The concept of “Military Doctrine” most often refers to a series of regulations that determine how the military forces and means of a certain state will be used to achieve political goals, various global military objectives and large-scale military development. The content of the Military Doctrine covers all areas and aspects that relate to the state’s preparation for a probable war or repelling a possible attack.

Every state has such a document and determines the state’s military policy in relation to other countries. The doctrine can be adopted by both an individual state and a union public education. In the latter case, the text of the document is approved in accordance with the military policy followed by the allied states. Most often in this case - the strongest state in the union bloc.

The military doctrine of the Russian Federation is approved by the President Russian Federation. It is defensive in nature and establishes involvement in various military bases to ensure the military security of the country.

Compared to the US Military Doctrine, which provides for a global strike anywhere in the world, the Russian one provides for the use armed forces only as a last resort. At the same time, maintaining troops in a state of high combat readiness, as well as equipping them with the latest types of weapons and military equipment, are among the priorities of Russian doctrine. Judging by the political situation on the world stage for 2010-2014, it is safe to say that every year the need for a new declaration on military policy has increased.

In 2014, the President of the Russian Federation approved a new Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. The president had to approve the updated text due to the change political situation in the world. In the document, the president noted that NATO member countries are geopolitical opponents of Russia. In addition, the unstable situation in Ukraine and in the countries Far East also demanded some changes. With the adoption of the new document in 2014, the previous version of the text, which was approved by the President of Russia in 2010, was canceled.

Approval of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation

The new version was approved by the Russian Security Council in December 2014. After this, the doctrine was sent to the president for signature. The updated Military Doctrine, which is the most important defense state element, appeared on December 26, 2014.

Although the main text remained virtually unchanged, various additions that were made there significantly changed the essence of the document.

A brief history of the emergence of Military Doctrine in modern Russia

The first military doctrine arose in modern Russia back in 1993. Before this, Russia used USSR documents that were adopted in 1987. The emergence of a new Military Doctrine was a necessary measure, since the political situation in the world had long required the creation of such a holistic document. In the early 90s, a similar regulatory documentation most developed countries had. Usually it covered a wide range of military-political issues, and also determined the algorithm of the army’s action as a result of an enemy attack. The following Military Doctrines were adopted in 2000, 2010 and 2014.

Since the new National Security Strategy was released in 2015, the Russian Military Doctrine was also supplemented with a number of changes in 2016.

If we take the United States as an example, they have long had a National Defense Strategy, which is an analogue of the Russian Military Doctrine. The US strategy is presented as a collection of documentation that addresses wide range issues related to military and national security. By the way, it was in the United States that a tradition was established according to which the country’s Military Doctrine (or its analogues, which may have other names) was approved by the president, because in a number of countries it is the president who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

In addition, the US has developed effective tool to make changes and additions to it, which is often a necessity of utmost importance, since the political situation in the world is very unstable. This instrument is the annual report of the Secretary of Defense, which he makes for the following organizations:

• For the US Congress;
• For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces;
• For American White Paper.

The first Russian Military Doctrine dates back to 1993. It was this year that the President of Russia for the first time approved a specific document that concerned Russia’s further military policy on the world stage and in the event of a surprise attack by the enemy. This document was called the “Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.” Before the publication of this document, the public was warned through various means mass media. At the same time, the Russian military academies were discussing the norms that were planned to be enshrined in the texts of the document.

The main issues that the Russian Military Doctrine should address

The modern version of the military document is able to answer a number of the following questions:

• Which country is most likely to become an enemy, and what is the approximate scenario for a possible war;
• What nuances might the proposed war have?
• What global goals and objectives should the state pursue during the war?
• How can a possible military clash be prevented so that it does not “spill over” into a large-scale war;
• The creation of a military organization that will have to take over leadership after the onset of hostilities on a national scale;
• How and by what means the war will be fought;
• How will the state conduct full-scale military operations;
• An algorithm for preparing for war and algorithms for the use of force in the event of armed conflicts.

In general, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation has normative, informational and organizational functions that determine the algorithm of actions for preparing the state for war, as well as defense and attack, from the perspective of application military force.

Basic principles and concepts of the Russian Military Doctrine

Since most major world powers that could become possible opponents of Russia in the event of war have nuclear weapons, any military conflict should, if possible, be resolved without the use of strategic nuclear weapons. The use of nuclear weapons by one of the warring parties will cause a response, which could lead to a global catastrophe. That is why the Russian authorities are focusing on the use of non- nuclear weapons. Much attention is paid to new developments of weapons, which in the near future can become a powerful deterrent for possible opponents.

