of the Aryan race and “inferior” peoples, about world domination, combined with the cult of the “Fuhrer” and ritual torchlight processions.

Religious worldview formed at a relatively high stage of development ancient society. The religious worldview differs from mythology in the belief in the existence of supernatural forces and their dominant role in the universe and people's lives. Belief in the supernatural is the basis of a religious worldview. Religious consciousness bifurcates the world into the “earthly”, natural, comprehended by the senses, and the “heavenly”, supernatural, supersensible. Religious faith how a special experience manifests itself in the worship of certain higher supernatural forces, to which the properties of material objects, connections between objects, gods and spirits were attributed. Later, the image of a single God is formed - the creator of everything that exists, the guardian of customs, traditions, morality, and spiritual values. Monotheistic religions emerge - Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.

The religious worldview includes universal human norms of community life and moral principles, ideas of goodness and justice, which have retained their influence on the morality of modern society.

Philosophical worldview It differs from mythology and religion in its focus on a rational explanation of the world. The most general ideas about nature, society, and man become the subject of theoretical consideration and logical analysis. The philosophical worldview inherited from mythology and religion their ideological character, the whole set of questions about the origin of the world, its structure, the place of man in the world, etc., but in contrast to mythology and religion, which are characterized by a sensory-figurative attitude to reality and contain artistic and cult elements, this type of worldview is a logically ordered system of knowledge, characterized by the desire to theoretically substantiate its provisions and principles.

When characterizing a philosophical worldview, it should be noted that its content includes not only philosophical problems themselves, but also generalized economic, political, legal and natural science ideas, moral, aesthetic, religious (or atheistic) principles, views, and ideals. Therefore, the philosophical worldview should not be completely identified with philosophy. However, the theoretical basis of this type of worldview is philosophy. All this is due to the ideological nature of philosophy; it is precisely this philosophy that poses and offers solutions to fundamental ideological questions, and above all the central question of any worldview - man’s relationship to the world. Therefore, when using the concept of “philosophical worldview,” one should keep in mind a worldview whose theoretical basis is philosophy.

A special type should be distinguished ordinary, or empirical worldview, which is the primary source of all its other types. Based on life experience and empirical knowledge, the everyday worldview serves as a guide in everyday activities, but often experiences difficulties when faced with complex problems, the solution of which requires thorough knowledge, a culture of thinking and feeling.

In the modern world, everyday, religious and philosophical worldviews coexist, often representing a complex combination of them. Elements of the mythological worldview are also preserved.

A person’s worldview is a set of views, assessments, imaginative ideas and principles that together reflect a person’s vision of this world and determine his place in it. Life positions are also an important component of a worldview, by which it is often easiest to determine what type it belongs to.

A formed and conscious attitude towards the world gives life a purposeful and meaningful character, therefore worldview is important for every person. This phenomenon is studied by philosophers and cultural scientists, who gave a classification to the worldview. In this article we will look at the most common one, but we must take into account that there are other classifications.

Basic types of worldview

First of all, we note that the term was first voiced by Kant, but he did not distinguish this concept from a worldview. The meaning that is accepted today was introduced by Schelling.

The classification of a worldview depends on several factors: firstly, the origin of the value system that a person adheres to is of great importance (for example, for identifying a religious worldview, this is an important determining factor). Secondly, the individual plays a large role in the definition. Thirdly, how aware a person is of the processes surrounding him is important.

Based on this, different scientists distinguish two classifications:

1. Mythological, philosophical, socio-political, natural science and religious worldviews.
2. A worldview of everyday experience, mythological and aesthetic.

Thus, the prevalence different types worldview is related to the level of development of society.

Briefly about philosophy: the most important and basic things about philosophy in summary
Philosophy and worldview

Philosophical knowledge is sometimes considered as reflective, that is, one in which a person recognizes himself, his fundamental features (reflection - self-referral). But a person knows himself by looking at the world, reflects himself in the characteristics of the world in which he is “inscribed,” which acts as a given, as a person’s life-semantic horizon. Thus, philosophy gives a holistic view of the world and acts as ideological knowledge. Worldview is a set of views, ideas, beliefs, norms, assessments, life attitudes, principles, ideals that determine a person’s attitude to the world and act as guidelines and regulators of his behavior and activities.

