Verbs in can be divided into 2 large semantic types:

1) denoting an action that passes to an object and changes it;

2) denoting an action that is closed in itself and does not transfer to an object.

The first type includes verbs of creation, destruction, many verbs of speech and thought, for example: build, grow, educate; break, break, destroy; say, think, feel.

The second type combines verbs that express a certain state. Examples: lie, sit, sleep, feel.

Similar semantics of verbs in the form domain using the category of transitivity.

Verbs that denote an action that transfers to an object and are combined with a case form without are called transitive.

Verbs that are unable to denote an action passing to an object and cannot be combined with without a preposition are intransitive.

Examples: Tatyana wrote a letter to Onegin. The verb “wrote” is transitive.

He writes and translates well. The verbs “writes”, “translates”, denoting the ability to perform some action, are intransitive.

Transitivity is a lexico-grammatical category, therefore the category is determined strictly by formal features, and not by context.

The central part of transitive verbs includes verbs with negation, combined with the genitive, for example: dislike literature.

Indirect transitive verbs

Indirectly transitive verbs are also distinguished, which can be combined with an object without

). It is grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- a grammatical category of a verb expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:

I grow potatoes- the verb “to grow” is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without it, action is impossible (as a rule, “something” is grown).

The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (object of the action) are separated, I perform an action with something.

I'm coming- the verb is intransitive, since the addition of a patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).

The meaning of intransitivity is that agent and patient are connected - roughly speaking, “I force myself to act.”

It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.

I run - I'm running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in a transitive form).

Transitivity is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for its rare plane of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.

In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of direct influence of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( love, hate) etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.

The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the scope of the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in passive voice And reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” incorrectly: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” “Vasya saved Dorimedont.” This happens because a verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, not the subject's actions in relation to it. Reciprocity marks the direction of the subject's action towards himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.

Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivil to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “I’m hitting”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs, used without a corresponding noun, acquire additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes... The verb to drink also automatically equals the verb to get drunk” (See: P. A. Vyazemsky. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M, 1988).

See also

Literature

• Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
• Grammar of modern Russian language. M, 1970.
• Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 volumes. M, 1980.

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See what a “transitive verb” is in other dictionaries:

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Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, passes to an object (object): sawing a log, chopping firewood, reading a newspaper, sewing a coat. Such verbs usually only have a complete meaning in combination with the name of the object. Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, making it more specific. Compare: Father is sawing and Father is sawing a log. The dressmaker sews and the dressmaker sews a dress.
Object is a very broad and very abstract concept. It covers and specific items, which are transformed or arise as a result of action (ironing trousers, building a house), and abstract concepts (feeling joy, hating lies, loving justice).
The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the accusative case without a preposition (write a poem, read a story, love a friend). In two cases, the direct object is expressed by the genitive case form: 1) if the action does not cover the entire object, but only part of it: ate bread, drank milk; 2) if the verb has a negation: did not drink milk, did not eat bread, did not read newspapers, did not chop wood
The accusative case without a preposition, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of action, that is, it acts as a function of circumstance: sat all day, thought for an hour, slept all the way. Here it is impossible to ask the usual questions: who? what?, which is answered by a direct object.
Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not pass to the object. They cannot carry direct object: suffer, walk, run, sit, grow, walk, dine, rejoice, get dressed, etc.
] A special category consists of the so-called indirectly forward verbs. These include returnable and irreflexive verbs, controlling not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object, the influence of the subject on the object: to wish for victory, wait for the train, be proud of a brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a comrade, etc.
1_ Often the same verb in the same lexical meanings refers to transitive, and in others - to intransitive. Thus, the verb to write is transitive in the meanings: 1) “to create, compose a literary, scientific, etc. work” (write stories, a dissertation); 2) “create a work of art” (paint a picture, portrait, decoration, landscape); 3) “to compose a piece of music by recording it” (write music, opera) The same verb acts as an intransitive verb when it means: 1) “to be able to use the written form of speech” (The boy is already writing, that is, he knows how to write); 2) “engage in literary activities”,
In the same meaning, the verb “can simultaneously control different cases and prepositional forms: bring things into the room, wrap a book in paper, splash water on the laundry, splash water on the laundry, write a letter to your brother with a pencil, draw a portrait with paints in class.
Entire semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation, as well as destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive: a) build (build) a house, sew (sew) a coat, weave (weave) a carpet, create (create) state farms; b) destroy (destroy) an old building, break (break) a glass, burn (burn) garbage, spoil (ruin) a watch, etc.
Intransitives include large groups of verbs of movement (run, jog, walk, walk, fly, float, float, float, jump, hurry, etc.), position in space (sit, lie, stand, hang, etc.). ), sound (rattle, gasp, cackle, hiss, meow, hum, etc.), state (be silent, sleep, get sick, nervous, grieve, envy, seethe, breathe, etc.), changes in state, becoming (lose weight, lose weight, grow stupid, become stupid, turn white, turn white, wither, wither, go deaf, become deaf, etc.). Intransitive verbs are -stvovat, -begin, -it, denoting
occupation of the person named in the producing basis (teach, build, act, professor; paint, garden, plumbing; carpenter, paint), verbs of behavior - to laze, -to work (to be generous, to slander; cowardly, to be hooligan, to be brutal) pvovat).
Thus, transitivity/intransitivity of verbs comes before gu. it depends on their lexical-semantic properties. In the expression pe-! Transitivity/intransitivity involves affixes - postfix, suffix-1" with її! and prefixes. - "
The postfix -sya is always an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb. By joining a transitive verb, it makes it intransitive. C: please parents (with success) - rejoice, wash the dishes -
to clean one's coat - to clean oneself. Intransitive denominal g hagols are formed by the suffix -e-. It expresses the meaning of the gradual accumulation by the subject of any properties, signs: smart (smart) - grow smarter (become smart), white (s) - turn white (become gt; white).
Among unprefixed verbs, only a third have a transitive meaning.
The composition of transitive verbs is continuously replenished due to prefix formations. Many prefixes, when attached to intransitive verbs, turn them into transitive ones. The prefix forms transitive verbs meaning “to achieve (achieve) something through action”: play - win a motorcycle,
work - develop two standards; prefix for meaning
“bring (bring) an object (object) to a bad state by action”: play - play a record.
Transitive denominative verbs are formed using the suffix sin(s) - blue linen (make blue), white(s) - whiten the ceiling (make white), etc. Most verbs of this type are correlative with intransitive verbs with the suffix -e-. Wed: to search (not to cross) - to turn blue (to change), to turn white (to not cross) - to whiten ^ to cross), to freeze (not to cross) - to freeze (to cross). According to transitivity/intransitivity, the members of the pairs are also contrasted: to weaken - to weaken, to go mad - to go crazy, to cool - to cool, to weaken - to weaken, etc. Here: go out (go out) - extinguish (extinguish), go blind (blind) - blind (blind ), deafen (ooh-ohnut, stall) - stun (deafen, muffle), lie - live, sleep - put to sleep, stand - put, hang - hang hang), resist - contrast, etc. In only one pair, both verbs are transitive : drink milk - give the baby milk. The second members of such pairs mean “to force (to force) to perform (perform) some action”, to force (to force) to be in some state.” They are usually called causative verbs (from the Latin causa - “reason”).