The updated document introduced a new concept of “non-nuclear deterrence system.” This concept is a complex various measures, which are comprehensively aimed at developing, arming and using powerful non-nuclear weapons against a possible enemy of the Russian Federation.

Having studied the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, we can highlight the following directions in military development and military policy, which are arranged in descending order:

• Containing the enemy with nuclear weapons. This clause provides for the delivery of nuclear strikes against the enemy after the first strike or as a retaliatory strike. This blow should be delivered by railway missile systems, as well as strategic submarines. In the event of a retaliatory nuclear strike, the submarines must launch a general retaliatory strike;
• Defense by aerospace forces, which includes the use of high-precision non-nuclear weapons. These strikes should be carried out against the concentration of US Army forces and their possible allies;
• Large-scale military conflicts with NATO armies, which can occur both within various borders with Russia and on the territory of the CIS countries;
• Resolution of the regional Far Eastern conflict;
• Conflicts with Japan that are territorial in nature;
• Reflection various types missile strikes, which can be directed towards Moscow. This issue should be effectively dealt with by the missile defense system, which is located in the Moscow region;
• Various local conflicts and peacekeeping operations. They can be both on the territory of Russia and throughout the entire territory of the post-Soviet space;
• Operations aimed at countering piracy in Indian Ocean, as well as various military operations in the Arctic region.

The main content of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation

Although Russian doctrine has been significantly updated, the classification of wars and military conflicts has not changed at all. Many military experts continue to express dissatisfaction with the fact that the updated documentation does not clearly define the concept of “war.” This can lead to the fact that any conflicts can be interpreted as a military invasion, even if it is a provocation.

Some military experts in 2016 proposed including their own definition of the concept of “war.” In their definition, war is the highest form of conflict resolution among states, social, religious or ethnic groups, which takes place with the use of high-intensity armed violence. The main goal of such an event is the complete achievement of certain goals of one of the parties to the conflict.

Classification of wars according to various criteria

Since in modern conditions It is impossible to give a complete definition of the term “war” based on several criteria; the system for defining wars is quite complex. For example, you can classify a war according to the technological level of the warring parties:

• Technologically underdeveloped states. This type of war poses a danger only to its direct participants, since the parties usually have small arms. As an example, we can cite constant clashes in Latin American countries or Africa;
• Highly developed states. The last example of this type was the Second World War. In modern conditions, a war by high-tech states can lead to the destruction of all humanity on the planet;
• Between underdeveloped and high-tech states. As an example, we can cite the war between the United States and Iraq, which lasted from 2003 to 2011.

Wars are often classified by the use of strategy to achieve their goals:

• The simplest is the use of a strategy for the direct physical destruction of the enemy. As a rule, this strategy is used by underdeveloped states;
• The most perfect one is when an indirect influence strategy is used. This could be a simple economic blockade. In more difficult case, this type of war involves supporting opposition forces in a state, often using indirect or direct support for troops;
• Mixed technique, which includes a combination of the first two methods.

Depending on the scale of war, there are the following types:

• Local. They are conducted only within the borders of enemy states. Often wars of this type develop into larger scale ones;
• Regional. These wars are being waged by several states in one of the regions. Unlike local wars, the goal here is more significant;
• Large scale. The most serious type of war. As a rule, not ordinary states, but entire coalitions of states. The last large-scale war that occurred in the world was World War II. Everyone knows perfectly well the terrible devastation that conflicts of this type cause.

Wars can also be divided according to the type of weapons used in them:

• The most dangerous may be nuclear war. Since the world's major powers have nuclear weapons, then when a conflict breaks out between them, nuclear weapons may well be used. This could destroy all life on earth, so no one is eager to start it;
• With the use of weapons mass destruction. This group includes both nuclear and chemical weapons;
• Using conventional weapons. Most wars nowadays are of this type;
• In theory, wars can occur using revolutionary types of weapons.

In accordance with international law, wars are:

• “Fair”, that is, when they are conducted in compliance with international law. As a rule, such wars are fought to protect the national interests and independence of the country;
• "Unjust" wars. This is the so-called “aggression”, when all norms of international law are brazenly violated or ignored.

War can occur between the following participants:

• Among the states;
• Between the coalition and the state;
• Among coalitions;
• Between different ethnic or social groups in the same state. This kind of war is called civil war.

