Communion– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from verbs have it Not perfect form. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles - these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense using suffixes

S. S. Sai, 2014

Active present participles called participles formed with the help of suffixes - asch (-box) / -ushch (-yushch): Wed. screaming, walking, cutting, dancing.

1. Formation of active present participles

1.1. Basis of present active participles

The stem of active present participles is formed by adding suffixes to the stem of present tense verbs - ushch(spelling also - yushch) for verbs of the first conjugation and - asch(spelling also - box) for verbs of the second conjugation. Verbs that have variant stems of the present tense (see Variation in verb formation) usually, to one degree or another, allow the formation of variant participles of the present tense (cf. swaying And swaying).

You may notice that the vowel before sch in the suffix of the active present participles coincides with the one included in the ending of the personal form of the present tense of the third person plural (see Conjugation). This rule also applies to various complex cases. For example, verb honor, having variant forms of the third person plural ( honor And honor), allows the formation of participles honorable And honorable; mixed verb want forms a participle willing(cf. want), verb There is forms a participle eating. Finally, from an irregular verb be archaic participle is formed marginally real(cf. form 3 l. plural. essence, also archaic; about communion real see also), which to some extent corresponds to the general pattern:

(2) ...he... lay down, began to smoke and think about another reality, existence in the sublunary world in unity with this reality, where the Wise Man is. [Yu. Davydov. Blue Tulips (1988-1989)]

1.2. Stress in forms of active present participles

In participles of verbs that have a fixed stress in the present finite forms, the stress is always on the same syllable as in these finite forms, cf. sizh u ,sitting And sitting; I see,they see And seer.

For most verbs that have movable stress in the personal forms of the present tense, the place of stress in the participle coincides with the place of stress in the third person plural form: I'm writing,write,writer; I love,love,loving. This pattern is consistent with the rule formulated above (see) about the coincidence of the vowel in the participle suffix and in the ending of the third person plural form.

However, there are also verbs with movable stress, in which in the participle the stress falls on the participle suffix, which corresponds to the position of the stress in their first person singular form, but does not correspond to the position of the stress in the third person plural form: I'm walking,are walking,walking;I'm catching,catch,catching;I smoke,smoke,smoking. See more about this in [Isachenko 1965/2003: 544–545].

When adding various inflections of the adjectival type within the paradigm of real participles, the stress remains fixed ( sitting,sitting,sitting,sitting etc.).

1.3. Restrictions on the formation of active present participles and “actual future participles”

The main limitation on the formation of active participle forms is that such participles cannot be formed from perfective verbs.

Here, however, it is necessary to make one reservation. In fact, as has been repeatedly noted in the specialized literature [Grammatika 1980(1): 667], [Kalakutskaya 1971: 24–25], suffixes of present participles are quite often attached to perfective verbs. As a result, not entirely normative forms are formed, which are logically considered future participles, Wed the following examples taken from [Krapivina 2009], where the “actual participles of the future tense” of SV verbs are analyzed in detail:

(3) I remember at the time when I wrote this, I considered myself a Great Writer, sooner or later who will write a brilliant work... (blog http://mirotvoriec.livejournal.com)

(4) Thus was born a form with its inherent individuality and originality, a happy combination of functionality and aesthetics, not losing its attractiveness for many years. (Auto Market website http://www.enet.ru/win/digitalKenig/news/auto)

After analyzing a selection of examples with future participles, K. A. Krapivina comes, among other things, to the following conclusions.

1. Participles of the future tense are used much more often than other active participles, not alone, but as part of a phrase (about 95% of cases).

2. Participles of the future tense are much more likely than other active participles to occupy a non-initial position in the composition participial phrase, which is generally atypical for participles (see example (3) above).

3. Future participles are much more likely than other active participles to be used in the context of negation (see example (4) above).

It seems that the observations made fit into the general assumption that the participles of the future tense retain more signs of “verbality”, that is, they are less nominalized than the normative participles of the past and present tense (see Real participles of the present tense / paragraph 4. Real participles in a number of means of relativizing the subject).