The transitivity of a verb in Russian is determined by its ability to denote an action directed directly at an object. This is expressed grammatically by the fact that the verb controls the noun in the accusative case without a preposition. There are many examples of such constructions - “catch fish”, “write a letter”, “clean the carpet”.

How to determine the transitivity of a verb? There is nothing complicated in such an operation; it is enough to mentally ask him the question: “Who?”, “What?” If the verb is used in negative context (don't buy milk), the case changes to genitive - this should be remembered.

The meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs

Linguists have established that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb are differentiated by the meaning of words. Thus, transitive verbs refer to various actions over objects. They can be created, destroyed or modified ( build a building, chop wood, destroy a house). The object can also remain unchanged ( congratulate mom). The same list includes combinations denoting the sensory perception of an object with the verbs “look”, “listen”, etc.

In turn, for intransitive verbs characteristic values:

• physical or mental state (be afraid, doze);
• appearance of a sign, its intensification ( blush);
• movement or location in space ( go, sit);
• activities, skills ( manage).

Morphological signs of intransitivity

The main difference between transitive and intransitive verbs lies in the ability to form passive participles. Compare the number of impersonal forms of the words “draw” and “walk”:

Paint

Walk

Sometimes the transitivity of a verb is determined based on the infinitive. There are derivational types of verbs that cannot be transitive:

Suffix at base		What part of speech is it derived from?	Examples
	imperfect	adjective	Get stronger, go blind, get wet
	the same	noun	To be angry (however, to feel, to admonish - exceptions)
	the same	nominal parts of speech	Beastly, turn white
	the same	the same	To be lazy, to carpenter

Reflexive verbs

Of all the formal features, the transitivity and intransitivity of the verb are best distinguished by the postfixes -sya-/-s-. Once upon a time they were forms of the pronoun “oneself” until they lost their independence. This origin of the postfix determined the specific name of verbs - reflexive (the action is directed at the agent himself). Compare: wash your face And wash your face.

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. And this is absolutely understandable: why use an additional noun next to them if the transitivity of the verb is contained in the structure of the word itself?

Particularly difficult cases

Sometimes the question of how to determine the transitivity of a verb can be confusing. The main difficulty is that certain words with the meaning of action can be used differently in different contexts. Consider the sentences: " Child reading a book" And " The child is already reading".In the first case, an action takes place aimed at a specific object - a book. The main purpose of the second sentence is to convey information that the child is able to perceive what is written, that is, the verb “read” acts as intransitive. Another, more understandable example is with the word “shut up.” Compare: " Everyone finally fell silent" And " Silence a certain fact"(that is, deliberately not mentioning something).