Sources of external military danger

According to new edition, the sources of external and internal military danger are clearly defined. Depending on the military-political situation, one can determine when Russia should prepare for war.

The following circumstances are understood as sources of external danger:

• The main source of external danger is considered to be the global strengthening of NATO and the deployment of its troops near the eastern Russian borders. Judging by current state European NATO troops, only American troops should be feared. Despite the fact that the “yellow” Russian press constantly “trumpets” the danger posed by European NATO troops, in fact, things are not very rosy there;
• Aggravation of the political situation in the country. This item may include inciting ethnic or class hatred at the expense of funds from foreign states;
• Various military groups or gangs, which are often sponsored by a potential enemy, can also pose a danger.

In addition to the above, sources of external danger include the militarization of space and the deployment of missile defense near Russian borders. Due to the fact that in recent years The United States is actively using a system of blackmail with strategic high-precision missiles; this point also applies to external military dangers.

In addition to indirect sources of external danger, there may also be direct military threats to Russia. Such threats mean:

• Territorial claims both to Russia and to its allied countries. For example, the situation with Japan's territorial claims to Russia;
• Direct interference of the NATO bloc in the internal affairs of Russia or its allied countries;
• Various armed conflicts on the territory of countries that have common borders with Russia;
• The proliferation of nuclear technology, weapons of mass destruction and other military technologies or weapons among countries with which Russia has strained relations;
• As a consequence of the 4th point, an increase in the number of states that have nuclear weapons in their arsenal;
• Sponsoring global terrorism.

Such dangers may arise from the fact that, with the help of foreign support, regimes may be established in some countries that will be unfriendly against Russia.

Dangers that, according to Russian Military Doctrine, are considered internal

Since it is very dangerous to directly threaten a major nuclear power, which is Russia, a potential rival can often act covertly, organizing various sabotages, rebellions and aggravations between ethnic, social and religious groups. Such actions represent fertile ground for the emergence of various internal dangers on Russian territory. They come in the following types:

• Efforts aimed at changing the existing constitutional order;
• Destabilization of the general attitude in the country;
• Creating various kinds of interference in the operation of government and military facilities.

The main threats to Russia, according to the Military Doctrine

The most significant military threats that can directly lead to military action are:

• Aggravations as a result of military-political negotiations. This category also includes deadlocked negotiations, which lead to the fact that one of the parties will have to use force of arms to confirm its position in the dispute;
• Favorable conditions for the enemy to take advantage of his troops;
• Disturbances in the smooth operation of Russian nuclear and strategic forces;
• Direct demonstration of military force on the borders of the Russian Federation;
• Mobilization in the armed forces of countries neighboring Russia.

In addition, the transfer of a number of state and military bodies to work in military mode indirectly indicates the preparation of this state for war.

How do military conflicts work today?

A special section of the Military Doctrine is devoted to describing the features of military conflicts that are most popular in modern world. Typically, features of modern military conflicts include:

• The use of non-military and military means by the protest population;
• The scale of the use of modern weapons in the complex. Modern intercontinental missiles and the latest weapons that can operate in accordance with new physical laws can be used as modern weapons. Such weapons can be as destructive as nuclear weapons;
• Impact on the enemy throughout his entire territory. Moreover, this point includes not only massive strikes on land and sea, but also complete dominance in aerospace;
• Selective destruction of large military targets, the use of mobile detachments of troops special purpose, which are capable of delivering sudden attacks on the enemy;
• Quick transition from the defense phase to the attack phase;
• Formation of a military area.

In addition to these features that were spelled out in the previous Military Doctrine, new ones have appeared. For example, the use of private military companies or the use of political forces and social movements during military operations.

Fundamentals of military policy of the Russian Federation

The main section of the document is devoted to explanations of the state military policy. The definition of “military policy” is also given here. IN in this case, military policy should be understood as the special activities of the state, which are directly related to all areas that relate to the organization and implementation of defense. Moreover, Russian military policy affects not only its own interests, but also the interests of its allied states.

The main directions of Russian military policy are as follows:

• Try to prevent, contain and prevent any military conflicts;
• Constantly improve and modernize its armed forces and all related organizations;
• Improve the methods of using armed forces and other troops for greater efficiency;
• Increase the mobility of all types of troops.

