The essay “Characteristics of Nilovna in Gorky’s novel “Mother.” Pavel Vlasov is a positive hero in Gorky’s novel “Mother

We present to your attention the novel that M. Gorky created - “Mother”, its summary and analysis. This work was published for the first time in the USA (1906-1907). With significant censorship distortions in our country, it was published in 1907-1908. And only after the revolution of 1917 - in its original form.

Andrey Nakhodka

Andrei Onisimovich Nakhodka (Andrei - “crest”) - underground revolutionary, adopted son of Nilovna and friend of Pavel Vlasov. He is Ukrainian, an adopted orphan (as evidenced by the hero’s surname), “illegitimate.” His name means that he is “the son of all people”, symbolizes the humane, “universal beginning of the revolution, which M. Gorky (“Mother”) wanted to emphasize.

Arrest

The hero expresses thoughts about the international brotherhood of workers, containing references to the Gospel. Nilovna invites him to live in their house. As a result of the search, it turns out that Andrei has already been investigated twice for political crimes. He is arrested again, but released a few weeks later. In a conversation with him, for Nilovna, the feeling of motherhood in a universal, concrete, even mystical sense is actualized. This hero takes indirect participation in the murder of Isai Gorbov, a local informer and spy. This causes him severe moral suffering, although Andrei understands the need to destroy such “Judas.” During the demonstration on May 1, he is near Pavel, who is carrying a banner, and they are arrested. During the trial, Andrei gets the floor after Pavel, but then he is deprived of the opportunity to speak. The friends are sentenced together to exile in Siberia.

Nilovna

Vlasova Pelageya Nilovna is a heroine whose image symbolizes Russia in the novel. Associated with it is the “folk”, universal human perception of events. The dynamics of Nilovna’s character are intended to reflect changes in the psychology of the people. Her love for her son transforms into love for people in general. This character also combines a Christian meaning with the idea of active political struggle. She perceives the revolutionary movement as a movement of “children.” She, being a mother, cannot sympathize with him, which is noted by M. Gorky (“Mother”).

Her son Pavel, after the death of his husband, wanted to live “like his father.” The woman persuades him not to do this. But the changes taking place in her son frighten her. Seeing Pavel's comrades-in-arms, Nilovna cannot believe that these are “forbidden people.” They don’t seem scary to the heroine at all. Nilovna invites Pavel to take Andrei as a lodger, essentially becoming a mother for him too. After her friends were arrested, she experiences a feeling of loneliness, as she is used to communicating with young people.

Distributing leaflets

Two days after his arrest, his son’s friends ask for help distributing leaflets at the factory. Realizing that she could thus divert suspicion from Pavel, she, under the guise of a merchant, distributes prohibited literature to the workers. When Nakhodka returns from prison, she tells him about this, admitting that she thinks only about her son, acts only out of

Summary Gorky's novel "Mother" consists of the following further events. Gradually, looking at those who come to visit Andrei, Nilovna mentally begins to connect all these faces into something similar to the image of Christ one person. She slowly realizes that she is needed for a “new life.” Having learned that the informer Gorbov was killed, and Andrei was indirectly involved in this, Nilovna says that she does not consider anyone guilty, although she is surprised at her words, which are contrary to the Christian spirit.

Rybin

During the demonstration on May 1, she addresses people and talks about the “holy cause” and calls not to leave children alone on this path. After the arrest of her friends, Nilovna moves from the factory settlement to the city. After this, she goes to the village to make some connections to distribute literature. Here the heroine meets Rybin, former neighbor, who is agitating the peasants, gives him books. Returning to the city, Nilovna begins delivering prohibited literature, newspapers and proclamations to the villages. She participates in the funeral of Yegor Ivanovich, a revolutionary and her fellow countryman. This funeral escalates into a confrontation at the cemetery with the police. Nilovna takes away the wounded young man and takes care of him, as “Mother” tells us about.

The summary of further events is very dramatic. Going back to the village after some time, she observes Rybin’s arrest and is forced to give the books brought to him to a random peasant, and conducts agitation among them. Having visited Pavel in prison, the heroine gives him a note with an escape plan, but the son refuses to escape and writes about it in a reply note. However, the underground managed to organize the escape of Rybin and another prisoner. Nilovna, at her request, was allowed to observe this escape from the side.

