Signals used to express demands, desires, incentives to action, as well as for a person’s quick response to various events in reality. Onomatopoeia for various natural phenomena, animals, etc. studies the section of linguistics - onomatopoeia (ideophone).

Many famous linguists have paid attention to the study of interjections. All the diversity expressed in different times points of view can be reduced to three.

• Interjection is a syntactic class of heterogeneous composition, standing outside the division of words into parts of speech.
• Interjections are part of the system of parts of speech, but stand alone in it.
• Interjections are included in the circle of parts of speech, and within the latter - in the category of “particles of speech” along with prepositions and conjunctions.

Substitute functions of interjections and their living connections with words different parts speeches are actively studied in modern linguistics.

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  Interjections perform an expressive or motivating function, expressing, for example, the speaker’s feelings (oh! wow! wow!!!), a call (hey! chick-chick!) or a command (scatter!). These also include obscene exclamations, to which the same punctuation rules apply. Many interjections originate from emotional exclamations and sounds that accompany the body’s reflexes to external irritations (Ah-ah, Ah, it hurts! Wow, it’s hard! Brr. It’s cold!), such interjections often have a specific phonetic appearance, that is, they contain rare or unusual for of this language sounds and sound combinations: in Russian, an interjection can be expressed by non-standard sounds and sound combinations, for example, labial vibrant (whoa! brrr, hmm), combination (dzin-dzin [d’z’], ts, tss). According to a number of characteristics, onomatopoeias are adjacent to interjections, which are conditional intentional reproductions of sounds accompanying actions performed by a person, animal or object.

  Interjections are substitutes for well-known definite expressions and entire sentences. Instead of “ugh” or “brr”, you can say “what disgusting!”, instead of “shh” - “quiet, don’t make noise”, instead of “hey” or “pss” - “come here”, “listen”, or simply make a call hand gesture, etc. The use of interjections as members of a sentence standing in connection with other members is very rare. A few examples can be cases like: “wow, wretched me”, “woe for me” (Latin heu me nuserum, German wehe dem Armen), etc.

  Interjections in English in coherent speech can act as separate sounds expressing the feelings or motivations of the speaker, as in Russian and any other: Ok! Oh! Ah! Bravo! Hush! Hurrah! etc. or individual expressions that serve as interjections, such as: For shame! Ashamed! Well done! Great! etc. Sentence options: “Well, perhaps you are right! - Well, maybe you're right.", "Oh! what a pleasure! “Ah, how nice!”

  Interjections in Russian: oh, oh, pli, uh, fu, fi, aha, ah, apchhi, fathers, bravo, Lord, my God, oh damn, who cares! oh well done!, well done!, well done!, come on, come on, how did it happen like that! ... These words have no lexical or grammatical meanings, do not change and are not members of a sentence. The exception is when interjections act as a significant part of speech, for example, a noun: “A menacing hey was heard in the darkness.”

  Most often, figurative words (sound-depictive, onomatopoeic), words in which the sound is partially predetermined by the meaning of the word, act as interjections. There are onomatopoeic words that use sounds that are acoustically reminiscent of the designated phenomenon (Russian “bul-bul”, “ku-ku”, Ossetian tæpp - “clap, bam, bang”, German “puffi! hopsa!”; Kanuri ndim-dim - o dull, booming knock, etc.), sound-like (ideophonic) words in which sound creates a figurative impression of the shape of objects, their movement, location in space, qualities, etc. based on associations between sounds and non-sound phenomena (movement, shape etc.), for example, in the Nilotic language Lango bim-bim - “fat-fat”, Chuvash yalt-yalt - about the flickering of distant lightning, Japanese buru-buru - about trembling, Ewe (Africa) bafo-bafo - about the gait of a living, mobile a person of short stature, boho-boho - about the gait of a plump, heavily walking person, wudo-wudo - about a careless gait.

  Interjections do not change in gender or number, and are neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech, and unlike them, interjections do not have a connecting function. Sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence: “Oh honey!”, “Here an “ay” was heard in the distance.”

  Classification

  Interjections can be classified according to different signs, for example by origin, structure and meaning:

  • by origin: non-derivatives, derivatives.
  • by structure: simple, complex, compound.
  • by value: emotional, motivational, etiquette.

  Classification of interjections into genetically related groups with significant words; this group of interjections is more extensive:

  • nouns: Fathers, Lord, God, etc.
  • verbs: look, see, pli, etc.
  • pronouns, adverbs, particles and conjunctions: something, eka, shh, just about, etc.

  Interjections also include:

  • adhesions: on you, well, yes, yes, oh, that’s how it is, those times, etc.;
  • stable phrases and phraseological units: fathers of light, thank God, etc.;
  • words denoting instant actions: bang, clap, slap, boom, woof, etc.;
  • words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds: tra-ta-ta, bang-bang, meow-meow, ding-ding, etc.