Russia's military doctrine reminds us that the country's nuclear potential should be viewed solely as a deterrent. At the same time, it provides for the use of nuclear weapons by Russia not only in the event of an attack on it using any weapon of mass destruction. In the event of a large-scale aggression against Russia, which would pose a threat to the existence of the state, even if conventional weapons are used, Russia has the right to use nuclear weapons against the aggressor state.

The same section covers most of the questions on the use of various military organizations. According to the doctrine, Russia can use force in the following cases:

• When repelling any aggression directed towards Russia;
• To restore or maintain peace;
• To protect its citizens, even if they are outside the Russian Federation.

According to the doctrine, any use of armed forces must be carried out on a large scale and purposefully. Moreover, strictly in accordance with international law.

The new edition contains clauses that relate to military tasks in peacetime, when the threat of aggression appears and steadily increases. In addition, clauses appeared regarding the observance of Russian interests in the Arctic and such a concept as “strategic deployment of armed forces.”

The tasks for the development of military organizations received several new points:

• Creation and development of mobilization bases that should serve for the strategic deployment of the armed forces;
• Development of methods for preparing and mobilizing the population in the event of serious threats to the state. This same point includes the development of techniques for mobilizing other resources necessary for waging war;
• Improvement of the entire system of radiation, chemical and biological protection.

Mobilization preparation and military-economic support

Unlike the previous edition, the new document pays increased attention to mobilization preparation. This training includes not only the training of the armed forces, but also other organizations, in order to ensure the protection of the state from attacks, as well as to provide for various needs and requirements during war.

It is this section that indirectly hints that the President of the Russian Federation does not exclude the possibility of the state being drawn into a large-scale military conflict in the near future. At least, current US policy is so aggressive that this possibility cannot be completely ruled out. In any case, Russia will be ready to conduct full-scale military operations, which may require a global mobilization of human and state resources.

The President of the Russian Federation approved the new Russian Federation. This was reported on the website of the head of state, but the details of the decree have not yet been announced.

The document was approved at a meeting of the Russian Security Council on December 19, 2014. Compared to the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation of 2010 (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 5, 2010 No. 146), two new basic definitions appeared in it: "mobilization readiness of the Russian Federation"(the readiness of the armed forces and authorities to implement mobilization plans) and the “system of non-nuclear deterrence” (a system of measures aimed at preventing aggression by non-nuclear means).

The previous edition of the doctrine stated: "World development on modern stage characterized by a weakening of ideological confrontation". The new edition reads: “World development at the present stage is characterized by increased global competition, tension in various areas of interstate and interregional interaction, rivalry of value guidelines and development models.” The new doctrine also says: “There has been a tendency to shift military dangers and military threats into the information space and inner sphere Russian Federation." The previous version of the document did not contain such a statement.

The main external dangers in the 2010 doctrine were recognized as NATO expansion, “attempts to destabilize the situation in individual states and regions,” the deployment of military contingents of foreign states in territories adjacent to Russia, the deployment of strategic missile defense systems that violate the existing balance of forces, territorial claims against Russia, interference in its internal affairs, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, violation by individual states of international agreements in the field of arms reduction, the use of military forces in states neighboring Russia, the presence of armed conflicts in neighboring states, international terrorism.

Now, instead of “attempts to destabilize the situation in individual states,” the doctrine speaks of “destabilizing the situation in individual states.” In addition to international terrorism, the document mentions transnational crime in general (including the proliferation of weapons and drugs). The new doctrine also refers to the activities of “international armed radical groups and foreign private military companies in areas adjacent to the state border of the Russian Federation.” Particular attention is paid to the “use of information and communication technologies for military-political purposes", the establishment in neighboring states of regimes hostile to Russia, as well as the activities of foreign intelligence services against the interests of Russia.

The main internal military dangers in 2010 were considered to be attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order, violation of territorial integrity and disorganization of the activities of government agencies. Now the disorganization of the activities of government agencies has been excluded from the list; instead, the list includes “activities targeting the population, primarily the young citizens of the country, aimed at undermining historical, spiritual and patriotic traditions in the field of protection.” The list also includes inciting ethnic and religious hatred.

The 2010 military doctrine stated that Russia’s military policy is aimed at “preventing an arms race, containing and preventing military conflicts, improving military organization, forms and methods of using the Armed Forces (...) for defense purposes.” In the new version of the document, the prevention of an arms race is excluded from this paragraph.