Final

The woman is present during the trial of Pavel and his friends, after which she delivers the text of Pavel’s speech to an underground printing house and volunteers to take printed copies to the village. At the station she notices surveillance. Realizing that arrest cannot be avoided, but not wanting the leaflets to go to waste, she scatters them in the crowd. A woman beaten by the police makes a heated speech to those around her. The ending of the work is not entirely clear. Perhaps Nilovna is dying. This is how M. Gorky ends his novel “Mother”. A summary of the main events has been described above.

Pavel Vlasov

Vlasov Pavel Mikhailovich (Pavel) is the son of the main character, a hereditary worker who became a professional revolutionary. Its prototype was P. Zalomov, a Sormovo worker. The fate of this hero is connected with the symbol of an atoning sacrifice. In his name one can see a hint of similarity with the image of the apostle, since at the beginning of the work a sharp change in the life of the hero is shown from a simple factory guy who turned into a political fighter, as M. Gorky tells us about (“Mother”).

Revolutionary activities of Paul

His first decisive act is to resist his father's beatings. For his father, Mikhail Vlasov, who worked as a mechanic, his subconscious social protest degenerates into drunkenness.

After his death, the hero tries to imitate him, but a meeting with an underground circle radically changes his external and internal appearance, as noted by Gorky M. (“Mother”).

A summary of the chapters of further events in the life of this character is as follows. Meetings begin to be held in Pavel's house, in which Andrei Nakhodka, Nikolai Vesovshchikov, the thief's son, teacher Natasha, Fyodor Sizov, a factory worker and others take part. He immediately warns Nilovna that they all face prison. Paul's severity and asceticism seem "monastic" to his mother. For example, he calls for Andrei to give up his family and happiness for the sake of “business” and admits that he once made such a choice. In a conversation with her mother, Nakhodka calls this hero " iron man"Pavel's friends distribute leaflets at the factory. A search is carried out in his house, as Maxim Gorky ("Mother") tells us about.

A summary of further events is as follows. The next day after this, the revolutionary talks with the fireman Rybin, who came to visit. He says that we need to “invent a new faith.” Paul believes that only reason can free a person. During a conflict between workers and the factory administration (the so-called “swamp penny” story), the hero calls on them to fight for rights and proposes organizing a strike. But people do not support him; Paul experiences this as a result of his “weakness.”

He is arrested at night, but is released several months later. Friends are going to celebrate May 1, Pavel intends to carry the banner during the demonstration. When this happens, he is arrested along with other leaders (about 20 people in total). Thus ends the first part. After this, Paul appears only in the final chapters, in the court scene. Here he gives a speech outlining his Social Democratic program. The court sentences the hero to exile in Siberia. This is how this character’s participation in the events ends, and then Gorky’s novel “Mother” itself. A summary of the work and its analysis have been presented to your attention.

Characteristic literary hero

Vlasov Pavel Mikhailovich is the son of the main character of the novel, a hereditary worker who became a professional revolutionary. The prototype of the character was the Sormovo worker P. Zalomov. At the same time, the fate of Gorky's character is connected with the symbolism of an atoning sacrifice; Since the beginning of the story depicts a sharp change in the life of P., who turns from an ordinary factory guy into a conscious political fighter, it is permissible to see in his name a hint of a connection with the image of the apostle. P.’s first decisive act is to resist beatings from his father, mechanic Mikhail Vlasov, whose subconscious social protest results in drunkenness and aggressive behavior. After the death of his father, P. tries to imitate him, but a meeting with members of an underground circle dramatically changes his internal and external appearance. It is characteristic that, having experienced “rebirth,” P. hangs on the wall a picture of Christ going to Emmaus; He tells his mother about his new beliefs “with all the strength of youth and the fervor of a student, proud of knowledge, sacredly believing in their truth”: “Now everyone stands differently for me - I feel sorry for everyone, or what?” In P.'s house, meetings of the underground circle begin (Andrei Nakhodka, teacher Natasha, the thief's son Nikolai Vesovshchikov, factory worker Fyodor Sizov, etc.). After the first meeting, P. warns his mother: “There is a prison ahead for all of us.” P.’s asceticism and severity seem “monastic” to his mother: for example, he calls on Andrei to give up personal happiness and family “for business,” and he admits that he himself did similar choice; in a conversation with Nilovna, Nakhodka calls P. “iron man.” Members of the circle distribute leaflets at the factory; A search is carried out in Pavel's house. The next day after the search, P. talks with the fireman Rybin who came to him: he claims that “strength” is given by the heart, not the “head”, and believes that it is necessary to “invent a new faith... we need to create a god for other people”; P. claims that only reason will free a person. During a spontaneous conflict between workers and the factory administration (“the story of the “swamp penny”), P. makes a speech calling for an organized struggle for their rights and proposes starting a strike. However, the workers do not support him, and P. experiences this as evidence of his own “weakness.” He is arrested at night, but released a few months later. Members of the circle are preparing to celebrate May Day; P. is determined to carry the banner himself during the demonstration. Seeing his mother’s anxiety and pity, he declares: “There is love that prevents a person from living.” When Nakhodka abruptly cuts him off, condemning him for his ostentatious “heroism” in front of his mother, P. asks her for forgiveness. During the May Day demonstration, he carried a banner at the head of the crowd, and was arrested among the leaders (about 20 people). This concludes the first part. In the future, P. appears only in the final chapters, in the court scene: he gives a detailed speech, setting out the Social Democratic program. The court sentences P. to exile in Siberia.