  When used in the plural, interjections become nouns. The main source of replenishment of interjections are evaluative and characterizing nouns (fear, horror, trouble) and expressive verbs (wait, wait, come on, go ahead, muddy, muddy).

  Interjections in Russian

  Punctuation

  Gesticulation

  Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say “wow, well... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said from the intonation of the voice alone: ​​whether it was a “message” (offense or anger) or just a humorous saying (a friendly greeting).

  In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, ones that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. So, Russian interjection"Here!" makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.

  Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say “wow, well... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said from the intonation of the voice alone: ​​whether it was a “message” (offense or anger) or just a humorous saying (a friendly greeting).

  In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, ones that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. Thus, the Russian interjection “Na!” makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.

  See also

  Notes

  Links

  • Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
  • I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
  • E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections based on the expression of modality.
  • E. V. Sereda. Finish the point: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
  • E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
  • E. V. Sereda. Unsolved problems in the study of interjections.
  • E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
  • E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. The place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
  • I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.
  
  

  Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

  Synonyms:

  INTERJECTION, an unchangeable word used to express emotions and other reactions to speech or non-speech stimuli.

  When turning to interjections, a linguist often experiences doubts, including those of the most fundamental nature. Thus, there are still sometimes disputes about whether interjections are even within the jurisdiction of linguistics. Maybe an interjection is a spontaneous cry, an instinctive reaction to an external stimulus, which is characteristic not only of humans, but also of animals?

  However, today, perhaps, few people hold this opinion. Interjections belong to a specific language and a specific culture; they require translation when moving from one language to another and special study when mastering foreign language. In the same situation the Frenchman will say Helas, and Russian – Alas, although they will probably sigh the same way. In linguistics, it is customary to say that interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, i.e. those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. So, Russian interjection On! makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.

  Having recognized interjections as their object, linguists, however, propose to distinguish among them those that are “closer to nature,” i.e. those that are “closer to the language” are relatively close to the natural exclamation.

  On the one hand, there are interjections that are so unlike ordinary words language that even contains sounds that are not found in any other words. For example, in the Russian language there is an interjection, which in its meaning approximately corresponds to the verb snort, Wed: – Do you want to marry her?- Pshshch. Do I look crazy? The pronunciation of this word begins with a voiceless labial stop, followed by a fricative sound, for which there is no unambiguous recording method, since such a sound does not occur in “ordinary” Russian words. You will not find such interjections in any dictionary, textbook or reference book, since they are practically absent in writing, A oral speech has not yet been sufficiently described. However, those interjections that are included in dictionaries often have a phonetic appearance that is non-standard for a given language. For example, interjections such as ugh And Ugh, are the only native Russian words that contain f. Open start sound uh in native Russian words exists only in pronouns ( this) and in interjections ( Eh,Hey). In English interjection Pst, serving to attract attention, the consonant is syllabic, which is not at all typical for English language, and in the word Tsk-tsk(“It’s a shame...”) uses a sound that is not found in any other words. It is precisely such interjections that often spark debate about whether they can be considered full-fledged linguistic units.

  Another kind of doubt is raised among linguists by interjections derived from ordinary, significant words of the language - My God! They can come from nouns ( Fathers!), from verbs (French Tiens! "Listen!" from the verb tenir"hold" , English Bother! "Yearning!" from the verb to bother“to bother”), from a combination of a noun with a verb ( Damn it! or an interjection in one of the languages ​​of Ethiopia, which literally translates as “eat dirt”, and means “Shame!”, from particles ( Well, well!). They are called secondary or derivative, and sometimes they are not classified as interjections at all. Many languages ​​have words that serve the area of ​​etiquette; as a rule, these are derivative words - Thank you(from the phrase God bless),Goodbye. Such words and expressions are called communicative formulas and are also sometimes not included in the class of interjections.

  In general, interjections are not always easy to distinguish from words of other classes. Usually, several characteristic properties are identified by which a word can be classified as an interjection.

  Firstly, interjections are sentence words: in their usual, original use, they are always independent statements. Therefore, interjections, being words, at the same time have properties that are characteristic of sentences. They are unable to have syntactic connections with other words: they do not depend on anyone and do not subordinate anyone to themselves. They are self-sufficient: our reaction to some event or response to an entire remark from an interlocutor can be expressed with just one interjection.

  Some particles can also form a separate sentence: – It really turned out to be her. - That's it. I told you so. However, particles that can form a separate statement are still primarily used as part of another sentence: – That's why she was so worried.