The document also spells out a new task for the armed forces in peacetime: ensuring Russia’s national interests in

Zverev P.G., © Military doctrine of the Russian Federation and international law (comparative legal analysis) Abstract The article compares the provisions of the current Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation of 2010 with the previously valid Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation of 2000, and also compares the norms of the Military Doctrine of Russia with the norms of current international law. The new world order will be built against Russia, on the ruins of Russia and at the expense of Russia. Z. Brzezinski February 5, 2010 By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the third Military Doctrine of Russia of the post-Soviet period was approved. In view of the complex internal political situation in the country and the ongoing reform of the international security system, it seems relevant to trace the process of formation and development within the framework of this subordinate regulatory legal act, the process of formation and development of the idea of ​​national security of Russia, as well as to correlate its provisions with the current norms of international law. Evolution of the Military Doctrine of Russia in 2000 - 2010 At its core, the military doctrine of any state is a proclamation of the policy of that state in the field of military (defense) security. Military doctrine expresses a whole system of official views and provisions that determine the main directions of state military development, the preparation of the state and its armed forces for a possible war, as well as the methods and forms of waging it. Of course, the content of the military doctrine of each state directly depends on the politics and social (constitutional) system, on the level of productive forces, on new scientific achievements, as well as on the nature of the expected war. Military doctrine is the ideological core of the entire military political activity state, as one of the directions of its general policy. Thus, military doctrine affects the interests of all government structures, the entire society, and every citizen of the country. In a broad sense, issues of military doctrine are reflected in a number of state acts. First of all, we are talking, of course, about the constitution of the state, after which the concepts of national security and foreign policy, various legislative acts (such as laws on security, defense, military service and military service etc.), combat and general military documents. At the same time, the Military Doctrine itself accumulates the most important doctrinal provisions, which include, for example, the political and legal foundations of the Military Doctrine, security threats to the state and the defense tasks arising from them, etc. From the point of view legal terminology it does not matter much what exactly in a particular state the document in which these doctrinal views are set out is called. In Russia, Belarus or Kazakhstan, this act is called “Military Doctrine”, in the USA such names as “National Security Strategy” and “NATO Strategic Concept” are used, and in China – “Defense Doctrine”. As noted above, the Military Doctrine of modern Russia has gone through three stages in its development. In 1993, the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were adopted, which were further developed in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation in 2000. Finally, in 2010, a new Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation was approved, which is in force today. It seems appropriate to compare the main provisions of the Military Doctrine of April 21, 2000 and the current Military Doctrine of February 5, 2010. This will allow us to trace the process of development of the provisions of this document and will facilitate the task of its further comparative analysis with the norms of international law. 1. The current Military Doctrine is positioned as one of the main documents of strategic planning in the Russian Federation, while the Military Doctrine of 2000 was a document of the transition period. The very concept of military doctrine becomes more specific in 2010 and clearly indicates the defensive nature of the entire military policy of our state. If the Military Doctrine of 2000 was mainly aimed at developing the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation of 1993, then the current Military Doctrine takes into account the provisions of not only the Military Doctrine of 2000, but also a number of other strategically important acts (Concepts of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation until 2020, Concept of Russian Foreign Policy 2008, etc.). 2. The legal basis of the 2010 Military Doctrine is supplemented by generally recognized principles and norms of international law (in full accordance with Part 4 of Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The target orientation of the international treaties of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Military Doctrine has been somewhat specified. Among the national legal acts are federal constitutional laws and regulatory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation (in the Military Doctrine of 2000 they were only implied, but not named). 3. The conceptual apparatus of the 2010 Military Doctrine has been developed more specifically. Already in paragraph 6 “ General provisions » provides more than ten basic concepts used in the document. Among them are definitions of military and armed conflicts, local, regional and large-scale wars, etc. In the previous Military Doctrine, most of these terms were considered only in Section II of the document (“Military-Strategic Fundamentals”), and they were characterized by less legal specificity. A comparative analysis of the main concepts of the 2010 Military Doctrine with the terminology of the 2000 Military Doctrine indicates a number of legal innovations and nuances. a) The concept of military security is introduced (clause “a” clause 6 of the Military Doctrine of 2010), however, the detailed regulation of this institution disappears, as was the case in the Military Doctrine of 2000 - its goals and principles are no longer proclaimed support (clause 7 of section 1 “Military-political foundations”). b) The 2010 military doctrine clearly distinguishes between the concepts of military danger and military threat (clauses “b” and “c”, paragraph 6). Military danger, within the meaning of this document, is a state of international or domestic relations that can lead to the emergence of a military threat. In other words, military danger always precedes potential military threat. Let us note that the Military Doctrine of 2000 did not operate with the concept of “military danger” at all: it immediately listed military threats, which were divided into internal and external (paragraphs 5.6 of Section 1 “Military-Political Fundamentals”). The first thing that catches your eye is that the expansion of NATO to the East, in violation of international law, has moved in the new document from the category of military threats (clause 5 of section 1 “Military-Political Foundations” of the Military Doctrine of 2000) to the category of military dangers (Clause 8 of the Military Doctrine of 2010). Thus, the level of potential (and real) harm caused to Russian interests by the activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization seems to be reduced, which, according to many experts, contradicts the actual state of affairs. In general, military threats within the framework of the 2010 Military Doctrine are no longer divided into internal and