Noun- this is a part of speech that names an object and answers questions “who?”, “what?”. Nouns have a number of features that can be used to classify all nouns by type.

Basic features of a noun.

• Grammatical meaning of a noun - general meaning subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this What ? Or Who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of natural and life phenomena ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of signs and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

• Syntactic feature of a noun is the role it occupies in a sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mother prepares very tasty borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mother- cook knows how to surprise her household at the table, mom- Friend knows how to listen and console (application).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

• By lexical basis nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or call the class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), names of animals, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always written with capital letters.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness on the Internet”, Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become proper names: Boston - boston (type of dance), truth - newspaper "Pravda".

• By type of designated items nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animate nouns- those nouns that denote the names of living nature (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that relate to real things and answer the question "What?": wall, board, machine gun, ship etc.

• By value nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- type of noun naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This type of noun has only one number form - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numerals: little, a lot, a little, two tons, cubic meter etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can only exist in singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Common nouns and proper names nouns

Objective of the lesson:

to develop knowledge and skills to distinguish proper nouns from common nouns,

learn to write proper names correctly (with capital letters and using quotation marks).

Lesson type:

Educational and upbringing.

Common nouns serve to name classes of homogeneous objects, states and actions, persons, plants, birds and animals, natural phenomena, public life. Most of them have singular and plural forms (mountain - mountains, chamomile - daisies, rain - rains, victory - victories, demonstration - demonstrations, etc.). Common nouns are written with a small letter.

Exercise: Review the story. Name the pictures you saw (example: mountains, seas, etc.). Do they fit into the group of common nouns?

Proper nouns are used to name individual (individual) objects that may be one of a kind.

Proper nouns are always capitalized and in most cases have a singular form. They can consist of either one word (Zhuchka, Alexander, Boeing, Sahara) or several words (Ivan Vasilyevich, Red Sea, Sofievskaya Square).

Exercise: Listen to Little Red Riding Hood's song. Write down all the proper and common nouns you remember

Capitalized but NOT enclosed in quotation marks:

1. Last names, first names and patronymics (Ivanov Sergey Nikonorovich), pseudonyms (Maxim Gorky, Lesya Ukrainka), first names characters in fairy tales (Ivanushka, Alyonushka, Buratino, Malvina), stories (Ovsov / Chekhov " Horse surname”/), fables (“The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Mishka decided to play a quartet.” (I. Krylov.).

2) Animal names (Dzhulka the dog, Jim the cat, Gosha the parrot, Parsley the hamster).

3) Geographical names (Ukraine, Southern Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, Tibet mountains, Black Sea).

4) Names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Orion, Cassiopeia).

5) Names of streets and squares (Pirogovskaya Street, Leningradskaya Square, Gamarnika Lane).

8) Names with the word name (im.), even in the case when it is implied but not written (Park named after T. G. Shevchenko, Gorky Park, school named after V. Chkalov).

9) Names of organizations and higher government agencies(Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Supreme Court of Ukraine).

10) Names of orders, monuments (Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Order of Glory; monument to M.Yu. Lermontov, monument to the Unknown Sailor).

11) Names of holidays, memorable dates(days), historical events (Victory Day, New Year, Health Worker's Day, Teacher's Day, Mother's Day)

Capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks:

1) Names of newspapers and magazines, television programs (biscuits “ Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "The One", "Fisherman of Ukraine", the program "Field of Miracles", "What? Where? When").

2) The names of literary and musical works, works of painting, names of films (the novel “Crime and Punishment”, “The Master and Margarita”, the poem “The Prisoner”, “Candle”, the painting “Black Square”, “The Bathing of the Red Horse”, the film “ Guest from the Future", "St. Petersburg Secrets"), etc.

3) Names of plants, factories, ships, airplanes, cinemas, hotels and so on (provided that there is no and the word “name” is not implied (Krayan plant, Roshen factory, motor ship Taras Shevchenko, Hadzhibey) , Boeing aircraft, Tu-124, Zvezdny cinema, Moscow, Krasnaya hotel, Londonskaya).

4) Names of various products (Zhiguli car, Chanel perfume, Samsung refrigerator, Thomson TV, etc.).

Exercise. Read an excerpt from Korney Chukovsky’s poem “Aibolit.” Underline proper nouns with a single line and common nouns with a double line.