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Pavel Vlasov (Mother Gorky)

The appearance of M. Gorky's novel "Mother" caused heated controversy in criticism. The magazine “Russian Thought” published an article by D. Filosofov “The End of Gorky”. The critic noted the unconvincing artistic image the main character - Pelageya Nilovna. The writer objected - and not out of the author’s pride, as he himself wrote, but referring to the real prototypes of the story - Pyotr Zalomov, convicted in 1902 for the May Day demonstration in Sormovo, and his mother Anna Kirillovna Zalomova, who joined the revolutionary struggle with her son.

M. Gorky's novel is structured in such a way that Nilovna is a participant or witness to all the events described. If the novel “Mother” is a work about the painful process of overcoming slavish feelings of obedience and fear in people, about the complex transformation of a person from a victim into a fighter, then Nilovna in this regard is the most striking and convincing example. Nilovna's path is complex and contradictory. It was not so easy for a woman who had lived most of her life in submission and fear to start living differently. She suffered a lot and got used to a lot. Poverty, a drunken and rude husband, but “everyone lives like that.” At the beginning of the novel we see a timid, submissive, downtrodden woman. She teaches her son to avoid people, because they “hate each other.” Nilovna is deeply convinced of this. Having learned that her son was reading forbidden books, she first felt with her heart and then with her mind she understood that her son and his comrades were right.

Gorky's heroine suddenly finds herself in a different environment and sees people of faith and self-sacrifice, dedicated to the cause of the future. At first she is shocked by their lack of faith in God, she feels that she does not understand much, but she will overcome everything with the power of her motherly love. Nilovna willingly begins to carry out her son’s instructions and is gradually drawn into revolutionary work. After Pavel's arrest, Nilovna carries leaflets to the factory so that the work started by her son does not stop.

Gradually, from a dark, downtrodden, silent creature, she turned into a person who knows the truth and is confident that she is right. Her love for her only son grew into a great maternal feeling for all fighters for the liberation of the people.

Thus, the meaning of the title “Mother” expanded, acquiring the meaning of a symbol.

The process of spiritual enrichment was complex and difficult, but she overcame the difficulties. In Nilovna’s first propaganda speech at the May Day demonstration, her idea of social struggle still coexists with the religious one. In the village of Nikolskoye, Nilovna skillfully conducts propaganda work with the peasants. After Pavel’s trial, the mother did not succumb to grief; she continued her son’s work. Arrested at the station and beaten by the gendarmes, Nilovna strains her last strength to throw leaflets with Pavel’s speech at the people. A fiery call bursts from her chest: “Gather, people, your strength into a single force!”

On Pelageya Nilovna’s new path in the revolutionary movement, everything old and backward is burned out, new thoughts and feelings are born. She is imbued with great love for the world, for people, for the people. The writer shows the rebirth of Nilovna, drawing a type of person from the depths of the people: “It seemed that thousands of lives spoke through her lips.”

Great is the merit of Gorky, who in the novel “Mother” created the image of a simple Russian woman from the people, entering the world of the revolutionary liberation struggle, spiritually reborn from an oppressed state. The image of Nilovna is perceived as the personification of the enormous changes that have taken place in the minds of people who have embarked on the path of revolutionary struggle. In the novel, Gorky creates the image of a revolutionary woman, for whom all fighters for truth are her children.