Despite all of the above, future participles are still on the periphery grammatical system– both in frequency and in the degree of grammatical acceptability (which was, in particular, shown in a special experiment described in [Krapivina 2009]). That is why many authors, noting their occurrence in texts, still propose to consider them to be outside the boundaries of the Russian literary language. A detailed analysis of existing views on the problem of the status of these entities, both from the point of view language norm, and from the point of view of the grammatical system itself, see [Vlahov 2010: 17–20].

As for the restrictions on the formation of actually active present participles from NSV verbs, it can be noted that there are very few such restrictions in the Russian language.

Present participles, which is natural, are not formed from those few NSV verbs that do not have personal forms of the present tense (cf. * hearing And * I hear).

Further, in modern Russian the word is practically not used as a participle. real, that is, the active present participle of the verb be. Archaic is the use of the word real precisely as a participle of a verb be, as in example (2); adjective derived from it real‘true, very similar’ (cf. absolute bastard,a real child,mere pennies) continues to be used quite regularly in modern texts.

Also, as shown, in particular, in [Kholodilova 2009: 29], [Kholodilova, in press], in the Russian language there is a tendency to avoid active present participles from verbs be able(powerful) And want(willing) . While not grammatically impossible, the corresponding participles nevertheless make up a fundamentally smaller proportion of the uses of these verbs than the actual present participles of other verbs.

2. Semantics of active present participles

In many cases the traditional designation is "real participles" present time" - fully corresponds to the semantics of these forms, i.e. these participles denote actions synchronous with the moment of generation of the text, see (1) above. However, in a number of cases, real present participles denote situations that are not synchronous with the moment of speech generation:

(5) Tanya... saw a chain of geologists, walking along the wooden walkways to a large green van. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

In general, in aspectual-temporal terms, the range of interpretation of these participles is very wide; they can be used to designate a wide variety of situations - actual-long-term, multiple (6), prospective (7), etc. (see about this, for example, [Knyazev 2007: 478–481]).

(6) I was not the only one who noticed my failure. Not even Leva Markin missing out chance to praise me, this time he was silent (I. Grekova. Department), cited in [Knyazev 2007: 478]

(7) It was completely blue in the windows. And in the blue there were two left on the platform, leaving the last ones are Myshlaevsky and Karas (M. Bulgakov. The White Guard), cited in [Knyazev 2007: 479]

Largely because of this mobility of aspectual-temporal interpretation within the framework of the system of real participles, present participles formed from NSV verbs are often described as a kind of “unmarked member” [Isachenko 1965/2003: 542]. Indeed, in order to understand exactly what meaning is expressed these forms, it is necessary to consider them not in isolation, but within the framework of the paradigm in which they belong, comparing them with other forms that the speaker can use in speech. That's why detailed description aspectual, temporal and taxis potential of these forms is given in the general section Real participle / clause 3. Contrasting the active participles of the present and past tenses.

In addition, it should be noted that in most cases, real participles of the present tense, like other real participles, serve to relativize the subject and in this sense, their semantics can be meaningfully considered among other constructions that can perform this function (see Real participle / paragraph 4 . Active participles among the means of relativizing the subject). In this sense, real participles of the present tense with a postfix stand apart - Xia expressing passive meaning (see Voice). It makes sense to compare them with the passive participles of the present tense (see Passive participle / clause 1.6. Competition between passive present participles and active present participles of reflexive verbs with a passive meaning).

3. Transition of active present participles to other parts of speech

3.1. Adjectivation of active present participles

Adjectivation, that is, the loss of a participle from the verbal paradigm and its transformation into a separate adjectival lexeme, does not affect the entire class of participles equally, but individual participle formations (see Participle / clause 5.2. Adjectivation of participles). Nevertheless, there are general semantic trends that are characteristic of large groups of adjectival participles. For active present participles, this tendency mainly comes down to the loss of components of meaning associated with a specific localization in time, and the development of usual, potential or “timeless” semantics (i.e., “generic meaning”); in other words, adjectival active present participles usually develop the ability to denote stable features of objects. This development path is discussed in. A special case of the same trend can be considered the development of metonymic uses of adjectival participles, discussed in. Several more cases of the development of adjectives that superficially resemble participles are discussed in.