Each person’s worldview is formed gradually. In its formation, the following stages can be distinguished: worldview, world experience, world perception, worldview, worldview, worldview. Naturally, a person’s worldview includes not only philosophical views. It consists of specific political, historical, economic, moral, aesthetic, religious or atheistic, natural scientific and other views.

All views are ultimately based on philosophical views. Therefore, the concept of “worldview” can be identified with the concept of “philosophical worldview.”

The concept of “worldview” is correlated with the concept of “ideology,” but they do not coincide in content. Ideology covers only that part of the worldview that is focused on social phenomena and social-class relations.

What is the role of worldview in a person’s life? Worldview determines a person’s attitude to the world and the direction of his activities. It gives a person orientation in the social, political, economic, moral, aesthetic and other spheres of social life. Since no special science or branch of knowledge acts as a worldview, the study of philosophy seems important for a specialist in any field.

Worldview as a philosophical concept

Worldview is a set of general ideas about actions that reflect and reveal a person’s practical and theoretical attitude to the world. This concept includes a person’s life positions, beliefs, ideals (truth, goodness, beauty), principles of attitude towards reality (optimism, pessimism), and value orientations. Worldview can be individual, social, or group.

In the worldview there are two levels - sensory-emotional and theoretical. The sensory-emotional level is a complete awareness of reality in the form of sensations, perceptions, and emotions. The theoretical level is the intellectual aspect of the worldview (reality through the prism of laws).

Historical forms of worldview: mythology, religion, philosophical knowledge. Myth is a sacred legend composed about the deeds of the gods, which tells how the world works. Mythology is associated with rites and rituals. Myth embodies the collective experience of understanding the reality of ancestors. Mythological consciousness still exists today. Religion is a form of social consciousness, the meaning of which lies in a fantastic, illusory, distorted idea of ​​the world order. Religion is based on the belief in the existence of one or more gods (monotheism, polytheism). The difference from myth is that religion has its own books and organizational body. Philosophy (from the Greek “love of wisdom”) is the doctrine of the highest principles of reality, the first principles of existence, the doctrine of the deep basis of the world.

Man has always wondered what his place is in the world, why he lives, what is the meaning of his life, why life and death exist. A worldview in its content can be scientific or non-scientific, materialistic or idealistic, revolutionary or reactionary. A certain type of worldview is determined by the historical era, social class, which imply the presence of certain norms and principles of consciousness, styles of thinking.

Forms of worldview

Philosophy occupies a fundamental place in human culture. Philosophy plays a huge role in shaping the worldview.

Worldview is a holistic view of the world and man’s place in it.

In the history of mankind, there are three main forms of worldview.

1. Mythological worldview is a form of social consciousness of the worldview of ancient society, which combines both fantastic and realistic perception of reality. The features of myths are the humanization of nature, the presence of fantastic gods, their communication, interaction with humans, the absence of abstract thoughts, and the practical orientation of myths to solve economic problems.

2. Religious worldview - a form of worldview based on the belief in the presence of supernatural forces influencing human life and the world around us. A religious worldview is characterized by a sensual, figurative and emotional perception of reality.

3. The philosophical worldview differs from others in that it is based on knowledge, it is reflexive (has the ability to address oneself), logical, and relies on clear concepts and categories. Thus, the philosophical worldview is highest form worldview, characterized by rationality, consistency and theoretical design.

There are 4 components in the philosophical worldview:

1) educational;

2) value-normative;

3) emotional-volitional;

4) practical.

The philosophical worldview has a certain structure.

1st level (elementary) - a set of ideological concepts, ideas, views that function at the level of everyday consciousness.

Level 2 (conceptual) includes various worldviews, problems, concepts aimed at human activity or cognition.

Level 3 (methodological) - includes basic concepts and principles developed on the basis of ideas and knowledge, taking into account the value reflection of the world and man.

The philosophical worldview has gone through three stages of evolution:

1) cosmocentrism;

2) theocentrism;

3) anthropocentrism.
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