Suddenly a jackal came from somewhere

He rode on a mare:

"Here is a telegram for you

From Hippopotamus!"

"Come, doctor,

To Africa soon

And save me, doctor,

Our babies!"

"What is it? Is it really

Are your children sick?"

"Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,

Scarlet fever, cholera,

Diphtheria, appendicitis,

Malaria and bronchitis!

Come quickly

Good Doctor Aibolit!"

"Okay, okay, I'll run,

I will help your children.

But where do you live?

On the mountain or in the swamp?

"We live in Zanzibar,

In the Kalahari and Sahara,

On Mount Fernando Po,

Where does Hippo walk?

Along the wide Limpopo."

Exercise. Highlight proper nouns.

The meeting of the “Famous Captains Club” brought together the most famous sailors, travelers, and heroes of adventure novels. The youngest among them was Dick Sand, the hero of Jules Verne's novel The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain. Everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel by Alphonse Daudet, the most cheerful, and the most “truthful” was, of course, Baron Munchausen from Raspe’s book. All members of the club took into account the opinion of the wisest of them, Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of Jules Verne’s book “The Mysterious Island”.

Exercise. Listen to the song from the movie "The Three Musketeers". Answer the question: Are Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Provence, Gascony proper or common nouns?

In the Russian language there are many examples of the transition of a proper name into a common noun.

Here are some examples:

1. Napoleon cake got its name from a loved one this type confectionery of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

2. Saxophone - this is what the Belgian master Sax called the wind instrument.

3. Inventors Colt, Nagant, Mauser gave names to the weapons they created.

4. Orange (the Dutch word appelsien), peach (Persia), coffee (cafe country in Africa), trousers (Bruges - a city in Holland) got their names from the place from which they were imported.

5. Narcissus is a flower named after the mythological youth Narcissus, who angered the Gods because, because he fell in love with himself, he only looked at his reflection in the water and did not notice anything or anyone else. The gods turned him into a flower.

Questions for consolidation new topic:

1. What nouns have singular and plural forms?

2. How to write correctly: Pushkin cinema, Pushkin cinema?

3. Guess the riddles:

“Flying” city - ______________________________.

“Inanimate” sea - ________________________________.

“Colored” seas - ________________________________.

The “silent” ocean is ____________________________.

Flowers with female names - _______________________.

Homework:

Independently come up with 5-7 riddles, the answer to which will contain a common noun (using the example of those made in class) on topics - interesting facts Earth, greek mythology, Russian folk tales.

His definition is simple. Essentially, a common noun is a word that denotes people, animals, objects, abstract ideas and concepts. These do not include words meaning names of people, names of places, countries, cities, etc. These nouns are classified as proper nouns.

Thus, country is a common noun, and Russia is a proper name. Puma is the name of a wild animal, and in this case the noun puma is a common noun. And as the name of a well-known company that produces sportswear and shoes, Puma is a proper name.

Even in the first half of the last century, the word “apple” was unthinkable in the use of a proper name. It was used in its original meaning: that is, apple, fruit, fruit of the apple tree. Now Apple is both a proper noun and a common noun.

This happened after an unsuccessful three-month search by partners for a suitable name for the company, when, in despair, the founder of the company Steve Jobs I decided to name it after my favorite fruit. The name has become a truly iconic American brand producing tablet computers, phones, and software.

Examples of common nouns

Finding examples of common nouns will not be difficult. Let's start with the everyday objects around us. Imagine: you wake up in the morning. What do you see when you open your eyes? Of course, an alarm clock. An alarm clock is an object that wakes us up in the morning, and from a linguistic point of view, it is a common noun. Leaving the house, you meet your neighbor. There are a lot of hurrying people on the street. You notice that the sky has frowned. Get on the bus and go to the office. Neighbor, people, sky, office, bus, street - common nouns

Types of common nouns

In Russian, common nouns are divided into 4 main types:

1. Specific concepts (people, animals, objects, plants). These are designations of objects/persons in the singular: student, neighbor, classmate, seller, driver, cat, puma, house, table, apple. Such nouns can be combined with
2. Abstract concepts. This is a type of noun with an abstract abstract meaning. They can refer to phenomena scientific concepts, characteristic, condition, quality: peace, war, friendship, suspicion, danger, kindness, relativity.
3. Real nouns. As the name suggests, these nouns denote substances. These may include medicinal products, food products, chemical elements, building materials, coal, petroleum, butter, aspirin, flour, sand, oxygen, silver.
4. Collective nouns. These nouns represent a collection of persons or objects that are united and belong to a certain conceptual category: midges, infantry, foliage, relatives, youth, people. Such nouns are usually used in the singular. Often combined with the words a lot (a little), a little: a lot of midges, a little youth. Some of them can be used as people - peoples.