3.1.1. Adjectives meaning ability or function

The general tendency towards the development of adjectival participial forms of timeless semantics (see) is manifested, in particular, in the formation of adjectives with the meaning “capable of performing an action,” denoted by a producing verb (8) [Lopatin 1966: 41], and “an employee intended to perform actions" [ibid.] (9), see also [Grammar 1980(1): 666].

(8) Wrote amazing dissertation on Chekhov. And so she was recommended to take up my writings. [WITH. Dovlatov. Decals (1990)]

(9) Radiation from computers, a suspension of harmful coloring powder from office equipment, tobacco smoke + smog - ALL THIS is the cause of your headaches at the end of the working day. [The Gift (2005)]

The adjective meanings of these types are especially characteristic of participles intransitive verbs (flying saucer, player coach, crisp); they, however, are also possible for transitive verbs, but in this case such participles are in most cases used without direct object, as in example (9), see discussion in [Lopatin 1966: 41]. Combinations of active present participles in adjective meanings and names modified by them demonstrate high productivity, in particular in the field of technical terminology: cutting tool ,coloring matter[Lopatin 1966: 41–42].

The problem that arises when analyzing such usages is that in many cases the personal forms of the present tense of the corresponding verbs can also, in principle, be used in the sense of a timeless attribute, property or ability, cf. (9) and (10):

(10) There is such a pencil, it paints with eyeliner effect. [Beauty, health, relaxation: Beauty (forum) (2005)]

Thus, the difference in such cases turns out to be primarily quantitative: finite forms of the verb color are much more often used to denote a situation localized in time, although they can also denote a timeless ability, and the forms of the adjectival participle coloring- vice versa. In a number of works in which adjectivation is understood as a gradual process, participial formations that demonstrate, among the semantic signs of adjectivation, only the loss of connection to a specific point in time, are interpreted as “participles in the meaning of adjectives.” Thus, such formations are still considered as participles, that is, units that have not lost connection with the verbal paradigm and have not transferred to the class of adjectives [Lopatin 1966: 41–43], [Grammatika 1980(1): 666]. Sometimes in the literature a three- or even four-level classification is used: for example, in [Sazonova 1989] simple participles, “stative lexical meanings of participial forms”, participles in the adjective meaning and adjectives homonymous with participles are contrasted [Sazonova 1989].

NOTE. V.V. Lopatin, among other things, discusses active present participles from denominational verbs in - work: fascist,hooligan,aesthetic etc. Despite the recognition that such formations often arise occasionally, without fixing the corresponding verbs in finite forms in the language, V.V. Lopatin comes to the conclusion that such formations should still be interpreted precisely as participles, albeit realizing only “ adjective meanings" [Lopatin 1966: 43]. END NOTES

The development of a timeless reading is very characteristic of real present participles and, to some extent, can be recognized as their inherent property.

NOTE. However, such a scenario of semantic development is still not completely unlimited and is largely predetermined by the semantic properties of the verb. This problem is discussed in detail in [Bogdanov 2011: 121–126], where the difficulty of a timeless (“generic” in the author’s terminology) reading for active present participles for two groups of verbs is noted.

1. For some non-agentive(“non-accusative” in the author’s terminology) intransitive verbs. Thus, it is argued that with the help of a noun phrase current substance can only mean a substance that is flowing at some relevant moment in time, and not simply having the ability to flow. The combination, for example, talking monster, including the participle of an agentive verb speak, can refer to a monster that is capable of speech, but does not necessarily speak at a particular point in time. For many non-agentive verbs there are pseudoparticiples ending in - whose, which always have a generic reading (cf. fluid).