The novel takes place in Russia in the early 1900s. Factory workers with their families live in the workers' settlement, and the whole life of these people is inextricably linked with the factory: in the morning, with the factory whistle, workers rush to the factory, in the evening it throws them out...

M. Gorky's novel "Mother" is one of the most significant works of Russian literature of the early twentieth century. On its pages the Russian revolutionary movement appears before us as a movement of the masses, heroic in their impulse. Novel...

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At the center of the story is Pavel Vlasov’s mother Pelageya Nilovna. The work is structured in such a way that Nilovna is a participant or witness to all the events described. If the novel "Mother" is a work about painful...

In 1909, M. Gorky writes: “I do not know an image brighter than a mother, and a heart more capacious for love than a mother’s heart.” These words could be used as an epigraph for the entire work. Choosing Nilovna and not Pavel Vlasov as...

Gorky wrote "Mother" exclusively short term. The first drafts of the novel, made in 1903, disappeared during a search. Having started work again in July 1906, Gorky had already finished the first part of the novel in September, and the second in the first half of December. The work was very intense: the original text was rewritten on a typewriter five times - so many corrections were made to it.

In the second half of December 1906, “Mother” was already published in the New York magazine on English and in Germany - in the newspaper "Vorwärts" and in other newspapers - in German.

Printing the book in Russia was fraught with enormous difficulties. The first part of the novel appeared in 1907, in the XVI, XVII and XVIII collections of the Knowledge Society. But soon after publication, the St. Petersburg Committee for Press Affairs placed them under arrest and pointed out the need to bring the author of the novel to trial on charges of “distributing an essay inciting to commit serious criminal acts, hostility on the part of workers towards the propertied classes of the population, inciting rebellion.” and committing rebellious acts, as well as blasphemy.”

The XVI collection, which contained the first ten chapters of “Mother,” was almost completely sold out at the time of the arrest (it was published in a circulation of thirty thousand copies); The XVII collection, which had the same circulation, was detained in the amount of only one third of the publication.

In order for the second part of the novel to see the light, it was necessary to exclude all the most “dangerous” places, from the point of view of censorship. Entire scenes were excluded from the text: the trial of Pavel Vlasov and his comrades, the propaganda work of Rybin and his mother in the village, etc.

But even in this form, the novel did its job, as evidenced by the letters that Gorky received from Russian readers.

The tsarist government tried by all means to suppress the impact of Gorky’s novel on workers. It banned a separate publication of “Mother”; but the book uncontrollably penetrated into the most remote corners of Russia and from Berlin, where it was published repeatedly until 1917 in Russian, and thanks to the collections of the Knowledge Partnership that survived confiscation.

Gorky's work on the novel "Mother" lasted a total of twenty years and is an example of the extreme strictness with which the great proletarian writer treated his work.

After the release of "Mother" in English in London and New York, Gorky made numerous amendments to the text of the novel, which was soon published in French, Italian, Spanish and Swedish, and when publishing “Mother” in the collections of the “Knowledge” partnership, he again made a number of corrections to the proofs.

Preparing a separate edition of the novel in Russia, which was not possible due to a court injunction against “Mother,” great writer again carefully revised the text.

In this edition, the book was published in 1908 in Berlin, simultaneously in Russian and German.

In 1913-1914, when the publishing house “Life and Knowledge” decided to continue publishing Gorky’s collected works, the writer again edited the novel “Mother” based on the printed text of 1908. However, the complete publication of “Mother” in Russian was only possible after the fall of the autocracy, and in this edition the book was published in 1917.

The last time Gorky again carefully edited “Mother” was already in 1922 - for the collected works and a separate edition of the novel I

In the process of work, the structure of individual chapters and the actions of the characters changed, their speech was clarified, new episodes were introduced and a number of previous ones were eliminated.

The more deeply the writer himself mastered the Bolshevik worldview, the more demanding he was of the novel “Mother,” achieving greater ideological clarity and artistic perfection. After the Fifth Party Congress, Gorky wrote: “The Congress filled me up terribly well. Much that was dark has become clear..."