The noun is one of the most important parts of speech both in Russian and in many other Indian languages. European languages. In most languages, nouns are divided into proper and common nouns. This division is very important, since these categories different rules spelling.

The study of nouns in Russian schools begins in the second grade. Already at this age, children are able to understand the difference between proper names and common nouns.

Students usually learn this material easily. The main thing is to choose interesting exercises in which the rules are well remembered. In order to correctly distinguish nouns, a child must be able to generalize and assign familiar objects to a specific group (for example: “dishes”, “animals”, “toys”).

Own

Towards proper names in modern Russian language It is traditionally customary to include names and nicknames of people, animal names and geographical names.

Here are typical examples:

A proper name can answer the question “who?” if we are talking about people and animals, as well as the question “what?” if we are talking about geographical names.

Common nouns

Unlike proper nouns, common nouns do not denote a name specific person and not the name of a specific locality, but a generalized name large group items. Here are classic examples:

• Boy, girl, man, woman;
• River, village, village, town, aul, kishlak, city, capital, country;
• Animal, insect, bird;
• Writer, poet, doctor, teacher.

Common nouns nouns can answer both the question “who?” and the question “what?”. Typically, in discrimination exercises, primary schoolchildren are asked to choose suitable common noun for a group of proper names, For example:

You can build a task and vice versa: match proper names to common nouns.

1. What dog names do you know?
2. What are your favorite girl names?
3. What is a cow's name?
4. What are the names of the villages you visited?

Such exercises help children quickly learn the difference. When students have learned to distinguish one noun from another quickly and correctly, they can move on to learning spelling rules. These rules are simple, and students primary school absorb them well. For example, a simple and memorable rhyme can help children with this: “First names, last names, nicknames, cities - everything is always written with a capital letter!”

Spelling Rules

In accordance with the rules of the modern Russian language, all proper names are written only with a capital letter. This rule is typical not only for Russian, but also for most other languages ​​of Eastern and Western Europe. Capital letter at the beginning names, surnames, nicknames and geographical names are used to emphasize respectful attitude towards every person, animal, locality.

Common nouns, on the contrary, are written with lowercase letter. However, exceptions to this rule are possible. This usually happens in fiction. For example, when Boris Zakhoder translated Alan Milne’s book “Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All,” the Russian writer deliberately used capital letters in the spelling of some common nouns, for example: “Big Forest”, “Great Expedition”, “Farewell Evening”. Zakhoder did this in order to emphasize the importance certain phenomena and events for fairy-tale heroes.

This often occurs both in Russian and translated literature. This phenomenon can be seen especially often in adapted folklore - legends, fairy tales, epics. For example: “Magic Bird”, “Rejuvenating Apple”, “Dense Forest”, “Gray Wolf”.

In some languages, capitalization is capitalization- in the writing of names can be used in different cases. For example, in Russian and some European languages ​​(French, Spanish) it is traditional to write the names of months and days of the week with a small letter. However, in English These common nouns are always written with a capital letter only. Capitalization of common nouns is also found in German.

When proper names become common nouns

In modern Russian there are situations when proper names can become common nouns. This happens quite often. Here's a classic example. Zoilus is the name of an ancient Greek critic who was very skeptical about many works of contemporary art and frightened authors with his caustic negative reviews. When antiquity became a thing of the past, his name was forgotten.

Once Pushkin noticed that one of his works was received very ambiguously by literary critics. And in one of his poems, he ironically called these critics “my zoiles,” implying that they were bile and sarcastic. Since then, the proper name “Zoil” has become a common noun and is used when talking about a person who unfairly criticizes or scolds something.

Many proper names from the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol have become household names. For example, stingy people are often called “pluskins”, and elderly women of narrow minds are often called “boxes”. And those who like to have their head in the clouds and are not at all interested in reality are often called “manila”. All these names came into the Russian language from the famous work “ Dead souls", where the writer brilliantly showed a whole gallery of landowner characters.