2. For transitive verbs related to the class "result verbs", opposed to the class of transitional "way verbs". Thus, it is argued that the noun phrase reading person(read - verb of manner, it describes a certain type of action by the Agent, but does not denote any change in the state of the second participant - the Patient or, in other terminology, the Subject) can refer to a person who has the ability or inclination to read, but is not reading at any point in the observation , while the noun phrase cooking man(cook– a verb of result, it presupposes a change in the state of the Patient, but does not specify the nature of the Agent’s action) can only have an episodic interpretation, that is, it necessarily refers to a person who is cooking something at some relevant moment of observation. The main difficulty with empirical testing of this hypothesis lies in the non-obviousness of the very opposition between the verbs of method and result. For example, it is not clear whether verbs can be counted drink or feed verbs of manner (participles feeding And drinker, undoubtedly, can develop generic meanings according to the described model, cf. nursing mother,drinking husband).

Limitations on the possibility of a generic, timeless interpretation of active present participles require further study. END NOTES

3.1.2. Adjectives with metonymic shift

Adjectivation of active present participles can also be accompanied by metonymic transfer. We are talking about a situation when, with the help of an adjectival participle, a sign or property is attributed not to that participant in the situation who could actually be in the subject position with the finite form of the corresponding verb, but to some adjacent participant, often one or another attribute of the animate participant:

(11) - Through, it will heal, - said the pilot understanding tone, lifting up Sintsov’s tunic and tying scraps of his shirt around him. [TO. Simonov. Living and Dead (1955-1959)]

(12) It was difficult to imagine that these animals had legs and not wings, they were so airy sliding, sneaking gait. [R. Shtilmark. Heir from Calcutta (1950-1951)]

It is clear that a person, an animate being, for example, a pilot, can have the ability to understand, and the tone of voice in in this case characterized as one that belongs to a person who has such ability (cf. the pilot understands – *understands the tone, animals sneak – *the step is stealthy).

3.1.3. Adjectives starting with - ushch / -asch, incompatible with the verb

Adjectivation is even more noticeable in cases where the unit, which has the form of a participle, does not at all correlate in meaning directly with the verb from which it could be derived, cf. comprehensive explanation,eminent scientist(cf. * the explanation is exhaustive, *scientist issued).

Finally, it can be noted that in the Russian language there are also such undoubted adjectives that contain suffixes typical of real participles of the present tense, despite the fact that there are no corresponding verbs in the language system, cf. previous,real.

NOTE. Wed. also adjectives long unsold, lost, outwardly reminiscent of participles, but in reality they are not and, apparently, never were. It is also worth mentioning the existence of a small number of adjectives that contain suffixes that coincide with the suffixes of real present participles, but are formed from other adjectives and express the meaning of the intensity of the attribute: enormous,long,smart,cunning. A separate interesting group is formed by colloquial adjectives like important, growing stronger, first-breathing, which probably arose as a result of contamination of the participial suffix and superlative forms (cf. the most important, strongest, first). END NOTES

3.1.4. Adjectives with formal differences from corresponding participles

Some of the adjectives that resemble participles are characterized by the deletion of /j/ and contraction of vowels compared to the expected regular participle: walking,knowledgeable, and also possibly industrious. Knowledgeable– entrenched in Russian literary language adjective meaning ‘having knowledge in a certain area, competent’. Moreover, according to regular rules, from an outdated but sometimes used verb inquire‘to have knowledge, to understand’ must be formed as a participle knowledgeable(cf. know). Such formation is occasionally found in the texts of the Corpus until the middle of the 20th century, mainly also in the adjectivized meaning of “competent”:

(13) The first volume, along with a positive assessment of its most knowledgeable“Saltykovologists” (of which there are very few), met, of course, an unfavorable attitude from newspaper critics (of which there are a lot). [R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik. Prisons and exiles (1934-1944)]

“Contracted” forms sometimes characterize colloquial or colloquial variants of words related in origin to participles, cf. next(instead of literary next). The active present participle of a verb formed according to the rules walk– walking(cf. walking), and vernacular (or imitating vernacular) walking used as an adjective meaning 'dissolute, idle'.

3.1.5. Adjective composites with participial component

Adjectival formations associated with participles also include composites (formations obtained by compounding), in which the first element corresponds to some dependent element of the original verb, and the second is precisely the form of the active present participle: expensive,perishable etc. (see discussion in [Bogdanov 2011: 165–201]). A special subclass of such formations consists of words in which the first component corresponds to a name that could be used in the direct object position with the corresponding transitive verb: metal-cutting(cf. cuts metal),woodworking(cf. processes wood). As V.V. Lopatin notes, such composites are common in the field of technical terminology; their formation compensates for the discussed inability of adjectival active participles of transitive verbs to be combined with direct objects [Lopatin 1966: 42].