Before determining the transitivity of a verb, it is necessary to check whether the noun next to it in the accusative case has an adverbial meaning. In the sentence “We studied all night,” the nominal component is used as a temporary characteristic, and not as an object on which the action is performed.

Some transitive verbs control nouns in the genitive case outside of negation ( buy notebooks, pick berries). In other cases, parallel forms are possible - wait for a trolleybus / trolleybus, which are differentiated in accordance with the category of certainty/uncertainty. So, after the phrase “I’m waiting for a trolleybus” I would like to add “at number 5”. But the form of the genitive case implicitly indicates that the speaker himself is not entirely sure which one vehicle he needs it. He's just waiting and that's it.

A similar situation occurs with constructions like “drink tea/tea.” The existence of two parallel forms should not be confusing. The genitive case indicates that they are going to drink cup/glass tea. However, in both the first and second cases, the verb is transitive.

For the curious

You can often hear phrases like “walk/swim me” from young children. Such an error indicates a good sense of language that every child is endowed with. A few centuries ago we had many more verbs governing nouns without prepositions in the accusative case. Now their number has decreased. Perhaps someday the transitivity of the verb in the Russian language will cease to exist altogether. However, it is difficult to judge how true this information is, so it still doesn’t hurt to repeat the above material once again.

Traditionally, the verb as a part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.

This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students distinguish between the forms of the nominative and accusative cases, not to confuse direct objects with subjects, and to correctly form participles and gerunds.

Let's try to clearly explain to students what a transitive or intransitive verb is.

It is usually determined whether a verb combines with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. Transitive verbs require the accusative case (who? what?) to express the direct object in affirmative sentences: And somehow I felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened the trousers herself.

But students, when they encounter the same verb in different sentences, often ask: “Which verb is this - transitive or intransitive?”

Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence, the verb “writes” refers to the subject, in the second sentence the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility potential, and in the second sentence real. Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Let's not forget that verb category transitivity/intransitivity is constant sign and is determined at morphological analysis Always.

Let's return to the question: can a verb be considered transitive if it does not have a direct object without a preposition in the sentence? Of course, it all depends on the context. In context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that turn it into intransitive: I can hear well(that is, I have good hearing). Petya draws well and plays the guitar(that is, he can draw pictures, play music).

In such cases, verbs have the meaning “to be able to do what is expressed by the verb,” that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs there is not and cannot be an addition, otherwise the indicated shade will disappear.

If the context conditions allow not to name the object to which the action is transferred, then it is possible to substitute a noun in the accusative case without changing the meaning: I listened (to his father’s story) and did not understand anything. We remember that in context, a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.

A transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of some object ( build a house, fry meat, burn straw). This presupposes the presence of a “tool” that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of action. The body, an active part of the body, or a human-made tool can act as a tool: I dig the earth with a shovel, brush my teeth with a brush.

A small group of transitive verbs has the meaning of recognizing, feeling, perceiving, endowing an object with a sign, opening/closing, establishing contacts, possessing, communion ( find out the news, love music, hear singing, dress your brother, open your coat, glue the sheets of paper, steal money, pick an apple).

The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when indicating a part of the object or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; didn't read newspapers, didn't receive money.

Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require an object only in oblique cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend. Typically, intransitive verbs denote movement and position in space, physical or moral state: fly, get sick, suffer. A distinctive feature of intransitive verbs is the suffixes -SYA, -E-, -NICHA-(-ICHA-): to make sure, to become weak, to be greedy.

Will the verbs WEIGH, LIE, LIVE be transitive in the examples: weighs a ton, lies for a minute, lives for a week? We reason like this: nouns are in Accusative case without a preposition, but are not direct objects, but circumstances of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.

Some prefixes (re-, pro-, from-, obez-/obes-) are capable of turning intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in an office - process a part, harm a neighbor - neutralize a neighbor.

To check your understanding of the topic, try completing several tasks.

Task 1.

Match the verbs with dependent nouns and determine their case:

Pour ______, recognize ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, distribute ______, belittle ______, get carried away ______, shudder ______, be irritated ______, teach ______, expose ______, absorb ______, unite ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump ______, look out ______ .

Which of these verbs are combined with a noun in Vin.p. without an excuse?

Task 2.

Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above transitive verbs, and the letter N above intransitive verbs.

Seeing a wolf means being afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; find out from a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to win against an opponent; know the rules - don't know the rules - stick to the rules; want water - drink water; collect mushrooms - not notice a mushroom - love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure the depth - beware of the depth - dive into the depths.

Task 3.

Convert phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect additions into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects according to the example: take the elevator - use the elevator.

Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, get pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.

How did you manage to do this?

Task 4.

Correct errors in the use of nouns:

insist on reconsidering the case, call for help, resign yourself to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.

Task 5.

Correct errors in the use of verbs:

I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students met the new teacher only during class. Mom cleaned the room and did the laundry. The kids were playing on the playground.

Literature

1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic “Transitive and intransitive verbs” in grade VI / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.

2. Shelyakin M.A. Handbook of Russian grammar. - M.: Russian language, 1993.