  In Russian and some other languages, interjections can be part of another sentence as a predicate: Geese are here wow. However, such use cannot in any way be considered basic for the interjection or even characteristic. Not just any interjection can play this role: it is impossible, for example, to say My mood today is eh. On the other hand, those interjections that can be predicates are still much more often used in the usual interjection function - as independent statements.

  Since interjections are sentence words, for them, like no other words in the language, prosody is important - the length of a vowel or consonant, and especially the intonation with which they are pronounced. Often interjections that have absolutely different meanings, differ only in intonation. For example: - What should we do with a broken TV??- Ahh!To hell with it. We'll buy a new one. Or: - What's broken??- TV. - Ahh. I thought so.

  Secondly, the interjection, as a rule, does not have any grammatical indicators, i.e. cannot change in gender, number, time, etc. True, in languages ​​there are interjections that may have something like grammatical indicators. For example, in the Albanian language there are interjections derived from nouns that can attach a second person indicator plural: Forca! – Forcani! “They took it!” (forca- “strength”). In Russian the word On There is a variant that has something like a 2nd person plural ending: Nate(similar to take - take). Such words may raise fair doubts as to whether they are interjections; however, they also cannot be attributed to any other part of speech.

  Some linguists believe distinctive feature interjections their non-productivity. They classify as interjections only such words as Oh,ah,oooh, – which are not derived from any other part of speech and which cannot be divided into morphemes. In principle, in the field of interjections there may be their own word-formation processes, but they have a certain originality. For example, in many languages, including Russian, interjections can be formed by reduplication: oh-oh-oh,wow.

  Finally, many linguists classify as interjections only those words that serve to express a person’s internal state, i.e. his sensations, feelings, thoughts, intentions, motives. For example, saying Wow, a person expresses his feeling about an event that in some respect greatly exceeds his expectations.

  It is the presence of meaning that distinguishes interjections from another class of words - onomatopoeias. An interjection is a sound that is a sign of some internal state of the person pronouncing it, i.e. interjections convey some conceptual content. Meanwhile, the signified of onomatopoeia is simply another sound - produced by an object, person or animal

  Based on the type of meaning, interjections are usually divided into three groups.

  The first category includes emotive interjections; they convey the speaker’s feelings. For example, interjection eh expresses something like regret, i.e. a negative emotion that is caused by the fact that some situation seems worse to a person than it could be. Interjection Oh usually said when a person feels powerless in the face of a situation and therefore experiences a negative emotion. Russian ugh expresses disgust - an unpleasant feeling, usually caused by physiological reasons: smell, taste, sight. Women of one South American Indian people, surprised, they say Hije!, and men - Howa! In another language South America interjection Abo! conveys the impression made on a person by something big (similar to Russian Wow), A Abi is a reaction to something, on the contrary, very small.

  A large group of interjections expresses the state of knowledge and thoughts of the speaker; such interjections are called cognitive. For example, in the Russian language there are a number of words, the pronunciation of which indicates that the speaker has received some new information and relates it to his knowledge and ideas. So, when a person learns something new, he says Ahh, and if this new somehow contradicts his previous ideas, he says Uh-uh.

  – How freely she feels in someone else’s apartment.

  - And she already came to us.

  - Ahh,she's already come!// – Uh,Yes, this is not her first time here.

  Many languages ​​have interjections with which the speaker expresses his doubt. In one of the languages ​​of Mexico there is a special interjection, which is usually pronounced by those who listen to a story. With its help, listeners express their attention and approval and encourage the narrator to continue his story.

  Almost all linguists distinguish a group of volitive or imperative interjections, i.e. those that express the speaker’s wishes addressed to the interlocutor. So, in many, if not all languages, there are interjections that serve to invite another person to you. In Russian, this function can use an interjection-call Hey. If the addressee is at long distance and invisible, then we will call him using an interjection aw. There are also words that call the interlocutor to silence. Interjection shh usually pronounced in a low voice and means “speak without being heard,” and the word tuts You can say it out loud, because it means “be silent!” In the Albanian language there are imperative interjections with which only men are called, and those that are used only in relation to women. In many languages, a large group consists of imperative interjections, with the help of which commands are given to animals. In Russian, chickens are called by saying chick-chick-chick, in Georgian – yichi-yichi-yichi, and, for example, French cats do not know the word kitty-kitty.

  Interjections, like other words in a language, can become outdated. For example, here is a dialogue from The captain's daughter“And listen, Vasilisa Egorovna,” answered Ivan Kuzmich, “I was busy with service: teaching little soldiers.” - “And, that’s enough! - the captain objected. “Only glory that you teach soldiers: neither they are given service, nor do you see the point in it.” Interjection AND not used in modern speech, just as interjections are not common You see!,Chu! And Ba!