3.2. Substantivalization of active present participles

This irregular verb shows that the present participle is formed from the same stem as the personal plural forms. The same, apparently, could be said about another similar verb with an unstable base in the present paradigm - give. This verb belongs to the perfect form and, accordingly, does not have a normative active present participle (see). However, occasionally it forms a non-normative participle with the meaning of the future tense giver(about 20 uses on Google). Thus, in this case, native speakers of the Russian language choose the variant of the stem that is characteristic of plural forms (cf. will give, But dud-ut).

The possibility of forming future participles is associated with a number of factors; more precisely, the formation of these forms, and in general peripheral, can be additionally limited for verbs of certain inflectional classes, for verbs of certain modes of action, etc. Similar factors are studied in detail in [Vlakhov 2010: 26–40].

Interestingly, in the verb paradigm be once included a unique participle of the future tense, namely future; however, in modern Russian the word future also used exclusively as an adjective.

This fact fits into the typological tendency to reduce non-finite forms in modal verbs(see about this side of grammaticalization, for example,).

L.P. Kalakutskaya notes that real participles of the present tense relatively rarely denote such actions that coincide in duration with the action designated supporting form, and much more often they refer to situations whose duration wider action expressed by the supporting form: Levin found his wife sad and bored(L.N. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina) [Kalakutskaya 1971: 61–62]. This situation, according to L.P. Kalakutskaya, creates the preconditions for the development of the meanings of a timeless feature and, thus, adjectivation.

For some of these formations it is difficult to establish exactly how their first part relates to the structure of the dependent verb that provides the basis for the second part, cf. fundamental,electromotive, living-growing, mining, life-affirming.

The meaning of the participle morphological characteristics and syntactic function

Communion - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence Communion may be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial phrase, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Verb signs	Signs of an adjective
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn).	1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?).
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running.	2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit.
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke.	3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc.
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy.	4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate).
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense).	5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed.

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (p rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Participles Verbs	Valid		Passive
	Present tense	Past tense	Present tense	Past tense
	-ushch (-yushch) from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation	-vsh ■ш	-om, -eat from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation	-nn, -enn, -t
Imperfective transitives	Reading	+ read	Readable	+ read
Perfective transitives		Read		Read
Imperfective intransitives	Sitting	sitting	-
Perfective intransitives		Blooming

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only in number and in singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: AND sailboat lit copper-red at sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives mean constant signs objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case Communion denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(Communion) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles They are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

Scheme morphological analysis participles. I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form ( nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin)

A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine gender; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase).

Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.

Active participle - this is a participle showing the attribute of the object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws, who painted (or painted) a picture.

Passive participle is a participle showing the attribute of an object that is experiencing action on the part of another person or object: a picture drawn (or drawn) by a student.

Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read - reading, reading, read (imperfect form); read – read, read. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.

I. Active present participles are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation. Vez-ut - lucky, rabot-yut - working, bor-yut-sya - struggling, der-at - holding,

II. Active past participles tenses are formed from a stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh-, if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh-, if the stem ends in a consonant: read-t - read, vi-t - seen, carry-ti - carried.

Active present and past participles from reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling – struggling; fight - struggling.

Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.

Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: read-yut - read-em-y; see - kind-of.

Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om-: ved-ut - ved-om-y; attracted - attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.

II. Passive past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb:

a) Using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -a (-я), -е: chit-t – read; sow - sown; vide - seen.

b) Using the suffix -enn (-yonn-), if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant sound or in and (and the suffix -i- is omitted): take away - taken away; bake - baked; paint - painted; illuminate – illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify - glorified.

In this case, verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternating sounds.

c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t-: my-t - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint – crumpled; touch - touched; grate – grated; lock - locked; grind - ground; prick - pricked.