external, as was done in the previous document. Now this division is applied to military dangers, which, as noted, are characterized by a lesser degree of potential harm to the interests of the state. As a result, the number of military threats was reduced to 5 (clause 10 of the Military Doctrine of 2010) against 18 proclaimed in the Military Doctrine of 2000 (clauses 5 and 6 of Section 1 “Military-Political Fundamentals”). c) The 2010 Military Doctrine more clearly distinguishes between the concepts of war and armed conflict (clause /p. “d”, “f”, “g”, “h” clause 6). In comparison with the previously valid document, the new one no longer talks about dividing wars into just and unjust. d) The 2010 Military Doctrine formulates the general concept of “military conflict”, which covers all types of armed confrontation, including large-scale, regional, local wars and armed conflicts (clause “d”, clause 6). It summarizes the characteristic features of all types of modern military conflicts, while in the Military Doctrine of 2000 the main features of war and armed conflict were the subject of separate consideration (Section II “Military-Strategic Fundamentals”). e) The 2010 Military Doctrine introduces the concept of military policy (clause “and” clause 6), a detailed analysis of which is given in Section III of the document. Among the areas of military policy that are relevant are the strengthening of the collective security system within the CSTO, strengthening interaction in the field of international security within the CIS, OSCE, SCO (paragraph “e” paragraph 19), as well as participation in international peacekeeping activities, in including under the auspices of the UN and within the framework of interaction with international (regional) organizations (p./p. “l” p. 19). 4) The military doctrine of 2000 covered quite superficially such an area of ​​Russia’s foreign policy as international peacekeeping (clause 15, clause “d”, clause 17 of Section II “Military-Strategic Fundamentals”). In general, the norms of international law in the 2000 document were given a kind of secondary role, which could not but conflict with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The current Military Doctrine corrects this obvious shortcoming through a detailed declaration of the role and place of the Russian Federation in the international peacekeeping movement both under the auspices of the UN and within the framework of international regional organizations (paragraphs 24-26). 5) In connection with the entry into force in 2003 of the Treaty establishing the CSTO, the current Military Doctrine pays increased attention to Russia’s participation in the activities of this international regional organization. In confirmation and development of the provisions of the Collective Security Treaty, the Military Doctrine considers an armed attack on a CSTO member state as aggression against all CSTO member states (paragraph 21). 6) From the standpoint of legal technology, the 2010 Military Doctrine is structured more logically and conveniently for familiarization. Continuous numbering of document paragraphs allows you to quickly find the required rate and, if necessary, refer to it. Brief comparative analysis texts of the Military Doctrine of 2000 and 2010 allows us to conclude that a significant step forward has been made by the group of authors and developers of the current Military Doctrine. Perhaps the only bewilderment is the position discussed above on the issue of the relationship between external dangers and threats. But this is rather a question of a military-political nature. As for the legal component of the 2010 Military Doctrine, this document seems to us to be quite logical and complete both in content and form. Military doctrine of the Russian Federation in the light of international law The above analysis of the norms of the Russian Military Doctrine of 2010 showed the general nature of their compliance with the norms of international law. International law does not provide a detailed concept of an armed conflict, pointing only to situations that fall under the regulation of the norms of the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949 (Articles 2 and 3) and the norms of an “explanatory nature” of Additional Protocol I of 1977 (Part 4 of Art. 1) and Additional Protocol II of 1977 (Article 1). The term “armed conflict” in the international legal interpretation obviously indicates the presence of hostilities between organized armed forces. In order to clarify the content of this term, attempts have been made to use various criteria - objective and subjective, such as the presence of armed forces under responsible command; control over part of the territory; number of victims; duration and intensity of military operations, etc. But strict application of such criteria would exclude from the scope of Art. 3 situations of internal unrest and tension within the country (situations of hidden conflicts), the number of which grew steadily in the second half of the 20th century. What should be noted here is the fact that the repressive (military and police) apparatus that states currently have, much more than in years past, makes it difficult for resistance movements within the country to achieve a level of equipment and organization that would allow them to wage real wars. actions, so they find themselves forced to resort to guerrilla warfare tactics. *** The analysis of the provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation of 2010 shows the significant progressiveness of this document in comparison with previous acts of national security, however, the current edition, in our opinion, is not without certain shortcomings. In particular, it is impossible, in our opinion, to fully agree with the statement about the end of the era of ideological confrontation in the world: the bipolar world has been replaced by confrontation within the ideological triangle “West-East-South”. This entailed a qualitative change in the nature of wars and armed conflicts. There is also some legal dissonance that exists in the area of ​​intersection of the norms of Russian national law and international law on the issues of defining and classifying modern armed conflicts. We have to take into account the conciliatory nature of international treaty law, under which it is quite difficult to achieve a general consensus. However, this does not create serious contradictions between the norms of the 2010 Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. and the provisions of modern international humanitarian law applied in times of armed conflict. Bibliography: 1. Obviously, the authors of the document justify this shift in military-political emphasis by the weakening of ideological confrontation in the world (clause 7 of the 2010 Military Doctrine), which does not seem entirely justified. 2. NATO in Ulyanovsk: possible consequences. [Electronic resource] URL: http://dokumentika.org/ru/oruzhie-unichtozheniya/voennaya-baza-nato-v-rossii-ulyanovsk (date of access - 02/01/2013). 3. We are talking about the one already mentioned in the article legal basis Military Doctrine of 2000, about relatively rare references in the text of the entire document to connections with international legal institutions, as well as about a brief, in comparison with the Military Doctrine of 2010, characteristics of international military-political cooperation (paragraph 5 section III“Military-economic foundations” of the Military Doctrine 2000). 4. Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 [Electronic resource] http://www.odkb-csto.org/documents/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=126 (accessed 02/05/2013).