Proper names become common nouns quite often. However, the opposite also happens. A common noun can become a proper noun if it turns into an animal's name or a person's nickname. For example, a black cat may be called “Gypsy”, and a faithful dog may be called “Friend”.

Naturally, these words will be written with a capital letter, according to the rules for writing proper names. This usually happens if a nickname or nickname is given because a person (animal) has some pronounced qualities. For example, Donut was so nicknamed because he had overweight and looked like a donut, and Syrupchik - because he really loved drinking sweet water with syrup.

It is very important to distinguish proper names from common nouns. If junior schoolchildren If they don’t learn this, they won’t be able to correctly use capitalization when writing proper names. In this regard, the study of common and proper nouns should take important place V school curriculum Russian as a native and as a foreign language.

Nouns name objects, phenomena or concepts. These meanings are expressed using the categories of gender, number and case. All nouns belong to the groups of proper and common nouns. Proper nouns, which serve as names of individual objects, are contrasted with common nouns, which denote generalized names of homogeneous objects.

Instructions

To determine common nouns, determine whether the named object or phenomenon belongs to the class of homogeneous objects (city, person, song). The grammatical feature of common nouns is the category of number, i.e. using them in singular and plural (cities, people, songs). Please note that most real, abstract and collective nouns have no form plural(gasoline, inspiration, youth).

To determine proper nouns, determine whether the name is an individual designation of an object, i.e. does it make it stand out? Name» an object from a number of similar ones (Moscow, Russia, Sidorov). Proper nouns name first and last names of persons and names of animals (Nekrasov, Pushok, Fru-fru) - geographical and astronomical objects (America, Stockholm, Venus) - institutions, organizations, print media (Pravda newspaper, Spartak team, store "El Dorado").

Proper names, as a rule, do not change in number and are used only in the singular (Voronezh) or only in the plural (Sokolniki). Please note that there are exceptions to this rule. Proper nouns are used in the plural form if they denote different persons and objects that have the same name (both Americas, namesake Petrovs) - persons who are related (the Fedorov family). Also, proper nouns can be used in the plural form if they name a certain type of people, “selected” by quality characteristics famous literary character. Please note that in this meaning, nouns lose the attribute of belonging to a group of individual objects, therefore it is acceptable to use both capital and lowercase letters (Chichikovs, Famusovs, Pechorins).

A spelling feature that distinguishes proper and common nouns is the use of capital letters and quotation marks. At the same time, all proper names are always written with a capital letter, and the names of institutions, organizations, works, objects are used as appendices and are enclosed in quotation marks (the motor ship “Fedor Shalyapin”, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”). The application may include any part of speech, but the first word is always written with a capital letter (Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of the Sailor Robinson Crusoe”).

When opening a new Internet resource, one of the most difficult problems is choosing a suitable name. This process is further complicated by the fact that most monosyllabic domain names are already taken by more agile Internet startups. But there is still a way out.

You will need

• - resource brand book;
• - a list of theses with the semantic meaning of the title.

Instructions

Divide the process of choosing a name into two successive stages: choosing a name for the resource itself and choosing a domain name. First of all, you need to find optimal options for the title. It is necessary to determine the main goals and objectives of the resource, the content creation policy and the style of presentation of the material. It does not matter whether the resource is commercial in nature or not.

Create a list of abstracts for the future title based on the accepted brand book. They should outline the informative and emotional content of the future name. There are no clear restrictions when compiling such a list: these can be nouns and verbs, proper and common nouns, they can express emotions and sensations.

Gather an initiative group of employees related to the resource and brainstorm. To increase efficiency, all participants should be given a task in advance to compile a list of theses. At their own discretion, everyone should draw up a free written description of the most important informative features of the future site name. During a brainstorming session, ask everyone to read out their list one by one and, through peer discussion, choose the best suggestions.

Summarize your brainstorming and make a final list of talking points. Based on them, each member of the initiative group must draw up a list of names and titles. It is best to limit the number of possible options by quantity.

Collect the suggested lists and try to find a few of the most suitable names. After this, check whether the same domain names are available, including in the Russian Federation zone. If you do not find an exact match, take up space, otherwise try modifying the site name by using acceptable punctuation marks, numbers instead of letters, etc.