  On the other hand, new interjections also arise. As a rule, new words are added to the class of derived interjections. IN colloquial speech Often a new “fashionable” exclamation appears and is just as quickly forgotten. New interjections, like words, can be borrowed from other languages ​​- for example, now among teenagers you can often hear English exclamations Wow! And Yeah!

  Nina Dobrushina

  A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motives. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature conversational style, V works of art used in dialogues.

  Groups of interjections by meaning

  There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! etc.).

  Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.

  We need to differentiate!

  It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words. They convey various sounds live and inanimate nature: person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (glug, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (glug-glug, woof-woof, kap-kap - written with a hyphen).

  From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.

  Interjections (examples of this are frequent problems with determining whether these words belong to any part of speech) are a little-studied grammatical class. The author of this term can be considered Meletius Smotritsky, who used tracing paper from the Latin language. Due to their intermediate position between independent and auxiliary parts of speech, they are quite difficult to determine. So it has not yet been established whether expressions like “clap”, “grab” (they are often classified as truncated verbs), as well as onomatopoeic words, can be considered interjections.

  From a purely word-formation point of view, this part of speech is characterized by a number of features, including the possibility of attaching a postfix (“well those”, “go ahead”), particles - ka(“Hey, come on”) They also control certain pronominal forms (“chur me”) and can be used when addressing.

  Another extra-linguistic feature of interjections is that they are accompanied by abundant gesticulation. Sometimes the connection between exclamatory words and gestures is so close that the former are not used without the latter.

  As part of speech

  Nowadays, both in the scientific and school environment, it is generally accepted that words that express feelings are interjections. Examples - “ah”, “oh”, “well”... As already said, this class of words does not belong to independent parts of speech, since it does not refer to specific phenomena of reality. Accordingly, questions cannot be asked about interjections. At the same time, they can hardly be called official, because interjections in the Russian language - there are numerous examples of this - do not connect sentences (like conjunctions), do not express the relationship between the components of a phrase (like prepositions) and do not introduce additional semantics into the sentence (like particles) .

  Places by value

  Emotional, volitional, etiquette, verbal and swear words are the categories that an interjection can have. Examples of sentences where the first group occurs: “Oh, this is unpleasant”, “Alas, he is not looking for happiness...”. What’s interesting is that in such a context this part of speech can be ambiguous, it all depends on the tone in which the word is pronounced. Interjections express a whole range of positive and negative emotions: surprise, fright, joy, admiration, etc. Sometimes the expressiveness in these words is increased through the use of word-forming devices - evaluative suffixes (“oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-ky-eyed”). Also, next to interjections, the pronoun “you”, which has become desemantized, that is, has lost its meaning, can be used for emphasis. Examples are “ugh”, “well you” and other expressions. In addition, the joint use of interjections is often observed, which only adds expressiveness to the speech (“oh, my God”).

  

  Volitional interjections (examples - “hey”, “well”, “out” and others) denote an incentive to perform some action, commands and orders. These parts of speech also include etiquette (“hello”, “merci”, “bye”) and swear words (“damn”, “damn it”). A number of linguists, in addition, highlight the so-called verbal interjections, however, as mentioned above, not everyone supports this point of view.

  Educational ranks

  The first, rather extensive group consists of primitive interjections, which are not correlated with any of the significant parts of speech. “Ah”, “ew”, “ouch” - just to name a few. Interestingly, in the Russian language there are even primitive borrowed interjections. Examples of such words are widely known - “hurray”, “bis”, “stop” and others.

  Non-primitive interjections can be correlated with nouns (“fathers”, “devil”), verbs (“throw”, “vish”, “will”), pronouns or particles. The latter also include expressions like “yeah,” “on you,” “oh-oh.” Separately, it is necessary to say about idiomatically integral expressions - “God forbid”, “Lord have mercy”.

  

  Interjections and onomatopoeia

  Onomatopoeia is adjacent to interjections, although their meaning and function are somewhat different - to specifically reproduce the sounds made by a person or animal (“cough-cough”, “meow-meow”, “chick-chirp”). As we see, they do not express any emotions or expressions of will, so some linguists classify them as a separate group. But even if you do not adhere to this point of view, it is necessary to remember that verbs and nouns that are onomatopoeic in nature (“moo”, “bleat”) are neither interjections nor onomatopoeias. Words addressed to children (“bai-bai”, “agushenki”) are also included in a separate group.

  

  Syntactic role

  Due to its special intonation organization, this part of speech often acts as an independent component. However, interjections (you can give as many examples as you like) are capable of taking on the role of subject (“A loud ow echoed across the clearing”), object (“Suddenly I heard an ow”) and predicate (“She fucked me on the head”). As we see, with the exception of the last case, this part of speech does not have a specific characteristic syntactic function, and simply replaces one or another word form.

  The special intonation design of interjections also requires appropriate punctuation - highlighting with commas.