The Decree on the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation was signed on December 25, 2014. This document acts as a fundamental conceptual act in the field of ensuring the country's defense capability. The military doctrine of the Russian Federation was approved with the aim of normalizing issues related to the use of weapons in the political interests of the state.

Prerequisites

The military doctrine of national security of the Russian Federation was the result of a wide discussion in the media and a conference of the All-Russian Academy of Civil Aviation, where theoretical issues related to the use of weapons within the framework of the political activities of the state were discussed. The need to form a single document that includes key aspects of the problem arose at the end of the last century. By that time, almost all developed countries had already created a complex regulatory documents this kind. The main provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were adopted in November 1993.

The essence of the concept

The new Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation that exists today proclaims the officially accepted views of the leadership on the use of weapons to ensure the defense capability of the state. According to theoretical requirements, this document answers the following questions:

1. With which opponents and how to prevent armed conflicts.
2. What character can the struggle have, the tasks and goals of the state and the army during the conduct of hostilities.
3. What military organization should be created to resolve armed conflicts, and in what directions should it be developed.
4. What forms and methods should be used as part of military operations.
5. How to prepare the state and army for war or the use of armed forces in conflicts.

The military security doctrine of the Russian Federation is focused on protecting the economic interests of the country. Its content is determined by the state’s capabilities to conduct armed conflicts. They, in turn, depend on the state of the economy, the level of development of scientific and technological progress and social infrastructure. The military doctrine of the Russian Federation performs informational, organizational and regulatory functions. They determine its key importance in matters of preparing the state and army to protect the interests of the country using the armed forces.

Concepts

The Russian military doctrine of 2015 contains the term “deterrence system.” It should be understood as a set of specific measures aimed at preventing aggression using non-nuclear weapons against Russia. The document outlines the priorities of state policy in matters of defense construction. In descending order they look like this:

Internal dangers

On this issue, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation adheres to its previous position. Internal hazards include:

1. Attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system of Russia.
2. Destabilization of the social and internal political situation in the country.
3. Disorganization of the activities of government bodies, the most important military and government facilities, as well as the information infrastructure of the Russian Federation.