In an appeal to the workers after the defeat December uprising in Moscow, written by Gorky, it was stated with deep confidence: “... the proletariat is not defeated, although it has suffered losses. The revolution has been strengthened by new hopes, its cadres have increased enormously... the Russian proletariat is moving forward to a decisive victory, because it is the only class that is morally strong, conscious and believing in its future in Russia.” Readers of the novel “Mother” felt this confidence in the victory of the revolution with all their might.

Gorky worked especially carefully and intensely to deepen and clarify the characters of his main characters: Nilovna and Pavel Vlasov.

The image of Pavel Vlasov, although it immediately resulted in a clear image of a revolutionary worker, a Bolshevik, did not immediately achieve complete artistic completion.

Gorky clarified and changed some of Pavel’s actions, the nature of his experiences, eliminating from them that which contradicted the main features of a Bolshevik worker: will, energy, integrity, firmness and unshakability of political convictions.

Gorky eliminated Pavel’s excessive emotionality in his attitude towards his mother, excessive pathosity during speeches before workers and in court, and at the same time softened the severity of his character: “And he almost never laughed,” it was said about Pavel in the original edition of the novel.

Hidden, his love for Sasha, affection for his mother, Andrei made Pavel simpler, more natural. Gorky also sought precision, naturalness, and simplicity in Pavel’s language.

In his words: “The police, gendarmes, soldiers, spies - all these are our enemies!” - Gorky crossed out the word “soldiers”. Soldiers are not enemies, they are the same workers and peasants, and they must be brought to our side - that is the task. Gorky noted in a number of scenes Paul’s influence on the soldiers. The soldiers' bayonets did not rise against Zalomov, as is known from his memoirs.

Working on the image of Pavel, Gorky created the typical character of a Bolshevik worker. In one of his letters, Gorky emphasized that “Pavel Vlasov is also not a rare character. It was these pariahs that created the Bolshevik Party. Many of them survived in prisons, in exile, in civil war and now they have become the head of the party, for example Klim Voroshilov and other equally talented people.”

The image of Pavel Vlasov attracted Gorky’s attention even after the end of the novel “Mother”. In February 1907, he reported in one of his letters: “I drew up a plan for the novel “Pavel Vlasov”, in three parts: Link, In Work, Revolution. I will write this with pleasure! And, it seems, I’ll write a decent thing.” This plan, however, remained unfulfilled.

The image of Nilovna underwent the most significant reworking. Compared to the original text, in the latest edition, 1922, even the external image of the mother has changed. From an old woman - a “granny” - she turned into a forty-year-old woman. A.K. Zalomova was 52 years old in 1902, but Gorky makes his heroine younger so that he would be more natural complex process, which took place in the mother of Pavel Vladov. In the first editions, the mother said: “It’s time to die, and I’ve only just begun to learn to read and write..” In the last: “Forty years, and I’ve only just begun to learn to read and write.” At the same time, her character also changed: timid at first, she then discovered a feeling self-esteem, courage and courage.

In each new edition of the novel, Gorky cleared his mother’s language of rhetoric and bookishness, making it more and more simple and lively, consistent with her character. The scene of the mother's arrest was especially carefully reworked. It has been reduced threefold compared to the original text. In the first edition of the novel, Nilovna said: “The word of my son is the pure word of a working man, an incorruptible soul! Recognize the incorruptible by its courage; it is fearless and even goes against itself towards the truth. It comes to you, working people, incorruptible, wise, fearless! Accept it with an open heart, feed on it! It gives you the strength to understand everything, to fight against everything for the truth, for the freedom of humanity. Accept it, believe it! Go to them, to the happiness of all the people, to a new life, with great joy!”

In the latest edition, the mother’s appeal consists of only two phrases: “The word of my son is the pure word of a working man, an incorruptible soul! Recognize the incorruptible by its courage!”