Notes. 1. Verbs of the “v” group include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in i, ы, у, о, as well as i (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t – twisted, we- t - washed, touch - touched, prick - chopped, crumple (mn-y) - crumpled, squeeze (sozh-y, squeeze-y) - compressed.

2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: ter-t - grated.

Table of formation of participles.

Short form of passive participles .

Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open-open. The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles ^ is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence. Compare: 7. The forest shrouded in fog makes noise. - The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached the open door. - The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is :. predicate.) Passive participles of the short form are formed when po--. the power of the suffix -n- or less commonly -t-. c In contrast to the full form participles in short participles one n: the book that has been read is the book that has been read, the painted butts are painted.

2. Russian language dictionaries. Their meaning. Features of the dictionary entry different types dictionaries.

Dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.), arranged according to a certain principle, and providing information about their meanings, use, origin, translation into another language, etc. (linguistic dictionaries) or information about the concepts and objects they denote, about figures in any fields of science, culture, etc.;

1) Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about morphological and

syntactic properties of the word. Grammar dictionaries include words arranged forward or backward alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammatical dictionary.

2) Word-formation dictionaries– dictionaries showing the division of words into their components

morphemes, the word-formation structure of a word, as well as a set of words with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-formation dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.

3) Spelling dictionaries – dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard

writing. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, industry-specific, reference dictionaries for press workers, and school. Let us also remind you that you should check the spelling of words using reputable dictionaries.

4) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.

5) Synonymous dictionaries describe words that differ in sound and spelling, but

identical or similar in meaning. This definition of synonyms should be considered working, since it does not claim to comprehensively cover the essence of synonymy.

6) Dictionaries of antonyms - linguistic dictionaries-reference books that provide a description

antonyms. The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:

· Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).

· Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).

· Fixation and analysis of characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.

7) Dictionaries linguistic terms – a type of industry encyclopedic dictionaries.

8) Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, word meanings, or combinations of words that appear in

a certain period of time or consumed only once. In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year amounts to tens of thousands.

9) Homonym dictionaries is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, words that coincide

in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.

10) Paronyms- these are words of the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in

sound (in connection with a common root or basis), but differ in their meanings.

11) Dictionaries– linguistic dictionaries that explain the meanings of words and

phraseological units of any language by means of this language itself.

12) Terminology dictionaries– dictionaries containing the terminology of one or more

special areas of knowledge or activity.

Ticket No. 10

1. Basic ways of forming words.

1. Prefix method- a way of forming a word by attaching a prefix to the whole word. For example:

run → run, yacht → superyacht, inform → misinform, grandson → great-grandson, public → antisocial, always → forever, take → take away, sound → ultrasound, champion → ex-champion, important → crucial, symmetry → asymmetry, mobilization → demobilization, organization → reorganization

2. Suffix method- a way of forming a word by adding a suffix to the base of the word. For example:

read → reader, blue → turn blue, white → white, ocean → oceanarium, exam → examiner, two → two, comfort → comfortable, three → thrice, meow → meow, swamp → swampy, wheeze → hoarse, white → whiten, two → twice, academy → academician, share → shareholder, music → musician, program → programmer

3. Prefix-suffix method– a method of forming a word by simultaneous addition

prefixes and suffixes to the base of the word. For example: city → suburban, sound → voice, Moscow → Moscow region, clear → find out, river → interfluve, muscle → intramuscular, five → five of us, dense → close, deadline → early, ticket → stowaway, shore → coast, pain → anesthetize.

4. Addition (pure addition)- a way of forming words based on the coordinating or subordinating

combinations in which the last component is the whole word, and the first component (components) is the stem. For example: light and pink → light pink, product turnover → commodity turnover, vegetable and storage → vegetable storage, fish protection → fish protection, official and business → official business, scientific and popular → popular science, Russian and English → Russian-English.

5. Abbreviation (complex abbreviated method)– a way of forming derivative words (nouns) by

addition of truncated segments or truncated segments and whole words of the original phrase (less often, words). For example: civil registration → registry office, agro-industrial complex → agro-industrial complex, state apparatus → state apparatus, radio station → walkie-talkie, head of the farm → caretaker, head of the educational department → head teacher.