Terrorist actions by gangs and other organizations are of particular relevance today. There is also concern about the informational influence on the population aimed at undermining patriotic, spiritual and historical traditions in the sphere of ensuring the defense of the Fatherland, provoking social and interethnic tension, and inciting national and ethnic hatred.

Main threats

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation recognizes them as:

1. A sharp deterioration in interstate relations.
2. Creating conditions for the use of armed forces.
3. Obstructing the activities of military and public administration in the Russian Federation.
4. Violations in the functioning of nuclear strategic forces, missile attack warning systems, control over outer space, objects chemical industry, nuclear energy, nuclear weapons storage and other potentially hazardous areas.

   

5. Education and training of illegal groups that use weapons against peace and order in society, their activities on the territory of Russia or in allied states.
6. Demonstration of military power during training events in adjacent regions.

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation considers the activation of the armed forces of individual countries or groups of states with partial or complete mobilization as an important threat.

Second section

This part of the document has been subject to repeated adjustments. The change in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation was due to external circumstances and the growing threat of terrorism. These problems are associated with increased competition and rivalry in the world, and the instability of global economic processes. Of no small importance in increasing tension is the redistribution of influence in favor of new power centers. The tendency of threats to shift into the internal sphere and information space of Russia is also recognized as dangerous.

The second section of the Doctrine notes that in some areas military dangers to the state are increasing. The document specifies the sources of external threat in relation to the current situation set out in the State Defense Strategy. This is, first of all, the build-up of military potential and the enlargement of the NATO bloc, the bringing of its combat infrastructure closer to the borders of Russia, and the destabilization of the situation in a number of countries and regions.



Defense Policy of the Russian Federation

It is set out in the third, main section of the Doctrine. The country's defense policy should be understood as the activities of the authorities to organize and ensure the protection of the territory of the state and the interests of its allies. The third section clearly defines the focus of this work:

1. Containment and prevention of armed conflicts.
2. Improving the country's army.
3. Development of methods and forms of using the armed forces and military bodies.
4. Strengthening mobilization readiness to ensure the defense and protection of the territory of the state and the interests of its allies.

Military doctrine confirms that nuclear weapons at the disposal of a state are considered primarily as a deterrent against aggression. Russia reserves the possibility of using such weapons in response to the use of such weapons against it or its allies. Nuclear power will also be used if the enemy’s conventional weapons directly threaten the very existence of the country.



Use of force issues

They are also reflected in the third section of the document. Military doctrine recognizes the legitimate use of force to repel aggression, restore or maintain peace, and ensure the protection of Russian citizens located outside the country. The activities of the armed organization will be carried out decisively, comprehensively and purposefully. The use of force will be based on an early and constant analysis of the military, political and strategic situation in accordance with all the requirements imposed by international law.

The third section clearly defines the main tasks that the military organization of the state faces in peacetime, as well as in conditions of increasing danger of aggression from other entities.

Mobilization preparation

Its fundamental principles are set out in the fourth section. In the current version of the document, mobilization preparation and readiness is given special attention. The Military Doctrine clearly defines the objectives of the activities. They consist of preparing the country, armed forces, agencies and troops to ensure the protection of the territory and population of the state from attack, as well as to meet the needs of citizens during hostilities. This indicates that the political leadership is taking into account the increasing likelihood of Russia being drawn into a large-scale war. This, in turn, will require the full mobilization of the armed, economic and moral forces of the state and citizens. In this case, we mean not so much the army as the country as a whole.

Providing defense

The fifth section of the document is devoted to this issue. Military-economic support for the defense complex is aimed at creating conditions for stable development and maintaining the country's potential at the level necessary for the implementation of the adopted state policy. The main tasks in this area are:

1. Equipping the army and military bodies with weapons and special equipment.
2. Providing material resources. In case of immediate danger from aggressors, the troops will be re-equipped in accordance with wartime standards; in peacetime, by the accumulation, echeloning and maintenance of reserves.
3. Replenishment of losses of equipment, weapons, and materiel during combat operations.
4. Improving the defense industry, ensuring the country's independence, forming a complex of technologies of paramount importance, intensifying innovative investment activities, maintaining state control.
5. Fruitful and mutually beneficial cooperation with interested countries to exchange innovative ideas and generate profits for the defense industry.



Conclusion

Military doctrine formulates clear guidelines for the forms, methods, and procedures for using armed force to ensure the protection of sovereignty, the constitutional order, territorial integrity, as well as the national interests of the state, the fulfillment of allied obligations, and the terms of international treaties.