The image of Andrei Nakhodka was subjected to significant revision. Andrei is a revolutionary worker of the older generation and in the first edition of the novel he even acted as Pavel’s teacher. But, working on this image. Gorky gradually reduced Nakhodka’s role in the novel, emphasizing the active role of the purposeful and irreconcilable Bolshevik worker Pavel Vlasov in the events depicted. The final text of the first part of the novel says, for example, that Paul’s advice is “listened to even by those comrades” who, like Nakhodka, are “older than him in years” (Chapter VIII); in Paul's disputes with Andrei about the peasantry, about Rybin in connection with his agitation in the village, the clear superiority of Paul is emphasized (Chapter XXII). Nakhodka's role in the political leadership of workers is limited. So, for example, in the second part, from the words of Nikolai Vesovshchikov about the “political school” in prison, the phrase about Andrei was eliminated: “And Andrei also polished our brother diligently”; the words about Andrei are excluded: “And when he spoke, his mother felt that he had gone farther than others to great days and saw the joy of the future brighter than anyone else”; in the second part of the novel, his image occupies a much smaller place.

The people depicted in the novel “Mother” are divided into two camps, completely hostile to each other. They stand on opposite sides barricades of class struggle: on the one hand, the workers, the revolutionary intelligentsia, who came to the working class and brought it the revolutionary theory of Marxism, the peasantry, organized by the working class and uniting with it to fight; on the other hand, representatives of the ruling, exploiting classes: the factory director, shopkeepers, a gendarmerie officer mocking his mother, a police officer beating Rybin, judges defending the power of the factory owners. ( This material will help you write competently on the topic The image and character of Pavel Vlasov in the novel Mother. A summary does not make it possible to understand the full meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, stories, short stories, plays, and poems.) They all together oppose the revolution, are full of hatred towards it, strive to strangle it in the very bud.

In the struggle for liberation, the best traits of human character strengthen and grow. Gorky concisely and powerfully depicts this growth of the working man along with the growth of the revolutionary movement.

Every image associated with working environment, plays its own special role in the novel and has its own special meaning. Pavel Vlasov's father belongs to the most backward representatives of the older generation of workers. He is broken by cruel capitalist exploitation, which has sucked all the vitality out of him. A representative of this generation is Nilovna, Pavel’s mother. Only connections with revolutionary youth and the example of her son help her find the true purpose of life and join the cause of the struggle for its reconstruction.

Gorky lovingly draws images of selfless revolutionaries - Pavel Vlasov and his comrades in struggle: workers Andrei Nakhodka, Samoilov, Sizov, Nikolai Vesovshchikov and many others.

The workers' revolutionary circle, whose members were Pavel Vlasov, Andrei Nakhodka, Sizov and other workers, set great political goals. Gorky clearly contrasts it with the social democratic circles that were widespread in the late 90s, which were affected by the bourgeois influence of “economism.” As in the revolutionary circle of Sormovo workers, with which Gorky was associated, the work of Pavel Vlasov’s circle had a militant, Bolshevik character. Agitation among the peasantry, expansion of revolutionary influence on the broad masses of workers, strengthening ties with leading social democratic underground organizations, leaflets issued not only with the aim of fighting against abuses in the factory, but also against the entire system of capitalism and autocracy, studying the revolutionary movement for abroad - all this speaks of the political revolutionary tasks that the workers' circle depicted in the novel "Mother" set for itself.

Pavel Vlasov is a representative of a new generation of workers. A simple working boy whose dreams are limited to good clothes and Sunday fun with friends - this is Pavel at the beginning of the novel. But acquaintance with the ideas of socialism transforms him and reveals a high goal - serving the people. This goal awakens all the forces of his mighty spirit.

The first failed attempt in the “swamp penny” case to raise the workers against the “owners” does not disappoint Paul either in the rightness of his cause, or in the strength of the workers and their ability to fight. He comes home “gloomy, tired, strangely worried.” He is offended not for the workers, but for himself. “They didn’t believe me, they didn’t follow my truth, which means I didn’t know how to tell it!..” he says to his mother. And when the mother, wanting to console, quietly said: “Wait! Today they didn’t understand, tomorrow they will understand...” he exclaims with deep conviction: “They must understand!”

Deep confidence in the rightness of one’s cause, a lifelong determination to fight for a just cause, conviction in the final victory - the most characteristic features Pavel Vlasov.

When the soldiers sent to disperse and suppress the May Day demonstration led by Paul moved towards the crowd, he exclaims with deep conviction: “Comrades!.. Soldiers are people just like us. They won't beat us. Why beat? Because we bring the truth that everyone needs? After all, they need this truth too. While they do not understand this, the time is already close when they too will stand next to us, when they will not go under the banner of robbery and murder, but under our banner of freedom. And in order for them to understand our truth sooner, we must move forward. Forward, comrades! Always forward!