2. Vocabulary. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

VOCABULARY is the vocabulary of a language.

LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.

WORD- this is the basic structural-semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. Characteristics words are integral, distinguishable and integrally reproducible in speech.

The main ways to replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:

Words are formed on the basis of word-forming material (roots, suffixes and endings),

New words come into the Russian language from other languages ​​due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- the correlation of sound design fixed in the speaker’s mind linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality.

Single and polysemous words.

Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in the Russian language, these are

scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),

proper names (Nikolai Petrov),

recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),

words with a narrow subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).

Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning and meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in explanatory dictionary in first place, followed by derivatives.

Direct and figurative meaning words.

Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word "table" had Ancient Rus' meaning “reign, capital”, and now it has the meaning “piece of furniture”.

A figurative meaning is a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.

For example, the word “sediment” has a direct meaning - “solid particles present in a liquid and settling on the bottom or walls of a vessel after settling,” and a figurative meaning is “a heavy feeling remaining after something.”

HOMONYMS- these are words that have different meanings, but are identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a “spherical flying smoky mass” (a club of smoke) and a club is a “cultural and educational institution” (a railway workers’ club). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.

SYNONYMS- these are words close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.

Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely match in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language; these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).

Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetition, as well as to give more exact description of what is being said.

ANTONYMS- these are words with opposite meanings.

Antonyms are words that have correlative meanings; words that characterize an object or phenomenon with different sides(early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).

If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man” the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).

Like synonyms, antonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech.

Ticket No. 11

1. The role of language in life and society.

For the rest.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

1. How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
2. What form: indefinite form verb or participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. - considered the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to single them out separate part speech.
• Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically substantiated and consistent with common sense and the broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the guys.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of searching initial form, which constantly arises during learning, will contribute to the development of the child, awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, originality verb categories aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(the attribution of participles to verbal forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, for example English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological characteristics: Features of the morphological form: participles have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of a verb:
  • type: NE and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • repayment,
  • tense (present and past),
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. The sentence contains full participles, like full adjectives, are either a definition or part of the predicate, and short ones, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More details:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items- these are the subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is carried out on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl chatting on the phone...

defined word girl, definition of chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, definition of dishwasher-washed (the dishes didn't wash themselves, someone did).

Essay, what I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition what I wrote last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and a short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn- full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

withdrawn- unit, m.r., I.p.

We live in the country, occupying a sixth of the landmass.

occupying- unit, f.r., pp.

Our Houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located- plural, i.p.

Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house.
The novel has been written and even already published.
The essay was written and published in the magazine.
Letters have been written and sent.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different quantities participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs NSV have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
read
3) passive present participle: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible.

Transitive verbs SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy NE. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: walking,
2) active past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive verbs have a single participle form:

active past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles.
From transitive verbs you can form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

• Some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, written, sewn, swept- forms of passive past participles;
• Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after- forms of present passive participles;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• a verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid-July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn out- intransition.v.), conceivable (from think- intransitive verb.), unfading (from fade- intransition.ch.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot. The letter is written. The picture is hung. The laundry is washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). You can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot, the letter was written, the picture was hung.

IN short adjectives the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her In general, these signs are characteristic. You cannot add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

§7. Participial phrase

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Don't be confused:

A dependent and qualified word is different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

Fog, which landed on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Communion - sunken, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) sunken- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: sunken(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial phrase - landed on the river at night.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent features of participles?

2. Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. Which participles do not have short forms?

   • Have valid
   • In the passive
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participles change?

   • By case

6. How do full forms of participle change?

   • By case
   • By numbers and singular - by gender
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?

   • From reflexivity of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?

   • Transitional air supply systems
   • Transitional SV

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?

   • Intransitive NSVs
   • Intransitive SV
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SV

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?

Correct answers:

1. dependent word
2. Have valid
3. By numbers and singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional air supply systems
7. Intransitive SV

• A16. Vowels in personal endings of verbs and suffixes of participles