Pavel's whole life is moving forward along the difficult path of revolutionary struggle. He knows what threatens him when he takes this path. He is ready to give up personal happiness; he warns his mother that prison and perhaps death await him.

In preparation for the demonstration, Paul decides to carry the banner himself. When asked to cede this right to another, he responds with a decisive “no!” During the demonstration, Andrei Nakhodka comes forward to shield Pavel, who is walking with a banner, from the soldiers’ bayonets with his body, but Pavel throws at him: “Nearby! You have no right! There’s a banner ahead!”

Pavel Vlasov is a man of enormous inner beauty and strength; courage, will, nobility, ability to achieve feat - all these best human qualities of Paul and his comrades are subordinated to the highest goal - serving their native people. They find the highest happiness in selfless revolutionary struggle.

Among Pavel's comrades, Gorky shows workers who differ in their level of development and stamina in the struggle.

Andrei Nakhodka lacks Pavel’s will and composure; he has not fully realized the severity of the tests to which anyone who has embarked on the path of revolution must subject himself. Nikolai Vesovshchikov is a young worker who has just joined the ranks of the fighters for the revolution. He does not yet have party discipline, he is capable of anarchic, rash actions that can harm the common cause. Party leadership from such persistent and seasoned revolutionaries as Pavel Vlasov helps him become a real fighter of the revolution.

About the time when the events of the novel unfold, V.I. Lenin wrote: “We are experiencing extreme important point in the history of the Russian labor movement... Recent years are characterized by the amazingly rapid spread of social-democratic ideas among our intelligentsia, and meeting this current of social thought is an independently emerging movement of the industrial proletariat, which begins to unite and fight against its oppressors, begins to greedily strive for socialism.”

Using a living example of the activities of Pavel, his comrades and Sasha walking hand in hand with them; Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich and Sophia Gorky highlighted in his novel this important side of the revolutionary movement and showed the connection of the workers with the revolutionary intelligentsia, which carried the teachings of Marx to the working masses.

The novel reflected various moments of the revolutionary struggle of the working class: underground work (self-education circles, printing and distribution of proclamations, illegal publications, secret meetings, revolutionary propaganda in the countryside, among peasants), the use of economic clashes between workers and entrepreneurs for political struggle (opposition against the collection of " swamp penny"), calling for a strike, organizing demonstrations, using the royal court as a platform for revolutionary propaganda.

The novel clearly shows the leading role of the party in the labor movement. In Pavel Vlasov and his comrades, in Yegor Ivanovich and Sophia, we see the Bolsheviks - by their behavior, by the way they resolve the most important issues of leading the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants. The coverage of these issues in the novel was primarily influenced by the Bolshevik position of Gorky himself.

In a Bolshevik way, the novel resolves a very important issue about the participation and role of the peasantry in the impending revolution. Lenin, in his book “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution” (1905), wrote: “Only the proletariat can be a consistent fighter for democracy. He can become a victorious fighter for democracy only if the mass of the peasantry joins his revolutionary struggle.”

Gorky in his novel “Mother” revealed that the labor movement also influences the peasantry. A number of images of peasants - Rybin, Ignat, Efim, Savely, Tatyana, Stepan and Pyotr Ryabinin - depict the growing strength of resistance to the oppressors among the peasantry.

The attitude of the peasants to the beating of Rybin by the police officer is characteristic: “The crowd buzzed with hostility, swayed, advancing towards the police officer, he noticed this, jumped back and snatched the sword from its sheath. “Is that so? Rebel? A-ah?.. That’s it?..” shouts the bailiff. Instead of the arrested Rybin, Pyotr Ryabinin takes the propaganda literature from Nilovna. “We need books... We’ll find a place for everything!.. It’s an amazing opportunity, so to speak!..,” he says. - It broke in one place, and overflowed in another! Nothing! “The newspaper, mother, is good, and it does its job - it rubs its eyes!”

In his novel, Gorky spoke about the uncontrollable growth of solidarity with the working class among the people. Nilovna sees silent sympathy in the eyes of the people who surrounded her in a tight ring at the time of her arrest: “... her eyes did not fade away and saw many other eyes - they burned with a bold, sharp fire familiar to her - a fire dear to her heart.” And the mother’s words addressed to the assembled people sound invitingly: “Gather, people, your strength into a single force!”

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